Morley Callaghan was a Canadian novelist and short-story writer. Callaghan attended the University of Toronto (B.A., 1925) and Osgoode Hall Law School (LL.B., 1928). He never practiced law, but he became a full-time writer in 1928 and won critical acclaim for his short stories collected in A Native

Morley Callaghan was a Canadian novelist and short-story writer. Callaghan attended the University of Toronto (B.A., 1925) and Osgoode Hall Law School (LL.B., 1928). He never practiced law, but he became a full-time writer in 1928 and won critical acclaim for his short stories collected in A Native

Tara Lipinski: Early life and world championships: …to the Detroit suburbs, and Richard Callaghan became Lipinski’s coach. Six weeks later, competing at the senior level at the U.S. championships, she placed third. Though she finished only 15th in the world championships in 1996, a year later she came in first. That victory made her the youngest world…

turtle: Habitats: …batagur (Batagur baska), and the painted terrapin (Callagur borneoensis)—with shell lengths to a half-metre (about 20 inches) and weights to 25 kg (55 pounds). Both are tidal river species, tolerating salinities up to about half that of marine salt water, and both include large amounts of fruits and leaves from…

Harry Callahan was an American photographer noted for his innovative photographs of commonplace objects and scenes. Callahan had no formal training in photography and was a hobbyist until 1941, when he saw photographs by the landscape photographer Ansel Adams. He was then inspired to search for his

Harry Callahan was an American photographer noted for his innovative photographs of commonplace objects and scenes. Callahan had no formal training in photography and was a hobbyist until 1941, when he saw photographs by the landscape photographer Ansel Adams. He was then inspired to search for his

S. Alice Callahan was a teacher and author of Wynema: A Child of the Forest (1891), the first novel written by a Native woman in the United States. Callahan’s paternal grandfather died during the forced removal of Indigenous people during the 1830s known as the Trail of Tears. Her father, who was

S. Alice Callahan was a teacher and author of Wynema: A Child of the Forest (1891), the first novel written by a Native woman in the United States. Callahan’s paternal grandfather died during the forced removal of Indigenous people during the 1830s known as the Trail of Tears. Her father, who was

Argentina: Housing of Argentina: …substandard housing in tenements or shantytowns. More than two-fifths of homes in the city of Buenos Aires are rented. Apartments and condominiums account for three-fourths of homes in the capital but only about one-eighth of those in the surrounding suburbs. At least one-fifth of Argentines occupy substandard housing, lacking indoor…

Callander, small burgh (town), Stirling council area, historic county of Perthshire, Scotland, on the River Teith. It is a tourist centre on an important entry point into the Highlands, near the Trossachs, Loch Katrine, and the mountain Ben Ledi, which has an elevation of 2,873 feet (876 metres).

Outer Hebrides: …fine megalithic stone circle at Callanish (Lewis). Equal in importance to Stonehenge, the Callanish megaliths are aligned to make a rough Celtic cross 405 feet (123 metres) north to south and 140 feet (43 metres) east to west. Several smaller stone circles in the area align with Callanish. By the…

Australia: The Precambrian: The early Adelaidean Callanna and Burra groups are confined to troughs faulted down into basement. A sheet of sedimentary deposits at the base of the Callanna group was cut by faults into rift valleys that filled with basic volcanic rocks and evaporitic sediment and carbonate rock. The succeeding…

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Callanthidae Lateral line runs along dorsal fin base and ends near the tip of dorsal fin or caudal peduncle. 2 genera with 12 species. Marine, eastern Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Families Pseudochromidae, Grammatidae, and Plesiopidae Quite similar, small, darkly colourful,

Callao, city and principal commercial seaport of Peru, located within the 57-square-mile (147-square-kilometer) Callao constitutional provincia (province), directly west of Lima. The mostly urbanized area of the constitutional province is part of the Lima-Callao metropolitan area. Callao’s port has

El Callao, town, Bolívar estado (state), eastern Venezuela. It is situated on the right bank of the Yuruari River, about 135 miles (272 km) east-southeast of Ciudad Bolívar in the Venezuelan Guiana Highlands. The town has been a gold-mining centre since 1853, following the discovery of the metal in

Franco Zeffirelli: …Tea with Mussolini (1999), and Callas Forever (2002). He continued to film operas such as I Pagliacci (1981), Cavalleria rusticana (1982), Otello (1986), and La Bohème (2008), often working in myriad roles, including opera director and production and costume designer.

