Lucius Accius was one of the greatest of the Roman tragic poets, in the view of his contemporaries. His plays (more than 40 titles are known, and about 700 lines survive) were mostly free translations from Greek tragedy, many from Euripides, with violent plots, flamboyant characterizations, and

acclimatization, any of the numerous gradual, long-term responses of an organism to changes in its environment. Such responses are more or less habitual and reversible should environmental conditions revert to an earlier state. The numerous sudden changes that evoke rapid and short-term responses

human nervous system: The eye: The initial stimulus for accommodation is a blurred visual image that first reaches the visual cortex. Through a series of cortical connections, the blurred image reaches two specialized motor centers. One of these, located in the frontal cortex, sends motor commands to neurons in the oculomotor nucleus controlling the…

cognition: …two basic processes: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the process of interpreting reality in terms of a person’s internal model of the world (based on previous experience); accommodation represents the changes one makes to that model through the process of adjusting to experience. The American psychologist Jerome S. Bruner broadened…

human behaviour: Cognitive development: Accommodation, the second process, occurs when the information presented does not fit the existing concept. Thus, once the child learns that the ostrich does not fly, he will accommodate to that fact and modify his concept of bird to include the fact that some birds…

recitative: The second variety, recitativo stromentato, or accompanied recitative, has stricter rhythm and more involved, often orchestral accompaniment. Used at dramatically important moments, it is more emotional in character. Its vocal line is more melodic, and typically it leads into a formal aria.

accompaniment, in music, auxiliary part or parts of a composition designed to support the principal part or to throw it into relief. In secular medieval music and in much folk and non-European music, instrumental accompaniments for singers consist of unison or octave duplications of the melody

accomplice, in law, a person who becomes equally guilty in the crime of another by knowingly and voluntarily aiding the other to commit the offense. An accomplice is either an accessory or an abettor. The accessory aids a criminal prior to the crime, whereas the abettor aids the offender during the

Wawrzyniec Goślicki: …Oldisworth appeared under the title The Accomplished Senator. Opposing absolute monarchy and supremacy of the people, Goślicki recommended that the senate should stand between the sovereign and the people, controlling the sovereign and representing the people. He was one of the earliest political theorists to advocate the right of revolt…

Western painting: Body and performance art: …works of the New York-based Vito Acconci were more essentially ironic. His notorious Seedbed (1972) involved him masturbating under a ramp in a gallery. As he imagined the audience walking above him, his groans were relayed to them via a loudspeaker. The work both empowered him, insofar as he achieved…

Vittoria Accoramboni was an Italian woman whose life story aroused a great deal of contemporary interest and was later the basis for a play by John Webster, The White Devil (1612), and for a novel by Ludwig Tieck, Vittoria Accorombona (1840). She was the 10th child in a well-to-do but not

automobile: Japanese cars: Honda’s Accord model, introduced in 1976, offered refinement and economy superior to comparable American models, albeit at a slightly higher price. The Accord was an immediate hit and resulted in construction of a Honda manufacturing plant in Ohio, the first of what would be many “transplant”…

Richard III: Formative years: However, this settlement, the Act of Accord, was resisted, and York was killed attempting to enforce it at Wakefield (now West Yorkshire) on December 30, 1460. This setback was reversed by York’s eldest son, Edward, who decisively defeated the Lancastrians in February 1461; he assumed the title King Edward…

accordion, free-reed portable musical instrument, consisting of a treble casing with external piano-style keys or buttons and a bass casing (usually with buttons) attached to opposite sides of a hand-operated bellows. The advent of the accordion is the subject of debate among researchers. Many

Beryl Bainbridge: … (1996), Master Georgie (1998), and According to Queeney (2001).

accordion, free-reed portable musical instrument, consisting of a treble casing with external piano-style keys or buttons and a bass casing (usually with buttons) attached to opposite sides of a hand-operated bellows. The advent of the accordion is the subject of debate among researchers. Many

Annie Proulx: Proulx’s next novel was Accordion Crimes (1996), which examines the immigrant experience by tracing the life of an Old World accordion in the United States.

