quail: …California, or valley, quail (Callipepla californica) and Gambel’s, or desert, quail (Lophortyx gambelii). Both species have a head plume (larger in males) curling forward.

bayberry: The California bayberry, or California wax myrtle (M. californica), is used as an ornamental on sandy soils in warm climates.

University of the Pacific, private coeducational institution of higher education in Stockton, California, U.S. The university includes the College of the Pacific (arts and sciences) and schools of education, music, business, engineering and computer science, international studies, pharmacy and

white oak: The California white oak (Q. lobata), also called valley oak, is an ornamental and shade tree, often 30 m (100 feet) tall. It has graceful, drooping branches, many-lobed dark green leaves, and distinctive acorns about 5 cm (1.7 inches) long. The ash-gray to light-brown bark, slightly…

Pacific yew, (Taxus brevifolia), an evergreen timber tree of the yew family (Taxaceae). It is the only commercially important yew native to North America, where it is found from Alaska to California. Usually between 5 and 15 metres (about 15 to 50 feet) tall, it sometimes reaches 25 metres. See

In the Bear Flag Revolt of 1846, which occurred during the Mexican-American War, a group of American settlers in what was then the Mexican-ruled territory of California proclaimed independence and hoisted the original Bear Flag (June 14, 1846). The following month American naval forces seized

Gulf of California, large inlet of the eastern Pacific Ocean along the northwestern coast of Mexico. It is enclosed by the Mexican mainland to the east and by the mountainous peninsula of Baja California to the west. There are two schools of thought as to the origin of the gulf. One holds that it

Gulf of California, large inlet of the eastern Pacific Ocean along the northwestern coast of Mexico. It is enclosed by the Mexican mainland to the east and by the mountainous peninsula of Baja California to the west. There are two schools of thought as to the origin of the gulf. One holds that it

University of California, system of public universities in California, U.S., with campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and Santa Cruz. The university traces its origins to the private College of California, founded in 1855 in

California: Education of California: Los Angeles, Davis, Riverside, Santa Barbara, San Francisco, Irvine, Santa Cruz, and San Diego. The campuses at Santa Cruz and

California: Education of California: San Francisco, Irvine, Santa Cruz, and San Diego. The campuses at Santa Cruz and San Diego were established on variations of the Oxford University system of numerous small independent colleges sharing limited central facilities or services. The original campus at Berkeley was founded in 1855 and has…

Big Ten Conference: …University of Washington, and the University of California, Los Angeles.

California: Education of California: Santa Cruz, and San Diego. The campuses at Santa Cruz and San Diego were established on variations of the Oxford University system of numerous small independent colleges sharing limited central facilities or services. The original campus at Berkeley was founded in 1855 and has remained one of the…

California-style pizza, a thin-crust pizza noted for its fresh, nontraditional toppings, such as chicken, peanut sauce, artichoke hearts, and goat cheese rather than the standard pepperoni and mozzarella. The food item became popular in the early 1980s thanks to several California chefs, notably Ed

Today in History—April 15: The Titanic’s Final Moments and Messages: …one point, he told the Californian to “Shut up!”

David Duchovny: …television work included the series Californication (2007–14), in which he starred as a self-destructive writer, and Aquarius (2015–16), about a police officer attempting to locate murderer Charles Manson. In 2016 he reprised the role of Mulder in a six-part television revival of The X-Files and in an additional 10 episodes…

Red Hot Chili Peppers: …to release well-received albums, including Californication (1999), By the Way (2002), and Grammy-winning Stadium Arcadium (2006). The band went on hiatus in early 2008, and the following year Frusciante announced that he had left the group to pursue a solo career. He was replaced on lead guitar by Josh Klinghoffer,…

Napa: …Americans were exploited by the "Californios" (the Spanish colonizers and their descendants), further diminishing and dislocating the local indigenous population.

californite, jadelike variety of the mineral vesuvianite

californium (Cf), synthetic chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 98. Not occurring in nature, californium (as the isotope californium-245) was discovered (1950) by American chemists Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T.