Maria Callas was an American-born Greek operatic soprano who revived classical coloratura roles in the mid-20th century with her lyrical and dramatic versatility. She is considered one of opera’s most iconic and influential singers. She was born in New York City, the daughter of Greek immigrants

LaGrange: Roosevelt State Park, and the Callaway Gardens are among several nearby recreational facilities. LaGrange College, the state’s oldest independent accredited four-year liberal arts school, was founded in 1831. Quartz is mined in the vicinity. Inc. town, 1828; city, 1856. Pop. (2010) 29,365; (2023 est.) 32,343.

CeeLo Green is an American singer, rapper, and songwriter known for his soulful voice and flamboyant persona, both as a solo performer and as part of the rap group Goodie Mob and the eclectic duo Gnarls Barkley. He was born Thomas Burton and grew up in Atlanta as the son of two ordained Baptist

Calle 13: …brothers released their first album, Calle 13, which included “Atrévete-te-te” (“I Dare You-You-You”), the group’s first major hit. With engaging lyrics and imagery that spoke to the middle-class fear of the urban poor, the song effectively elevated the album to best-seller status and propelled the brothers to celebrity.

Calle 13, Puerto Rican popular music duo known for intelligent, poetic, and sharply pointed social and political commentary—all delivered through a distinctive blend of hip-hop with a broad range of Latin American music styles. René Pérez Joglar (“Residente”; b. February 23, 1978, San Juan, Puerto

Anne Rice: Religious works and later books: Her memoir Called Out of Darkness: A Spiritual Confession was published in 2008. The novels Angel Time (2009) and Of Love and Evil: The Songs of the Seraphim (2010) are thrillers about angels.

Touch of Evil: Cast: Assorted ReferencesDietrich

Honduras: The 20th century: …than the National Party candidate, Rafael Leonardo Callejas. In 1989, however, Callejas won election and took office in 1990, the first time in 57 years that an opposition government had taken office peacefully.

H.L. Callendar: In 1915 he published The Callendar Steam Tables and in 1920 Properties of Steam and Thermodynamic Theory of Turbines. The tables are still widely used by engineers and scientists.

minstrel show: Some, such as Callendar’s Consolidated Spectacular Colored Minstrels, were popular in both the United States and Britain in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Initially these shows were staged by all-male companies that included male alto and soprano singers. The larger Black minstrel shows included bands of…

H.L. Callendar was a British physicist who made notable contributions to thermometry, calorimetry, and knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of steam. Callendar in 1886 described a precise thermometer based on the electrical resistivity of platinum; since then, platinum resistance thermometers

H.L. Callendar was a British physicist who made notable contributions to thermometry, calorimetry, and knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of steam. Callendar in 1886 described a precise thermometer based on the electrical resistivity of platinum; since then, platinum resistance thermometers

“Tom and Sally”: the Jefferson-Hemings paternity debate: …a journalist of disreputable credentials, James Callender, published the initial accusation in The Richmond Recorder. Callender’s motives were hardly pure. Jefferson had hired him to libel John Adams in the presidential campaign of 1800, and Callender had then turned on Jefferson when the payment for his services did not include…

Pucallpa, city, eastern Peru. It lies on the Ucayali River in the hot, humid Amazonian rain forest. Although the community dates from the early colonial era (1534), it remained isolated until 1945, when the Lima-Pucallpa highway, 526 miles (846 km) long, was completed. Pucallpa can be reached by

Plutarco Elías Calles was a Mexican military and political leader who modernized the revolutionary armies and later became president of Mexico. He was the founder of the National Revolutionary Party (Partido Nacional Revolucionario; PNR), which became the major Mexican political party (renamed in

Silchester: …important Roman British town of Calleva Atrebatum, a node of the Roman road system in Britain. Most of the antiquities recovered from the site are in the Reading Museum; the local Calleva Museum illustrates the life of the Roman town. Pop. (2001) 918; (2011) 921.

My Lai Massacre: Massacre at My Lai: William Calley, was inserted a short distance to the west of a sub-hamlet known locally as Xom Lang but marked as My Lai (4) on U.S. military maps.