Franciscus Accursius was an Italian legal scholar and leading jurist of the 13th century who was responsible for the renovation of Roman law. He was the last of a series of legal glossators (annotators) of Justinian’s compilation of Roman law. A professor at the University of Bologna, Accursius had

marketing: Advertising agencies: …typically consist of four departments: account management, a creative division, a research group, and a media planning department. Those in account management act as liaisons between the client and the agency, ensuring that client needs are communicated to the agency and that agency recommendations are clearly understood by the client.…

Sir James Young Simpson, 1st Baronet: …ether and published his classic Account of a New Anaesthetic Agent. Simpson persisted in the use of chloroform for relief of labour pains, against opposition from obstetricians and the clergy. He was appointed one of the queen’s physicians for Scotland in 1847 and in 1866 was created a baronet.

A Visit from St. Nicholas, narrative poem first published anonymously in the Troy Sentinel (New York) on December 23, 1823. It became an enduring part of Christmas tradition, and, because of its wide popularity, both St. Nicholas, the patron saint of children, and the legendary figure Santa Claus

James Boswell: Scottish lawyer and laird: In February 1768 Boswell published An Account of Corsica, The Journal of a Tour to That Island; and Memoirs of Pascal Paoli and stepped into fame. France had unmasked its intention of annexing the island, and people were greedy for information about Corsica and Paoli. Motives of propaganda caused him…

An Account of My Hut, poetic diary by Kamo Chōmei, written in Japanese in 1212 as Hōjōki. It is admired as a classic literary and philosophical work. An Account of My Hut (the title is sometimes translated as The Ten Foot Square Hut) relates the musings of a Buddhist who renounces the world to live

John Norris: Norris’ An Account of Reason and Faith in Relation to the Mysteries of Christianity (1697) was one of the best contemporary responses to Christianity Not Mysterious, by the English deist John Toland. Norris’ most significant work, An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible…

William Withering: Botanical works: …lies primarily with his publication An Account of the Foxglove, and Some of Its Medical Uses (1785). Though foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) had been used in folk medicine for centuries, Withering drew upon 156 of his own cases to objectively demonstrate its efficacy in treating dropsy, the edematous bodily swelling that…

English literature: Literary reactions to the political climate: …monarchy’s attraction to absolutism in An Account of the Growth of Popery, and Arbitrary Government in England (1677) that a reward of £100 was offered for revealing its author’s identity.

Thomas Sprat: …executor of Cowley, and his An Account of the Life and Writings of Mr. Abraham Cowley (1668) was the first biography of a writer attempting to show the interrelation between the poet’s life and personality and his works. Although he referred to the charm and interest of Cowley’s letters, he…

Samuel Johnson: The Gentleman’s Magazine and early publications of Samuel Johnson: …publication of this period was An Account of the Life of Mr. Richard Savage, Son of the Earl Rivers (1744). If, as Johnson claimed, the best biographies were written by those who had eaten and drunk and “lived in social intercourse” with their subjects, this was the most likely of…

Palau: History: George Keate’s An Account of the Pelew Islands (1788), which recounted the friendship and high adventure found in Palau, served to fuel the European myths of the noble savage and the island paradise. The first 70 years of the 19th century were punctuated by the occasional visits…

quarantine: Early practices: …of lazarettos, and his work An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe (1789) presents a depressing picture.

John Fothergill: His “Account of the Sore Throat Attended with Ulcers” (1748) was the first authoritative paper on diphtheria. He also described facial neuralgia and migraine. Fothergill popularized the use of coffee in England and promoted its cultivation in the West Indies. A friend of Benjamin Franklin, he…

John Hawkesworth: …British Admiralty to compile An Account of the Voyages Undertaken in the Southern Hemisphere (1773), dealing chiefly with the voyages of exploration of Captain James Cook; but the work was severely criticized for inaccuracy and for failing to attribute escapes at sea to the workings of divine providence.