californium: They are californium-249 (351-year half-life), californium-250 (13-year half-life), californium-251 (898-year half-life), and californium-252 (2.645-year half-life). The isotope californium-249 has been used in tracer levels and microgram amounts to investigate the chemistry of californium (which exhibits an oxidation state of +3 in aqueous solution) and for preparing microgram…

californium: …half-life), californium-251 (898-year half-life), and californium-252 (2.645-year half-life). The isotope californium-249 has been used in tracer levels and microgram amounts to investigate the chemistry of californium (which exhibits an oxidation state of +3 in aqueous solution) and for preparing microgram quantities of compounds such as the oxychloride CfOCl, the oxides…

Ludwig Quidde: …1894 he published a pamphlet, Caligula, which had the appearance of a historical study but was actually a caustic satire on the German emperor William II; the enormously popular publication brought Quidde three months’ imprisonment for lese majesty. From 1907 to 1919 Quidde was a liberal member of the Bavarian…

Caligula was a Roman emperor from 37 to 41 ce, in succession after Tiberius. Caligula effected the transfer of the last legion that had been under a senatorial proconsul (in Africa) to an imperial legate, thus completing the emperor’s monopoly of army command. Accounts of Caligula’s reign by

Albert Camus: Camus’s literary career: …Le Malentendu (Cross Purpose) and Caligula, first produced in 1944 and 1945, respectively, remain landmarks in the Theatre of the Absurd. Two of his most enduring contributions to the theatre may well be his stage adaptations of William Faulkner’s Requiem for a Nun (Requiem pour une nonne; 1956) and Fyodor…

Calimala, guild of wool merchants in 13th-century Florence; its members formed an important segment of the city’s merchant oligarchy. The guild took its name from the street on which its members kept their shops. The merchants of the Calimala imported woollen cloth from Flanders, England, and

Bistrița-Năsăud: The Căliman Massif (6,896 feet [2,096 metres]) is the largest one of volcanic origin in Romania. The Someșul Mare and its tributaries, including the Țibleș and Illișua rivers, flow southwestward through the county. Bistrița is the county capital. Neolithic remains and Bronze Age tombs were found…

fig: Types and cultivation: …other horticultural types of figs: Smyrna, White San Pedro, and Common. Smyrna-type figs develop only when fertile seeds are present, and these seeds account for the generally excellent quality and nutty flavour of the fruit. Figs of the White San Pedro type combine the characteristics of both the Smyrna and…

Armand Călinescu was a statesman who, as prime minister of Romania (March–September 1939), provided the major administrative inspiration and support for King Carol II’s royal dictatorship. The son of an army officer and landholder, Călinescu practiced law at Piteşti and later was an organizer for

Romanian literature: After World War II: The critic and prose writer George Călinescu wrote the most comprehensive history of Romanian literature (Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent [1941; History of Romanian Literature from the Beginning Until the Present) and published authoritative studies about Eminescu and other authors. Călinescu also wrote novels describing the…

John Calipari is one of the most successful coaches in American college basketball with more than 850 victories. In 2012 Calipari, who was named Naismith Coach of the Year three times (1996, 2008, and 2015), won an NCAA national championship with the University of Kentucky. He also briefly worked

John Calipari is one of the most successful coaches in American college basketball with more than 850 victories. In 2012 Calipari, who was named Naismith Coach of the Year three times (1996, 2008, and 2015), won an NCAA national championship with the University of Kentucky. He also briefly worked

papermaking: Substance and quantity measurement: The caliper (thickness) of paper or paperboard in fractions of a millimetre or inch is measured by placing a single sheet under a steady pressure of 0.49 to 0.63 kilogram per square centimetre (seven to nine pounds per square inch) between two circular and parallel plane…

caliper, measuring instrument that consists of two adjustable legs or jaws for measuring the dimensions of material parts. The calipers on the right side of the have an adjusting screw and nut and are known as spring calipers, while those on the left are an illustration of firm-joint calipers,

bicycle: Brakes: Caliper brakes squeeze two pads against the sides of the rim. Drum brakes that force two arcs of friction material against the inside of a steel drum on the hub are less common. Disc brakes have been designed for mountain bikes. They squeeze against a…

caliph, in Islamic history the ruler of the Muslim community. Although khalīfah and its plural khulafāʾ occur several times in the Qurʾān, referring to humans as God’s stewards or vice-regents on earth, the term did not denote a distinct political or religious institution during the lifetime of the

Caliphate, the political-religious state comprising the Muslim community and the lands and peoples under its dominion in the centuries following the death (632 ce) of the Prophet Muhammad. Ruled by a caliph (Arabic khalīfah, “successor”), who held temporal and sometimes a degree of spiritual

sawfly: …Caliroa cerasi, commonly called the pear slug. The larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii) is sometimes highly destructive to larch trees in the United States and Canada. The elm leaf miner (Fenusa ulmi) is sometimes a serious pest of elm trees.

