4-H Club, one of an organization of clubs for youth aged 10 to 21 who engage in programs of “learning by doing.” The clubs are found principally in the United States and Canada, though some 80 other nations have adopted the idea. The 4-H Club emblem is the four-leaf clover with the letter H on each

antimicrobial agent: Antiseptics and germicides: …creosote, while such bisphenols as hexyl resorcinol and hexachlorophene are widely used as antiseptic agents in soaps. Chlorine and iodine are both extremely effective agents and can be used in high dilution. Chlorine is widely used in the disinfection of drinking-water supplies, and among its derivatives, the hypochlorite solutions (e.g.,…

chemical compound: Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes): vanillin, for example, have pleasant aromas.

allopurinol, drug used in the treatment of gout, a disease that is characterized by severe inflammation in one or more of the joints of the extremities. Allopurinol inhibits an enzyme that is necessary to form uric acid, a substance present in abnormally large amounts in the blood of persons with

isoprenoid: Sesquiterpenes: …found in bicyclic sesquiterpenes, the cadalene and the eudalene types, and the carbon skeleton of a sesquiterpene may frequently be determined by heating it with sulfur or selenium to effect dehydrogenation to the corresponding naphthalenic hydrocarbons: cadalene, 4-isopropyl-1,6-dimethylnaphthalene; or eudalene, 7-isopropyl-1-methylnaphthalene. In those cases in which sulfur dehydrogenation fails to…

cresol: cresol, meta- (m-) cresol, and para- (p-) cresol.

4-methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA), synthetic psychoactive drug known primarily for its effects on serotonin, a monoamine neurotransmitter in the brain that is associated with the regulation of mood. Chemically, 4-methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA) is classified as an amphetamine, and it is structurally

4-methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA), synthetic psychoactive drug known primarily for its effects on serotonin, a monoamine neurotransmitter in the brain that is associated with the regulation of mood. Chemically, 4-methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA) is classified as an amphetamine, and it is structurally

Sarah Kane: Plays: Kane’s last play, 4.48 Psychosis (2000), was produced posthumously. The title alludes to the time—4:48 am—when Kane frequently woke during her years with depression, and the play has often been read as having the qualities of a note she penned for her death, expressed through dialogue such as,…

Reconstruction: Radical Reconstruction: The dream of “40 acres and a mule” was stillborn. Lacking land, most former slaves had little economic alternative other than resuming work on plantations owned by whites. Some worked for wages, others as sharecroppers, who divided the crop with the owner at the end of the year.…

TEU: A related unit is the 40-foot equivalent unit (FEU), which refers to a shipping container with dimensions of 40 feet long (12.2 meters), 8 feet 6 inches high, and 8 feet wide. Two TEU equals 1 FEU. The 40-foot containers are the most commonly used.

Judd Apatow: …produced the surprise hit movie The 40-Year-Old Virgin, starring Steve Carell, an actor Apatow met while producing the 2004 film Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy.

The 400 Blows, French film drama, released in 1959, that defined the New Wave cinema movement created by young French directors in the late 1950s and ’60s. It was the first film in François Truffaut’s acclaimed Antoine Doinel series, which followed a character widely considered to be the director’s

St. Maximus the Confessor: In his 400 Capita de caritate (“Four Hundred Chapters on Charity”), Maximus counselled a Christian humanism, integrating asceticism with ordinary life and active charity.

Olympic Games: Tokyo, Japan, 1964: …become the heptathlon) and the 400-meter run were added to the slate of women’s athletics events.

In the United States, a 401(k) is a retirement savings program organized by employers but funded primarily by workers through paycheck deductions. Because employees generally do not make withdrawals from the fund until after they have retired, the 401(k) is considered a deferred compensation plan.

A 401(k) rollover is the process of moving the funds from an existing employer-sponsored 401(k) to a new account. Generally, a 401(k) rollover happens when you’re switching jobs, retiring, or looking for more flexibility and choice when it comes to your investment options. 401(k) RolloversIt's a

One of the perks of working for an employer is the prospect of a 401(k), 403(b), or other workplace retirement plan. It’s even better when your company matches a portion of your contributions. In fact, about 98% of employers that offer a 401(k) plan provide some type of match, according to the Plan

A 403(b) plan is a tax-deferred, employer-sponsored retirement savings plan available to public schools and other tax-exempt organizations. It allows educators, government employees, and nonprofit employees to make pretax contributions up to a certain limit. These 403(b) plans are tax advantaged,

HTTP 404, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) error indicating that an online resource could not be located. A 404 error, which falls under the client error response category of HTTP errors, is one of the most commonly seen of the 63 total HTTP status codes. A 404 error appears when the user

On April 30, 1975, North Vietnamese forces occupied the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon, concluding a three-decade conflict that had claimed more than three million lives. spotlight, vietnam war, saigon, viet cong,

advance fee fraud: It was sometimes called 419 fraud, after the relevant section of the Nigerian criminal code. The 419 fraud scheme was a variation of the confidence swindle, which preys on peoples’ greed and naïveté.

advance fee fraud: It was sometimes called 419 fraud, after the relevant section of the Nigerian criminal code. The 419 fraud scheme was a variation of the confidence swindle, which preys on peoples’ greed and naïveté.