account payable, any amount owed by a company as the result of a purchase of goods or services from another company on a credit basis. Under a trade-credit arrangement, the purchasing company, after placing its order with the seller, receives the goods and an invoice denoting the price of the goods

account receivable, any amount owed to a business by a customer as a result of a purchase of goods or services from it on a credit basis. The company making the sale does not receive an acceptance or promissory note (i.e., written orders or promises to pay) from the purchaser but merely enters the

accountability, principle according to which a person or institution is responsible for a set of duties and can be required to give an account of their fulfilment to an authority that is in a position to issue rewards or punishment. Despite the apparent precision of this definition, controversy has

defense economics: Choosing weapon systems: …of budget is called an accountability budget because it accounts for defense expenditure, but it cannot inform the defense planner (or the taxpayer) how efficiently the defense department has spent the budget. Under functional costing, the objectives of a proposed military program are shown along with the costs of all…

constitution: Accountability: Under constitutional government, those who govern are regularly accountable to at least a portion of the governed. In a constitutional democracy, this accountability is owed to the electorate by all persons in government. Accountability can be enforced through a great variety of regular procedures,…

bankruptcy fraud: Bust-out schemes: …is the focus on prosecuting accountants and other professionals in the financial industry. These are the individuals who typically are responsible for large-scale increases in fraudulent bankruptcy claims. Individuals may not be familiar with how bankruptcy operates, but accountants and financial advisers who engage in bankruptcy fraud can encourage criminal…

Ben Affleck: Roles of the 2010s and beyond: …role of Christian Wolff in The Accountant 2.

Ben Affleck: Roles of the 2010s and beyond: …drug cartels, in the thriller The Accountant. Movies from 2019 included Triple Frontier, a thriller in which a team of former Special Forces operatives face a series of moral dilemmas after staging an elaborate heist.

accounting, systematic development and analysis of information about the economic affairs of an organization. This information may be used in a number of ways: by a firm’s managers to help them plan and control ongoing operations; by owners and legislative or regulatory bodies to help them appraise

account payable, any amount owed by a company as the result of a purchase of goods or services from another company on a credit basis. Under a trade-credit arrangement, the purchasing company, after placing its order with the seller, receives the goods and an invoice denoting the price of the goods

account receivable, any amount owed to a business by a customer as a result of a purchase of goods or services from it on a credit basis. The company making the sale does not receive an acceptance or promissory note (i.e., written orders or promises to pay) from the purchaser but merely enters the

Accra, capital and largest city of Ghana, on the Gulf of Guinea (an arm of the Atlantic Ocean). The city lies partly on a cliff, 25 to 40 feet (8 to 12 meters) high, and spreads northward over the undulating Accra plains. The area’s susceptibility to faulting is the cause of occasional earthquakes.

Ghana: Relief and drainage: …consists of the gently rolling Accra Plains, which are underlain by some of the oldest Precambrian rocks known—mostly gneisses (coarse-grained rocks in which bands containing granular minerals alternate with bands containing micaceous minerals); in places they rise above the surface to form inselbergs (prominent steep-sided hills left after erosion). The…

crime laboratory: Crime laboratory issues: …have a mandatory process for accreditation. The United States offers a system of voluntary accreditation administered by an arm of the American Society of Crime Lab Directors. That accreditation signifies that the lab meets certain minimum standards in physical plant, documentation, analytical processes, and personnel but does not assess the…

medical tourism: Social and ethical issues in medical tourism: -based Joint Commission Resources; Accreditation Canada International; and the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards International. Those organizations charge fees to clients who want to have their facilities surveyed for accreditation, and each organization maintains a list of accredited hospitals to help persons wishing to travel internationally for health care…

Accredited investors are a category of high-net-worth individuals and certain financial entities that meet financial or professional criteria established by a regulatory authority, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the United States. Accredited investors have the privilege of

hydrosphere: Origin and evolution of the hydrosphere: Earth is thought to have accreted from a cloud of particles around the Sun. This gaseous matter condensed into small particles that coalesced to form a protoplanet, which in turn grew by the gravitational attraction of more particulates. Some of these particles had compositions similar to that of carbonaceous chondrite…

coral island: Coral islands created by accretion have developed from rubbly reef rock broken off from the reef by storms and waves and mixed with finer reef detritus. The exceptional conditions of cyclonic storms are sometimes sufficient to create reef-top shoals in a single event. Other material accumulates by more regular…