Hortense Calisher was an American writer of novels, novellas, and short stories, known for the elegant style and insightful rendering of characters in her often semiautobiographical short fiction, much of which was published originally in The New Yorker. The daughter of an uprooted Southern father

Kalisz, city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland, situated on the Prosna River. The excavations of a prehistoric village and mention of the settlement as Calisia by the astronomer-geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century ce are evidence of the town’s antiquity. A powerful castle

Isabelle de Charrière: …which the most important were Caliste; ou, lettres écrites de Lausanne (1786; “Caliste; or, Letters Written from Lausanne”) and Lettres neuchâteloises (1784; “Letters of Neuchâtel”), abound in philosophical reflection, refined psychological observation, and local colour.

calisthenics, free body exercises performed with varying degrees of intensity and rhythm, which may or may not be done with light handheld apparatuses such as rings and wands. The exercises employ such motions as bending, stretching, twisting, swinging, kicking, and jumping, as well as such

Calistoga, city, Napa county, western California, U.S. Located just northeast of Santa Rosa, Calistoga lies near the head of Napa Valley, 80 miles (130 km) north of San Francisco. Located in an area of natural hot-water geysers and mineral and mud springs, it was founded in 1859 as a health spa by

Bengali language: Varieties: …or genteel speech) and the Chaltibhasa (current or colloquial speech). The former was largely shaped by the language of early Bengali poetical works. In the 19th century it became standardized as the literary language and also as the appropriate vehicle for business and personal exchanges. Although it was at times…

Utraquist, any of the spiritual descendants of Jan Hus who believed that the laity, like the clergy, should receive the Eucharist under the forms of both bread and wine (Latin utraque, “each of two”; calix, “chalice”). Unlike the militant Taborites (also followers of Hus), the Utraquists were

Utraquist, any of the spiritual descendants of Jan Hus who believed that the laity, like the clergy, should receive the Eucharist under the forms of both bread and wine (Latin utraque, “each of two”; calix, “chalice”). Unlike the militant Taborites (also followers of Hus), the Utraquists were

St. Callixtus I ; feast day October 14) was the pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, from about 217 to 222, during the schism of Hippolytus, the church’s first antipope. Little was known about Callixtus before the discovery of Philosophumena by Hippolytus, a work that is in part a

Callixtus II was the pope from 1119 to 1124. A son of Count William I of Burgundy, he was appointed archbishop of Vienne, in Lower Burgundy, in 1088. He became well known as a spokesman of a reform party within the church and as a foe of the policy of the Holy Roman emperor Henry V. When Pope

Callixtus (III) was an antipope from 1168 to 1178, who reigned with the support of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. Callixtus was elected antipope as Paschal III’s successor, in opposition to Pope Alexander III. He was Frederick’s protégé until the Treaty of Anagni (1176), which ended

Callixtus III was the pope from 1455 to 1458. As a member of the Aragonese court, he reconciled King Alfonso V with Pope Martin V, who appointed Callixtus bishop of Valencia in 1429. Pope Eugenius IV made him a cardinal in 1444. As a compromise between the influential Colonna and Orsini families of

Christianity: Ecumenism in the 17th and 18th centuries: The German Lutheran George Calixtus called for a united church between Lutherans and Reformed based on the “simplified dogmas,” such as the Apostles’ Creed and the agreements of the church in the first five centuries. Nikolaus Ludwig, Graf (count) von Zinzendorf, applied his Moravian piety to the practical…

Buck Rogers: …writer Philip Nowlan and cartoonist Dick Calkins. Nowlan debuted the character of Anthony (“Buck”) Rogers in Armageddon: 2419 A.D. (1928–29), serialized in Amazing Stories. The comic strip was first titled Buck Rogers in the Year 2429 A.D. Later it was named Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, and it was…