My Lai Massacre: Massacre at My Lai: William Calley, was inserted a short distance to the west of a sub-hamlet known locally as Xom Lang but marked as My Lai (4) on U.S. military maps.

sea anemone: Mutualistic relationships: …single anemone of the genus Calliactis on the snail shell it uses as a “house.” When the hermit crab grows too large for its shell, it moves to a new one, transplanting the anemone to the new shell. Similarly, the hermit crab Eupagurus prideauxi and the sea anemone Adamsia palliata…

perciform: Interspecific relationships: …upon holes dug by the ghost shrimp (Callianassa) for a home and is unable to live without its help. Other gobies are known to share holes with burrowing worms, pea crabs, and snapping shrimps.

Callias was a diplomat and a notable member of one of the wealthiest families of ancient Athens. Callias is usually credited with negotiating the peace treaty of 450/449 between the Greeks and the Persians—called the Peace of Callias. This treaty officially concluded the long but intermittent

Callias was an Athenian who was ridiculed by the comic poets for his youthful extravagance; later in life, he was a successful military commander and diplomat. The grandson of the diplomat Callias, he was the butt of jokes in the plays of Aristophanes and other poets and was attacked by the orator

ancient Iran: Artaxerxes I to Darius III: An advantageous peace (the Peace of Callias) with Athens was signed in 448 bce, whereby the Persians agreed to stay out of the Aegean and the Athenians agreed to leave Asia Minor to the Achaemenids. Athens broke the peace in 439 in an attack on Samos, and in its…

titi, (genus Callicebus), any of about 20 species of small arboreal monkeys that have long furred tails and are found in South American rainforests, especially along the Amazon and other rivers. Titis have long, soft, glossy fur and rather flat, high faces set in small, round heads. Even the

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Callichthyidae (callichthyid armoured catfishes) 2 longitudinal series of overlapping bony plates. Herbivorous aquarium fishes. South and Central America. 8 genera, about 177 species. Family Loricariidae (suckermouth armoured catfishes) Sucking mouth; 3 or 4 rows of bony scutes. Herbivorous aquarium fishes. Central and South America.

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Callichthyidae (callichthyid armoured catfishes) 2 longitudinal series of overlapping bony plates. Herbivorous aquarium fishes. South and Central America. 8 genera, about 177 species. Family Loricariidae (suckermouth armoured catfishes) Sucking mouth; 3 or 4 rows of bony scutes. Herbivorous aquarium fishes. Central and South America.

Plato: Early dialogues of Plato: Callicles praises the man of natural ability who ignores conventional justice; true justice, according to Callicles, is this person’s triumph. In the Hippias Minor, discussion of Homer by a visiting Sophist leads to an examination by Socrates, which the Sophist fails, on such questions as…

Callicrates was an Athenian architect who designed the Temple of Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis and, with Ictinus, the Parthenon. It is known from an inscription of 449 bc (the year of the signing of peace with Persia) that the Senate commissioned Callicrates to construct a temple to Athena

Callide Valley, valley in eastern Queensland, Australia, a southeast-northwest corridor extending for 70 miles (110 km) west of the Calliope Range. Its principal settlement is Biloela. Cotton, grains, and dairy pastures are irrigated from subartesian sources and dams on the seasonal Callide Creek.

François de Callières was a French diplomat and author whose book De la manière de négocier avec les souverains (1716; The Practice of Diplomacy) was considered a model introduction to the subject of diplomacy. Between 1670 and 1700 Callières was sent on many diplomatic missions, notably as a

bryophyte: Ecology and habitats: …of the genera Drepanocladus and Calliergon. These mosses also build up a moss mat that, through organic accumulation of its own partially decomposed remains, alters the acidity of the site and makes it attractive to the formation of Sphagnum peatland.

Calligrammes, collection of poetry by Guillaume Apollinaire, published in French in 1918. The poems in the collection reflect Apollinaire’s experiences as a soldier during World War I as well as his association with the Parisian art world. The collection is especially noted for its pattern poetry,

Calligrammes, collection of poetry by Guillaume Apollinaire, published in French in 1918. The poems in the collection reflect Apollinaire’s experiences as a soldier during World War I as well as his association with the Parisian art world. The collection is especially noted for its pattern poetry,

calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting. The term may derive from the Greek words for “beauty” (kallos) and “to write” (graphein). It implies a sure knowledge of the correct form of letters—i.e., the conventional signs by which language can be communicated—and the skill to make them with such

Callimachus was a Greek poet and scholar, the most representative poet of the erudite and sophisticated Alexandrian school. Callimachus migrated to Alexandria, where King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt gave him employment in the Library of Alexandria, the most important such institution in the

Battle of Marathon: …broken by a civil official, Callimachus, who decided in favour of an attack. Four of the generals then ceded their commands to the Athenian general Miltiades, thus effectively making him commander in chief.