Chadwick Boseman: …Robinson in the much-anticipated biopic 42 (2013). His performance as a man who had to keep his feelings hidden was generally praised, as was his athleticism. He next played linebacker prospect Vontae Mack in Draft Day (2014), starring Kevin Costner, before taking on the portrayal of music legend James Brown…

Gutenberg Bible, the first complete book extant in the West and one of the earliest printed from movable type, so called after its printer, Johannes Gutenberg, who completed it about 1455 working at Mainz, Germany. The three-volume work, in Latin text, was printed in 42-line columns and, in its

U.S.A.: by John Dos Passos, comprising The 42nd Parallel (1930), covering the period from 1900 up to World War I; 1919 (1932), dealing with the war and the critical year of the Treaty of Versailles; and The Big Money (1936), which moves from the boom of the 1920s to the bust…

42nd Street, American musical film, released in 1933, that featured innovative production numbers choreographed by Busby Berkeley. It was named for the Manhattan street that hosts many Broadway theatres. An instant and enduring classic, 42nd Street transformed the musical genre. The story follows

442nd Regimental Combat Team, United States infantry unit made up almost entirely of Nisei (second-generation) Japanese American volunteers, formed in 1943 during World War II and active from 1944 until 1946. Also called the Purple Heart Battalion, the unit is the most-decorated in United States

phonograph: …afterward RCA Corporation introduced the 45-RPM disc, which could play for up to 8 minutes per side. These LP’s and “singles” supplanted 78s in the 1950s, and stereophonic (or “stereo”) systems, with two separate channels of information in a single groove, became a commercial reality in 1958. Stereo phonographs capable…

Anne Sexton: …Awful Rowing Toward God (1975), 45 Mercy Street (1976, edited by her daughter, Linda Gray Sexton), and Uncollected Poems with Three Stories (1978) were published posthumously. Anne Sexton: A Self-Portrait in Letters, edited by Lois Ames and Linda Gray Sexton, was published in 1977 and No Evil Star: Selected Essays,…

phonograph: …afterward RCA Corporation introduced the 45-RPM disc, which could play for up to 8 minutes per side. These LP’s and “singles” supplanted 78s in the 1950s, and stereophonic (or “stereo”) systems, with two separate channels of information in a single groove, became a commercial reality in 1958. Stereo phonographs capable…

Charlotte Rampling: Oscar nomination and controversy: …their husbands’ secret lives in 45 Years (2015) and Hannah (2017) garnered particular praise. She received her first Oscar nomination, at the age of 69, for the former. The honor, however, was eclipsed by a controversial comment she had made to France’s Europe 1 radio in 2016. That was the…

Brazilian literature: Poetry: The poets of the Generation of 1945 provided a new direction, drawing upon Symbolism, Surrealism, and Hermeticism. From this group João Cabral de Melo Neto and Ledo Ivo distinguished themselves, with Melo Neto regarded as being among Brazil’s greatest poets. His Constructivist poetry is characterized by antilyrical language that…

A 457(b) plan is a tax-advantaged retirement savings plan available to local government workers and some employees of nonprofit organizations. It’s similar to a 401(k) plan, but one that’s available to firefighters, law enforcement officers, municipal employees, and other civil servants. As with

Soviet Union: The NEP and the defeat of the Left: …the party was the “Letter of the 46,” in October 1923. In late 1923 it was Trotsky who (though not himself a signatory) spoke in the Politburo for the antibureaucratic faction. The Central Committee banned the letter but later allowed discussion that showed widespread support in the party for…

Eric Clapton: …successful comeback with the album 461 Ocean Boulevard (1974), which included his hit remake of Bob Marley’s “I Shot the Sheriff.” On the album Clapton adopted a more relaxed approach that emphasized his songwriting and vocal abilities rather than his guitar playing.