Mary Whiton Calkins was a philosopher, psychologist, and educator, and the first American woman to attain distinction in these fields of study. Calkins grew up mainly in Buffalo, New York, and moved with her family to Newton, Massachusetts, in 1880. She graduated from Smith College in 1885, and

Native American music: Eastern Woodlands: …music is the use of call and response in many dance songs; the leader sings a short melody as a solo and is answered by the dancers in unison. The alternation between leader and dancers creates an antiphonal texture that is otherwise rare among North American Indians. (See also antiphonal…

George Smiley: …John le Carré, beginning with Call for the Dead (1961).

Alex Cooper: Call Her Daddy: The podcast’s first episode, “Sext Me So I Know It’s Real,” premiered on October 3, 2018, inviting listeners to join “vlogger Alex Cooper and best friend Sofia Franklyn as the duo dives into the explicit details of their life in NYC,” according…

American literature: Critics of society: , such as Fielding Burke’s Call Home the Heart and Grace Lumpkin’s To Make My Bread (both 1932). Other notable proletarian novels included Jack Conroy’s The Disinherited (1933), Robert Cantwell’s The Land of Plenty (1934), and Albert Halper’s Union Square (1933), The Foundry (1934), and The Chute (1937), as well…

Call It Sleep, novel by Henry Roth, published in 1934. It centres on the character and perceptions of a young boy, the son of Yiddish-speaking Jewish immigrants in a ghetto in New York City. Roth uses stream-of-consciousness techniques to trace the boy’s psychological development and to explore his

Sigourney Weaver: Later films: In the period drama Call Jane (2022), she played an abortion-rights activist before Roe v. Wade (1973). Weaver also lent her voice to such animated movies as WALL∙E (2008), The Tale of Despereaux (2008), and Finding Dory (2016). She essayed the role of Colonel Ward in The Mandalorian and…

Blondie: … led to the single “Call Me,” which topped the charts in 1980 and served as the theme for the film American Gigolo. By the time of Autoamerican (1980), the other members’ creative contributions had waned, even as the group’s style grew more adventurous, encompassing the reggae hit “The Tide…

Timothée Chalamet: Breakthrough in Call Me by Your Name and other films from the late 2010s: …he starred in Luca Guadagnino’s Call Me by Your Name, an adaptation of André Aciman’s 2007 novel about first love. He played Elio, a cosmopolitan teenager living in Italy during the 1980s, who falls for his archaeologist father’s summer intern, Oliver (Armie Hammer). Chalamet’s performance garnered rave reviews and legions…

Michael Bublé: His 2007 release, Call Me Irresponsible, earned Bublé his first Grammy Award, for best traditional pop vocal album, and its success pushed his lifetime album sales over the 15 million mark. Bublé collected a second Grammy for the live album Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden (2009) and…

Mayim Bialik: Jeopardy! and other post-Big Bang projects: …producer of the television series Call Me Kat from 2021 to 2023. Bialik authored the books Mayim’s Vegan Table (2014), Beyond the Sling: A Real-Life Guide to Raising Confident, Loving Children the Attachment Parenting Way (2012), Girling Up: How to Be Strong, Smart and Spectacular (2017), and Boying Up: How…

Walter Lang: Films of the 1950s and ’60s: The 1953 Call Me Madam, a long, loud version of the Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse Broadway hit, had Ethel Merman as the ambassador to Lichtenburg belting out Irving Berlin songs (“It’s a Lovely Day Today” and “You’re Just in Love”) while being wooed by the foreign…

Ethel Merman: After a two-year run in Call Me Madam, for which she won a Tony Award in 1951, Merman announced it would be her last Broadway show, but she returned to do Happy Hunting (1956) and enjoyed another huge success in Gypsy (1959). In 1970 she stepped into the title role…

Carly Rae Jepsen: …the global pop phenomenon “Call Me Maybe,” which became the biggest-selling song in the world in 2012 and the best-selling domestic Canadian single in history.

money market: The discount houses: …the safety and liquidity of call money that, despite the fractionally lower rate on it compared with other reserve assets, the banks hold about half of their required reserves in this form. This in turn provides the discount houses with a large pool of funds, which they invest in relatively…

Henry Hathaway: Film noirs: Call Northside 777 (1948), another film noir, starred James Stewart as a crusading reporter who risks his life to save a convicted killer he believes to be innocent. Hathaway briefly changed gears, helming Down to the Sea in Ships (1949), with Widmark as a 19th-century…

library classification: …classification, through assignment of a call number (consisting of class designation and author representation), locates the item in its library setting and, ideally, in the realm of knowledge. Arranging similar things in some order according to some principle unites and controls information from various sources.