Callimachus was a Greek sculptor, perhaps an Athenian, reputed to have invented the Corinthian capital after witnessing acanthus leaves growing around a basket placed upon a young girl’s tomb. Although no sculptures by Callimachus survive in the original, he was reported to have carved the golden

marmoset: …“true” marmosets, the tamarins, and Goeldi’s monkey (Callimico goeldi). Also called Goeldi’s marmoset, this species is found only in the western Amazon River basin. Black in colour and maned, it differs from other marmosets in that it possesses a third set of molars and does not bear twins. Though Goeldi’s…

Central American and northern Andean Indian: Traditional culture patterns: …farming; among those were the Antillean Carib, Chocó, Ciboney, and Motilón.

blue crab, (genus Callinectes), any of a genus of crustaceans of the order Decapoda (phylum Arthropoda), particularly Callinectes sapidus and C. hastatus, common edible crabs of the western Atlantic coast that are prized as delicacies. Their usual habitat is muddy shores, bays, and estuaries. The

crab: Economic importance: …America, the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) of the Atlantic coast and the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) of the Pacific coast. In the Indo-Pacific region the swimming crabs, Scylla and Portunus, related to the American blue crab, are among the most important sources of seafood. Commercially valuable anomurans are the…

hunting: Hunting methods: …hunting waterfowl, with or without calling. It is called flighting in Great Britain. Hunting by calling involves waiting in hiding and making imitative noises by voice or with a call mechanism to attract the game. Game birds so hunted include ducks and geese, hunted from blinds near which decoys are…

radio: Police and detective dramas: …its debut on radio with Calling All Cars, which was broadcast from November 1933 to September 1939 over the West Coast stations of CBS. The series was written and directed by William N. Robson, who would later become one of radio’s most renowned talents, and depicted actual crime stories, which…

Genesis: …record with the 1997 release Calling All Stations. This proved to be the group’s final studio album, however, as a 2007 reunion tour, with Collins back as lead vocalist, did not lead to any new material. Genesis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.

fiddler crab, any of the approximately 65 species of the genus Uca (order Decapoda of the subphylum Crustacea). They are named “fiddler” because the male holds one claw, always much larger than the other, somewhat like a violin. Both claws in the female are relatively small. In males, claws can be

Linda Hogan: Her first collection of poetry, Calling Myself Home, was published the same year.

Caravaggio: The Contarelli Chapel and other church commissions of Caravaggio: The subjects prescribed were The Calling of St. Matthew and The Martyrdom of St. Matthew. Caravaggio used his by-now-established method, setting both episodes in the present day and painting directly from live models posed in mise-en-scènes of his own devising. He set the subject of Christ calling Matthew, the…

Juan Felipe Herrera: Poetry and career: …several picture books for children, Calling the Doves/El canto de las palomas (1995), a bilingual telling of the author’s nomadic childhood among migrant farmworkers. It won the 1997 Ezra Jack Keats Book Award for children’s literature written by new children’s book authors. His books of poetry from that period include…

ancient Iran: Intermittent conflicts from Yazdegerd I to Khosrow I: the Byzantine general Belisarius at Callinicum (531) with the support of al-Mundhir II of Al-Ḥīrah. Earlier in his reign he had moved away from the Zoroastrian church and favoured Mazdakism, a new socioreligious movement that had found support among the people. The crown prince, Khosrow, however, was an orthodox Zoroastrian;…

Seleucus II Callinicus was the fourth king (reigned 246–225) of the Seleucid dynasty, son of Antiochus II Theos. Antiochus II repudiated his wife Laodice (Seleucus’ mother) and married Ptolemy’s daughter Berenice, but by 246 bc Antiochus had left Berenice in order to live again with Laodice and

Callinicus Of Heliopolis was an architect who is credited with the invention of Greek fire, a highly incendiary liquid that was projected from “siphons” to enemy ships or troops and was almost impossible to extinguish. Born in Syria, Callinicus was a Jewish refugee who was forced to flee the Arabs