47 rōnin, the 47 loyal samurai of the lord of Akō, whose vendetta ranks as one of the most dramatic episodes of Japanese history. The incident began in April 1701, when imperial envoys from Kyōto arrived in Edo (now Tokyo), the capital of the shogunate. Three provincial daimyo were appointed to

47 rōnin: …treatments included director Mizoguchi Kenji’s Genroku Chūshingura (1941; The 47 Ronin); Ichikawa Kon’s Shijūshichinin no shikaku (1994), which cast Japanese film legend Ken Takakura in the role of Ōishi; and the Hollywood-produced 47 Ronin (2013), a special effects-driven fantasy starring Keanu Reeves that bore only a passing resemblance to the…

star cluster: Globular clusters: The cluster designated 47 Tucanae (NGC 104), with an absolute visual magnitude of −9.42 at a similar distance of 14,700 light-years, has a different appearance with strong central concentration. It is located near the Small Magellanic Cloud but is not connected with it. For an observer situated at…

trisomy X, sex chromosome disorder of human females, in which three X chromosomes are present, rather than the normal pair. Although trisomy X can be inherited, it most often is caused by a random failure in chromosome separation. When the error occurs via nondisjunction—the failure of chromosomes

Klinefelter syndrome, disorder of the human sex chromosomes that occurs in males. Klinefelter syndrome is one of the most frequent chromosomal disorders in males, occurring in approximately 1 in every 500 to 1,000 males. It results from an unequal sharing of sex chromosomes very soon after

Eddie Murphy: …hit in his first film, 48 Hrs. (1982). He followed with three more box-office successes—Trading Places (1983), Beverly Hills Cop (1984), and The Golden Child (1986). He left Saturday Night Live in 1984 to focus on his film and stand-up career.

JAY-Z: Postretirement collaborations, business ventures, and marriage to Beyoncé: …his 13th studio solo album, 4:44, an extremely candid album that was, in part, a response to Beyoncé’s Lemonade (2016), on which she accused her husband of adultery. He admitted to infidelity on various tracks and also addressed racism and politics. In an interview with The New York Times he…

4B movement, South Korean feminist activist movement and political stance defined by four deliberate refusals: bihon (“no marriage”), bichulsan (“no childbirth”), biyonae (“no dating”), bisekseu (“no sex [with men]”). These “four nos” constitute a radical rejection of the heteronormative,

4chan and 8chan (8kun), imageboard websites that are characterized primarily by the anonymity of their users and their loosely moderated, sometimes graphic or extreme content. Imageboards allow participants to post text and photos and to host threaded conversations on topics as varied as music,

mobile telephone: Development of cellular systems: …led to the development of 4G technology. In 2008 the ITU set forward a list of requirements for what it called IMT-Advanced, or 4G; these requirements included data rates of 1 gigabit per second for a stationary user and 100 megabits per second for a moving user. The ITU in…

fourth-generation language (4GL), computer programming language that is intended to be easier for users than machine languages (first-generation), assembly languages (second-generation), and the older high-level languages (third-generation). 4GLs are closer to human language than other high-level

thorium series, set of unstable heavy nuclei comprising one of the four radioactive

Battle of Stalingrad: Hermann Hoth’s Fourth Panzer Army from Army Group B to Army Group A to help in the Caucasus.

Melissa Etheridge: Her later albums included 4th Street Feeling (2012), on which she played all the guitar parts; Memphis Rock and Soul (2016), a collection of classic covers; and The Medicine Show (2019), her 15th studio album. For One Way Out (2021), Etheridge performed songs that she had written decades earlier.

Richard Howe, Earl Howe was a British admiral who commanded the Channel fleet at the Battle of the First of June (1794) during the French Revolutionary Wars. Howe entered the navy in 1740, saw much active service, especially in North America, and was rapidly promoted. By the death of his elder

number symbolism: 5: The sum of the first even and odd numbers (2 + 3) is 5. (To the Pythagoreans 1 was not a number and was not odd.) It therefore symbolizes human life and—in the Platonic and Pythagorean traditions—marriage, as the sum of the female 2…

Black fashion designers are responsible for some of the most iconic garments in fashion history. These five African American designers have left their mark on the world of fashion. list, Black, fashion, African American, designers, clothing, runway, arts, Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica,

Before you walk over Stockholm’s 50-plus bridges or visit their ABBA museum, you need to put these architectural marvels on your must-see list. From a Neoclassical theater to a Modernist collective housing project to—if you dare—a crematorium that is a mix of both styles, these are the buildings

People attempted to restore these five artworks to their original glory. Unfortunately, they rendered the works unrecognizable. list, art, art restoration, restorations, botched restorations, Ecce Homo, Leonardo da Vinci, Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica Cecilia Giménez