Cthulhu: … and introduced in his story “The Call of Cthulhu,” first published in the magazine Weird Tales in 1928. The creature is described as “a monster of vaguely anthropoid outline, but with an octopus-like head whose face was a mass of feelers, a scaly, rubbery-looking body, prodigious claws on hind and…

Call of Duty, electronic game that brought new advances to the first-person shooter genre, winning numerous game of the year awards in 2003 and 2004 following its 2003 debut. Designed by the American company Infinity Ward and produced by Activision, Call of Duty used World War II as a setting,

Call of Duty: …new ground in 2007 when Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare was released, giving players the chance to immerse themselves in a future conflict between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Russia. A hit with players and critics alike, Modern Warfare was the best-selling game of 2007 and helped…

Call of Duty: The franchise’s next release, Call of Duty: Black Ops, topped $360 million in sales on its first day of release in November 2010, easily becoming the largest entertainment opening of the year. The game featured a single-player story rooted in the events of the Cold War, and it offered…

Call of Duty: Its sequel, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, set entertainment industry records during its first five days of release in November 2009, grossing more than $550 million in worldwide sales. The game’s single-player mode featured a deeply engaging counterterrorism story line, and its robust multiplayer mode drew…

Muhammad Iqbal: Early life and career: …1924 in the Urdu collection Bāng-e darā (“The Call of the Bell”). In those works Iqbal gave intense expression to the anguish of Muslim powerlessness. Khizr (Arabic: Khiḍr), the Qurʾānic prophet who asks the most difficult questions, is pictured bringing from God the baffling problems of the early 20th century.

Günter Grass: Other novels and fictional works: …environmental disaster; and Unkenrufe (1992; The Call of the Toad), which concerns the uneasy relationship between Poland and Germany.

William Wellman: Films of the early to mid-1930s: …films from the mid-1930s were The Call of the Wild (1935), a major box-office success that starred Gable as the Yukon-conquering hero of Jack London’s novel of the same name; The President Vanishes (1934), a cautionary political tale that is memorable chiefly for providing one of Rosalind Russell’s earliest screen…

The Call of the Wild, novel by Jack London, published serially by The Saturday Evening Post in 1903 and then as a single-volume book by Macmillan & Co. the same year. It is often considered to be his masterpiece and is the most widely read of all his publications. The story follows Buck—a mix of

Harrison Ford: Later work: …2 (2019) and appeared in The Call of the Wild (2020), which was based on Jack London’s classic novel. He then costarred with Helen Mirren in the TV series 1923 (2022–25), a prequel to the hugely popular Yellowstone. It was Ford’s first major television role, and he portrayed the patriarch…

COYOTE, a prostitutes’ rights organization founded in San Francisco in 1973 by ex-prostitute Margo St. James. As part of a shift in the thinking surrounding sex work during the early 1970s, organizations such as COYOTE formed to advocate for prostitutes’ rights and to give voice to the prostitute’s

the Smiths: Solo careers and controversies: …continued with Playland (2014) and Call the Comet (2018).

Sleater-Kinney: Sleater-Kinney’s sophomore release, Call the Doctor (1996), brought the band attention with its sharp attacks on consumer culture and gender inequality. On songs such as “I Wanna Be Your Joey Ramone,” the group even skewers the very indie rock scene in which it had become widely celebrated. With…

Vanessa Redgrave: Movies from the 21st century: …of the BBC television series Call the Midwife. She returned to the stage as a Polish Holocaust survivor in the Off-Broadway drama The Revisionist (2013) and evinced the mother of disturbed wrestling fanatic (and multimillionaire) John du Pont in the film Foxcatcher (2014).