Callinus was a Greek elegiac poet, the few surviving fragments of whose work reflect the troubled period when Asia Minor was invaded by the Cimmerians, a race originating in what was later South Russia. The longest fragment is an appeal to young men to cast off their cowardly sloth and prepare to

dragonet, any of about 40 species of marine fishes constituting the family Callionymidae (order Perciformes), found in warm temperate or tropical areas, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region. Dragonets characteristically have large and elongated fins, large, flattened heads, and small gills that

calliope, in music, a steam-whistle organ with a loud, shrill sound audible miles away; it is used to attract attention for circuses and fairs. It was invented in the United States about 1850 by A.S. Denny and patented in 1855 by Joshua C. Stoddard. The calliope consists of a boiler that forces

Calliope, in Greek mythology, according to Hesiod’s Theogony, foremost of the nine Muses; she was later called the patron of epic poetry. At the behest of Zeus, the king of the gods, she judged the dispute between the goddesses Aphrodite and Persephone over Adonis. In most accounts she and King

rocket and missile system: Barrage rockets: Army was the Calliope, a 60-tube launching projector for 4.5-inch rockets mounted on a Sherman tank. The launcher was mounted on the tank’s gun turret, and both azimuth (horizontal direction) and elevation were controllable. Rockets were fired in rapid succession (ripple-fired) to keep the rockets from interfering with…

quail: …California, or valley, quail (Callipepla californica) and Gambel’s, or desert, quail (Lophortyx gambelii). Both species have a head plume (larger in males) curling forward.

quail: …scaled, or blue, quail (Callipepla squamata). Grayish, with scaly markings and a white-tipped crest, it is the fastest quail afoot, with running speeds measured at 24 km (15 miles) per hour. The mountain, or plumed, quail (Oreortyx pictus), gray and reddish with a long straight plume, is perhaps the…

caliper, measuring instrument that consists of two adjustable legs or jaws for measuring the dimensions of material parts. The calipers on the right side of the have an adjusting screw and nut and are known as spring calipers, while those on the left are an illustration of firm-joint calipers,

hummingbird: Natural history: In Calliphlox amethystina, one of the tiniest species, the male has a wing-beat rate of about 80 per second; the female, which is larger, beats her wings at a rate of about 60 times per second. The ruby-throated hummingbird has a wing-beat rate of about 70…

blow fly: Major genera and species: Bluebottle (Calliphora) flies are distinguished by their distinctive coloration and loud buzzing flight. These flies commonly infest carrion or excrement, and the larvae of some species infest and may even kill sheep. The black blow fly (Phormia regina) is another widely distributed species with similar…

blow fly, (family Calliphoridae), any member in a cosmopolitan family of insects comprising about 1,500 species in around 150 genera. Blow flies are ecologically important as decomposers and can rapidly colonize carrion and other decaying organic matter and thus aid in nutrient cycling. Adults and

Gallipoli, seaport and town, European Turkey. It lies on a narrow peninsula where the Dardanelles opens into the Sea of Marmara, 126 miles (203 km) west-southwest of Istanbul. An important Byzantine fortress, it was the first Ottoman conquest (c. 1356) in Europe and was maintained as a naval base

calendar: Complex cycles: …cycle was improved by both Callippus and Hipparchus. Callippus of Cyzicus (c. 370–300 bce) was perhaps the foremost astronomer of his day. He formed what has been called the Callippic period, essentially a cycle of four Metonic periods. It was more accurate than the original Metonic cycle and made use…

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Family Callirhipidae 9–27 mm in length; found in warm regions worldwide. Family Chelonariidae About 50 species in tropics of Asia and America. Family Cneoglossidae 1 genus (Cneoglossa); small; neotropical distribution.

mallow: …ornamental shrub from South America; poppy mallow (Callirhoe involucrata), a hairy perennial, low-growing, with poppy-like reddish flowers; and Indian mallow, also called velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), a weedy plant. Chaparral mallows (Malacothamnus species), a group of shrubs and small trees, are native to California and Baja California. The Carolina mallow (Modiola…

Alcmaeon: …and, forgetting his wife, married Callirrhoë, the daughter of the river god. Callirrhoë coveted the necklace, and Alcmaeon, having returned to get it from his wife, was killed by Arsinoë’s brothers (Phegeus’s sons). On Alcmaeon’s death, Callirrhoë prayed that her two young sons might grow to manhood at once and…

Thera, island, southernmost island of the Cyclades (Modern Greek: Kykládes) group, southeastern Greece, in the Aegean Sea, sometimes included in the Southern Sporades group. It constitutes a dímos (municipality) within the South Aegean (Nótio Aigaío) periféreia (region). Geologically, Thera is the

Callistemon, genus of shrubs and trees, of the family Myrtaceae, native to Australia. They have spikes of showy flowers and are commonly called bottlebrushes. The plants are often cultivated outdoors in western North America and in colder regions in greenhouses. C. lanceolatus (sometimes C.