accretion disk, a disklike flow of gas, plasma, dust, or particles around any astronomical object in which the material orbiting in the gravitational field of the object loses energy and angular momentum as it slowly spirals inward. In astrophysics, the term accretion refers to the growth in mass

accretion disk, a disklike flow of gas, plasma, dust, or particles around any astronomical object in which the material orbiting in the gravitational field of the object loses energy and angular momentum as it slowly spirals inward. In astrophysics, the term accretion refers to the growth in mass

continental shield: …of the concept of continental accretion—i.e., that belts of successively younger rocks have undergone intense deformation in episodes of mountain building and have become welded onto the borders of the preexisting shields. In this way, the growth of continents might have occurred through geologic time.

lapillus: Accretionary lapilli are pellets formed by the accretion of volcanic ash or dust around moisture droplets; as in hailstones formed of water, these volcanic “hailstones” may show concentric rings—some as much as 10 cm (four inches) across—when they are carried through the eruption cloud several…

deep-sea trench: Structure: …plate and is termed an accretionary prism. A line of explosive volcanoes, extruding (erupting) a lava that forms the volcanic rock andesite, is found on the overriding plate usually 100 km (about 60 miles) or so from the trench. In marginal trenches these volcanoes form mountain chains, such as the…

Triassic Period: Paleogeography: This process of “accretionary tectonics” (or obduction) created more than 50 terranes of various ages in the Cordilleran region, including the Sonomia and Golconda terranes of the northwestern United States, both of which were accreted in the Early Triassic. The former microcontinent of Sonomia occupies what is now…

accretion disk: …growing is known as the accretor.

Hyndburn: Accrington is the borough’s largest town and administrative centre.

income tax: The meaning of income: …and capricious results is “accrued income,” which is the money value of the goods and services consumed by the taxpayer plus or minus any change in net worth during a given period of time. (Tax experts commonly call this the Haig-Simons definition of income, based on work by American…

acculturation, the processes of change in artifacts, customs, and beliefs that result from the contact of two or more cultures. The term is also used to refer to the results of such changes. Two major types of acculturation, incorporation and directed change, may be distinguished on the basis of

glacier: Mass balance: …a balance between income (accumulation) and outgo (ablation). If this mass balance is positive (more gain than loss), the glacier will grow; if it is negative, the glacier will shrink.

petroleum: Accumulation in reservoir beds: The porosity (volume of pore spaces) and permeability (capacity for transmitting fluids) of carrier and reservoir beds are important factors in the migration and accumulation of oil. Most conventional petroleum accumulations have been found in clastic reservoirs (sandstones and siltstones). Next…

social change: Mechanisms of one-directional change: accumulation, selection, and differentiation: …of technical knowledge stimulates capital accumulation, which leads to rising production levels. Population growth also may be incorporated in this model of cumulative evolution: it is by the accumulation of collective technical knowledge and means of production that human beings can increase their numbers; this growth then leads to new…

Rosa Luxemburg: …Die Akkumulation des Kapitals (1913; The Accumulation of Capital). In this analysis, she described imperialism as the result of a dynamic capitalism’s expansion into underdeveloped areas of the world. It was during this time also that she began to agitate for mass actions and broke completely with the established Social…

poison: Frequency of exposure: Toxic accumulation is one of the reasons repetitive exposures of a chemical produce toxicity while a single exposure may not. In a hypothetical case, a concentration of more than 100 mg per gram in a target tissue is required for chemical A to cause toxic…

battery: Storage batteries: In contrast to primary cells, which are discharged once and then discarded, storage batteries can be supplied with direct current (DC) of the correct polarity and recharged to or near their original energy content and power capability—i.e., they can repeatedly store electrical energy.…

chemical analysis: Evaluation of results: Accuracy is the degree of agreement between the experimental result and the true value. Precision is the degree of agreement among a series of measurements of the same quantity; it is a measure of the reproducibility of results rather than their correctness. Errors may be…

The Accursed Kings, a series of seven historical novels by French scholar Maurice Druon that describes elite French society and the monarchy from the beginning of the 14th century to the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. The novels, published in French as Les Rois maudits from 1955 to 1977, were cited by