Henry Highland Garnet: …was expressed in his “Call to Rebellion” speech (1843).

Halle Berry: Later works and directorial debut: …later starred in the thrillers The Call (2013) and Kidnap (2017), portraying an emergency call-centre operator attempting to thwart a serial killer and a mother whose son is abducted, respectively. She then appeared in the spy movie Kingsman: The Golden Circle and starred in Kings (both 2017), playing a foster…

euchre: Call-ace euchre is a cutthroat variant for four to six players. In call-ace euchre, bidding rules follow the basic game. Before play, the maker names any suit trump, and the holder of the highest card of it becomes a silent partner, revealing this fact only…

A.M. Homes: , she wrote a play, The Call-In Hour (1982), which was initially predicated on the idea that Holden Caulfield of J.D. Salinger’s novel Catcher in the Rye was a real person. It was staged in Washington, but only after she changed the names of the main characters; Salinger’s lawyers had…

telephone: Call-number dialing: The first automatic switching systems, based on the Strowger switch described in the section Electromechanical switching, were activated by a push button on the calling party’s telephone. More accurate call dialing was permitted by the advent of the rotary dial in…

calla, either of two distinct kinds of plants of the arum family (Araceae). The genus Calla contains one species of aquatic wild plant, C. palustris, which is known as the arum lily, water arum, or wild calla. It occurs widely in wet places in cool north temperate and subarctic regions and grows

calla: …several species of the genus Zantedeschia, which are often called calla lilies. All native to South Africa, the most important is the common florist’s calla (Z. aethiopica), a stout herb with a fragrant white spathe and arrow-shaped leaves that spring from a thick rootstock. It is a popular indoor plant…

calla: …known as the arum lily, water arum, or wild calla. It occurs widely in wet places in cool north temperate and subarctic regions and grows readily in mud or shallow water along pond edges or watercourses. A handsome plant, it has heart-shaped leaves, showy white floral leaves (spathes), and clusters…

Nobel Prize–winning economist Milton Friedman, famous for his wry sense of humor, once wrote a book titled There’s No Such Thing as a Free Lunch. The idea is simple: When an investment appears to offer something extra, there’s usually a cost or risk embedded somewhere beneath the surface. There’s

kokako, (species Callaeas cinerea), New Zealand songbird of the family Callaeidae (order Passeriformes). The kokako is 45 cm (17.5 inches) long and has a gray body, black mask, and blue or orange wattles at the corners of the mouth. Surviving in a few mountain forests, the kokako lives mainly on

Callaeidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, collectively called wattlebirds (a name also applied to certain honeyeaters). Callaeids are found only in the deep forests of New Zealand. They are long-tailed, strong-footed, and weak-winged and have fleshy wattles at the corners of the mouth.

Callaeidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, collectively called wattlebirds (a name also applied to certain honeyeaters). Callaeids are found only in the deep forests of New Zealand. They are long-tailed, strong-footed, and weak-winged and have fleshy wattles at the corners of the mouth.

Callaeidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, collectively called wattlebirds (a name also applied to certain honeyeaters). Callaeids are found only in the deep forests of New Zealand. They are long-tailed, strong-footed, and weak-winged and have fleshy wattles at the corners of the mouth.

Battle of Guadalcanal: The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal: Daniel Callaghan, engaged Japanese ships commanded by Vice Adm. Abe Hiroaki. The battle that followed was a brutal 24-minute melee that saw capital ships on both sides blasting away at extremely close range. The Japanese lost the battleship Hiei while the U.S. lost the cruisers…

James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan was a British Labour Party politician, who was prime minister from 1976 to 1979. Callaghan entered the civil service at age 17 as a tax officer. By 1936 he had become a full-time trade-union official. After serving as a lieutenant in naval intelligence during World

James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan was a British Labour Party politician, who was prime minister from 1976 to 1979. Callaghan entered the civil service at age 17 as a tax officer. By 1936 he had become a full-time trade-union official. After serving as a lieutenant in naval intelligence during World

James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan was a British Labour Party politician, who was prime minister from 1976 to 1979. Callaghan entered the civil service at age 17 as a tax officer. By 1936 he had become a full-time trade-union official. After serving as a lieutenant in naval intelligence during World