Callistemon: …flowers and are commonly called bottlebrushes. The plants are often cultivated outdoors in western North America and in colder regions in greenhouses. C. lanceolatus (sometimes C. citrinus), one of the most commonly cultivated species, grows from 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 feet) tall and has lance-shaped leaves and…

Callistemon: …flowers and are commonly called bottlebrushes. The plants are often cultivated outdoors in western North America and in colder regions in greenhouses. C. lanceolatus (sometimes C. citrinus), one of the most commonly cultivated species, grows from 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 feet) tall and has lance-shaped leaves and…

China aster, (Callistephus chinensis), herbaceous plant of the aster family (Asteraceae, also called Compositae), many cultivated varieties of which are longtime garden favourites. The native species from China is 75 cm (2.5 feet) tall, with white to violet flowers having yellow centres. The

Callisthenes of Olynthus was an ancient Greek historian best known for his influential history of Greece. Callisthenes was appointed to attend Alexander the Great as historian of his Asiatic expedition on the recommendation of his uncle Aristotle, who was Alexander’s former tutor. In 327 bc

Callisto, outermost of the four large moons (Galilean satellites) discovered around Jupiter by the Italian astronomer Galileo in 1610. It was probably also discovered independently that same year by the German astronomer Simon Marius, who named it after Callisto of Greek mythology. Callisto is a

Callisto, in Greek mythology, a nymph, or else a daughter of either Lycaon of Arcadia or of Nycteus or Ceteus. Callisto was one of the goddess Artemis’ huntress companions and swore to remain unwed. But she was loved by Zeus and, in several variations of the legend, was turned into a she-bear

American spiny rat: General characteristics: …the other extreme is the painted tree rat (Callistomys pictus), whose whitish body has a wide, glossy black stripe on the neck and head and a saddle pattern extending from the shoulders and across the upper arms over the back and rump; its black hairy tail is tipped with white…

Callistus was the patriarch of Constantinople, theologian, and hagiographer, an advocate of a Byzantine school of mystical prayer that he upheld by the authority of his office and by his writings. A monk of Mount Athos, Callistus became a disciple of the method of prayer known as Hesychasm. He was

Callistus was the patriarch of Constantinople, theologian, and hagiographer, an advocate of a Byzantine school of mystical prayer that he upheld by the authority of his office and by his writings. A monk of Mount Athos, Callistus became a disciple of the method of prayer known as Hesychasm. He was

St. Callixtus I ; feast day October 14) was the pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, from about 217 to 222, during the schism of Hippolytus, the church’s first antipope. Little was known about Callixtus before the discovery of Philosophumena by Hippolytus, a work that is in part a

Callixtus II was the pope from 1119 to 1124. A son of Count William I of Burgundy, he was appointed archbishop of Vienne, in Lower Burgundy, in 1088. He became well known as a spokesman of a reform party within the church and as a foe of the policy of the Holy Roman emperor Henry V. When Pope

Callixtus III was the pope from 1455 to 1458. As a member of the Aragonese court, he reconciled King Alfonso V with Pope Martin V, who appointed Callixtus bishop of Valencia in 1429. Pope Eugenius IV made him a cardinal in 1444. As a compromise between the influential Colonna and Orsini families of

Callixtus (III) was an antipope from 1168 to 1178, who reigned with the support of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. Callixtus was elected antipope as Paschal III’s successor, in opposition to Pope Alexander III. He was Frederick’s protégé until the Treaty of Anagni (1176), which ended

marmoset: The “true” marmosets (genus Callithrix) have short lower canine teeth (short-tusked), whereas marmosets with relatively long lower canines (long-tusked) are known as tamarins (genera Saguinus and Leontopithecus). The two species of pygmy marmosets (C. pygmaea and C. niveiventris) are the smallest “true” marmosets. They live in the rainforests of…

marmoset: The common marmoset (C. jacchus) lives in the scrub forest (caatinga) of northeastern Brazil. Weighing 400 grams (14 ounces), it is about 15–25 cm (6–10 inches) long, excluding the 25–40-cm (10–16-inch) tail. The marbled brown-and-white fur is dense and silky, and there are white tufts on…