Franciscus Accursius was an Italian legal scholar and leading jurist of the 13th century who was responsible for the renovation of Roman law. He was the last of a series of legal glossators (annotators) of Justinian’s compilation of Roman law. A professor at the University of Bologna, Accursius had

Armenian language: Morphology and syntax: genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, instrumental, and locative. However, many of these forms overlapped so that usually only three or four different forms existed; e.g., žam ‘time’ was both nominative and accusative, žamê was ablative, and žamu was genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative. A special form of locative…

adversary procedure, in law, one of the two methods of exposing evidence in court (the other being the inquisitorial procedure). The adversary procedure requires the opposing sides to bring out pertinent information and to present and cross-examine witnesses. This procedure is observed primarily in

crime laboratory: Crime laboratory issues: Criminal defendants frequently have no access to those public forensic science services and must often rely on private laboratories to analyze evidence for them. Most jurisdictions have some provisions for providing indigent defendants with funds to obtain forensic science services, but often the amount of funds…

rights of accused, in law, the rights and privileges of a person accused of a crime, guaranteeing him a fair trial. These rights were initially (generally from the 18th century on) confined primarily to the actual trial itself, but in the second half of the 20th century many countries began to

Jodie Foster: The Silence of the Lambs and The Accused: In The Accused (1988) she gave a remarkable performance as Sarah Tobias, a rape victim who struggles with inequities in the justice system. In The Silence of the Lambs (1991) she tracks a serial killer as FBI agent Clarice Starling. Both performances won her Academy Awards…

William Dieterle: Middle years of William Dieterle: In 1949 Dieterle directed The Accused, an entertaining film noir about a college professor (Loretta Young) on the run from a homicide detective (Wendell Corey) after she kills a student in self-defense. In the action adventure Rope of Sand (1949), the quest for hidden diamonds had Casablanca alumni Rains,…

dictionary: General-purpose dictionaries: Barnhart in The American College Dictionary (ACD), in 1947. (Barnhart also carried on Thorndike’s work in the Thorndike-Barnhart dictionaries after Thorndike’s death.) After mid-century, other college-size works were revised to meet that competition: Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language (1951), the Merriam-Webster Seventh New Collegiate…

Australian Cattle Dog, breed of herding dog developed in the 19th century to work with cattle in the demanding conditions of the Australian Outback. It is called a heeler because it moves cattle by nipping at their feet; this trait was introduced to the breed from the dingo in its ancestry. The

handball: Principles of play.: An ace is a legal serve that eludes the receiver. The greater variety of angle shots—for example, sidewall to front wall, ceiling to front, side to back—makes the four-wall game the most demanding form of handball. All versions require good physical condition, speed, control, and stamina,…

Delta Force, tier-one special missions unit within the U.S. armed forces. It has also been referred to as the Combat Applications Group (CAG), Army Compartmented Elements (ACE), Task Force Green, and simply “the Unit,” as well as a host of cover names. Delta Force is primarily devoted to

playing cards: Ranks: …the numeral 1 is designated ace and marked A accordingly. In games based on the superiority of one rank over another, such as most trick-taking games, the ace counts highest, outranking even the king. In games based on numerical value, the ace normally counts 1, as in cribbage, or 11,…

adrenal gland: Regulation of adrenal hormone secretion: …enzyme in the serum called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) then converts angiotensin I into an octapeptide (consisting of eight amino acids) called angiotensin II. Angiotensin II acts via specific receptors in the adrenal glands to stimulate the secretion of aldosterone, which stimulates salt and water reabsorption by the kidneys, and the…

Alan Turing: Computer designer: His design for the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was the first complete specification of an electronic stored-program all-purpose digital computer. Had Turing’s ACE been built as he planned, it would have had vastly more memory than any of the other early computers, as well as being faster. However, his…

asexuality, experiencing a complete or partial absence of sexual attraction or finding little interest in engaging in sexual activities with others. Asexuality encompasses a broad spectrum, and people who identify as asexual may experience varying degrees of sexual attraction, ranging from no

Billy Wilder: Films of the 1950s of Billy Wilder: Ace in the Hole (originally titled The Big Carnival; 1951) was Wilder’s first endeavour as both producer and director, and it would prove to be his first box-office failure. This acerbic drama, a corrosive account of a tabloid reporter (Kirk Douglas) who amorally manipulates a…

pharmaceutical industry: Contribution of scientific knowledge to drug discovery: …class of antihypertensive drugs called ACE inhibitors was developed. Similarly, once the role of AT1 receptors in blood pressure maintenance was understood, it was assumed that drugs that could block AT1 receptors would produce antihypertensive effects. Once again, this assumption proved correct, and a second class of antihypertensive drugs, the…

Jim Carrey: Stardom: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, The Mask, and The Truman Show: …scored an immediate hit with Ace Ventura: Pet Detective and had continued box-office success with Dumb and Dumber and The Mask (all 1994). In the latter film Carrey played a timid bank clerk who becomes a hip wisecracking green-faced dandy when he dons a magical mask. His performance earned Carrey…

Jim Carrey: Stardom: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, The Mask, and The Truman Show: He subsequently starred in Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995) and played the Riddler in Batman Forever (1995).

Goodman Ace was an American radio writer and performer and producer-writer for television, whose literate writing, wry humour, and relaxed style influenced numerous radio and television writers from the 1930s on. From childhood Ace wanted to be a writer, and his writing was admired by his teachers.

Madrid train bombings of 2004: Indeed, Ángel Acebes, the country’s interior minister, claimed, “There is no doubt ETA is responsible.” In an outpouring of grief and defiance, the following day an estimated 11 million Spaniards, including some 2.3 million in Madrid alone, participated in demonstrations against the violence and in support…

sloth, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, issued by the Vatican in 1992, sloth is the “culpable lack of physical or spiritual effort.” The terms sloth and acedia are often used interchangeably, but some theologians

Aceh, autonomous daerah istimewa (special district) of Indonesia, with the status of propinsi (or provinsi; province), forming the northern extremity of the island of Sumatra. Aceh is surrounded by water on three sides: the Indian Ocean to the west and north and the Strait of Malacca to the east.

Acehnese, one of the main ethnic groups on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. They were estimated to number roughly 4.2 million in the early 21st century. They speak a language of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family. The Acehnese were ruled by Indian princes prior to 500 ce, and in the 13th

Austronesian languages: Major languages: Acehnese, Balinese, and Buginese of western Indonesia; and Malagasy of Madagascar. Each of these languages has more than one million speakers. Javanese alone accounts for about one-quarter of all speakers of Austronesian languages, which is a remarkable disparity in view of the total number of…

Acehnese War, (1873–1904), an armed conflict between the Netherlands and the Muslim sultanate of Aceh (also spelled Acheh, or Atjeh) in northern Sumatra that resulted in Dutch conquest of the Acehnese and, ultimately, in Dutch domination of the entire region. In 1871 the Netherlands and Britain had

Amtrak: …late that year of the Acela Express in the heavily traveled Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston, a high-speed electrified train that could cruise at some 125 miles (200 km) per hour and reach top speeds of about 150 miles (240 km) per hour. Amtrak also explored the possibility…

Amtrak: …late that year of the Acela Express in the heavily traveled Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston, a high-speed electrified train that could cruise at some 125 miles (200 km) per hour and reach top speeds of about 150 miles (240 km) per hour. Amtrak also explored the possibility…

Anatolia: Middle Bronze Age: …as Acemhöyük (probably the ancient Purushkhanda) and Hattusas (site of the later Hittite capital), which, together with a number of other cities in central Anatolia, were also violently destroyed. It is not clear who was responsible for the destruction. The Middle Bronze Age sites of western Anatolia were largely unaffected…

Daron Acemoglu is a Turkish-American economist and winner, with Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson, of the 2024 Nobel Prize for Economics (the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) “for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity.” Acemoglu,

Daron Acemoglu is a Turkish-American economist and winner, with Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson, of the 2024 Nobel Prize for Economics (the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) “for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity.” Acemoglu,

Lepidoptera: Thorax: …the aquatic snout moth (Acentropus) some females are wingless, while some females and males are winged. There are eight main wing veins, each with a characteristic pattern. These are usually designated according to the modified Comstock-Needham system. The names of the veins (with their symbols in parentheses) and the…