With over 4,000 species of parasitic flowering plants in the world, there are a lot of incredible species out there. Here are five of the most impressive. list, encyclopedia, britannica, encyclopedia britannica, list, lists, science, plants, botany, flowers, trees, best, coolest, parasitic,

Jackson Mac Low: …first time when he wrote 5 biblical poems (1954–55). The poems in that series were derived from a haphazard collection of lines from the Hebrew scriptures and included slashes to represent rhythmic silences. The numbers of words and silences per line were determined by the throw of a die. At…

From an ancient mosque to a brand-new entertainment center, these are the buildings you have to see in Turkey’s largest city, Istanbul. Plus, learn the awe-inspiring history behind these buildings and their architects. Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in 1001

Have you heard of a half house? Been poked by a church made of cacti? Taken a stroll through a university with a wide-open addition? If any of these architectural features surprise you, you need to take a closer look at this list of the five buildings you need to see in Chile. Earlier versions of

Henry Hathaway: Later work: …The Last Safari (1967) and Five Card Stud (1968) received tepid responses from filmgoers, Hathaway scored a major hit with True Grit (1969), an adaptation of Charles Portis’s best seller. For his portrayal of the drunken, cantankerous, but endearing U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn, Wayne received a long-denied Oscar. Hathaway’s last…

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that can affect one’s thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. People with the disorder usually experience a combination of psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, and disorderly behavior. Because schizophrenia is widely portrayed in an inaccurate

The computer age introduced a new element to businesses, universities, and a multitude of other organizations: a set of components called the information system, which deals with collecting and organizing data and information. An information system is described as having five components. list,

The story collection known as The Thousand and One Nights has long been considered a treasure-house of literary styles and genres—not surprising because it was compiled over a period of several centuries, and it incorporates material from Arab, Persian, Turkish, Greek, and Indian sources. Medieval

Are you wondering about the ethical implications of artificial intelligence? You’re not alone. AI is an innovative, powerful tool that many fear could produce significant consequences—some positive, some negative, and some downright dangerous. Ethical concerns about an emerging technology aren’t

The weapon of choice for these historical women wasn’t beauty, grace, or charm. Instead, they choose to wield cold, hard steel. As in an axe. Or hatchet. Or tomahawk. Thanks in part to such unladylike weapons, these women captured the public’s imagination, inspiring films, books, plays, poems,

While border walls date back to ancient times, they have become of particular note in the 21st century, which has seen a dramatic increase in their number. Proponents claim that they limit illegal immigration, drug smuggling, and terrorism. Critics, however, assert that walls are ineffective and

Trying to colonize an unwilling population rarely goes well. Not surprisingly, the colonial era was filled with conflicts and battles, the outcomes of some of which wound up having greater historical implications other than simply who was victorious. Here are some of interesting and noteworthy

The coronation of the British monarch is one of the oldest and most-storied of ceremonies. It follows an outline that has been in place for more than a millennium. An important part of the service is the coronation regalia, which form the core of the famed—and controversial—British crown jewels.

Presidents’ Day is celebrated in the United States on the third Monday in February, honoring the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and George Washington. But presidents were born—and died—in all the other months, too. Here are some strange facts and coincidences in the lives and deaths of the U.S.

Flowers are beautiful, cheery, romantic, and a bit complicated! Need a refresher course on all those floral structures? This quick list should do the trick! list, encyclopedia, britannica, encyclopedia britannica, list, lists, flower, flowers, anatomy, stamen, pistil, anther, stigma,

The British East India Company was a private corporation formed in December 1600 to establish a British presence in the lucrative Indian spice trade, which until then had been monopolized by Spain and Portugal. The company eventually became an immensely powerful agent of British imperialism in

The Vikings were raiders, pirates, traders, explorers, and colonizers who traveled far beyond their homeland in Scandinavia between the 9th and 11 centuries. Here are five fast facts to help you better understand them. list, Vikings, pirates, Scandinavia, Scandinavian history, Norse, Norsemen,

Joseph L. Mankiewicz: Films of the 1950s: The World War II thriller 5 Fingers (1952) featured a notable performance by James Mason as a British ambassador’s valet who sells information to the Nazis. It earned Mankiewicz his third Oscar nomination for directing.

A novel might frighten you, make you cry, or put you to sleep. But can a novel spur you to kill? Here are five novels that have been tied to terrible crimes. list, encyclopedia, britannica, encyclopedia britannica, list, lists, books, literature, authors, murder, crime, inspired, Charles Manson,

The harvest season falls at different times of the year depending upon region, climate, and crop, but festivals celebrating its arrival are held the world over. Some are first-fruits festivals that recognize the start of the season and the first crops, while other harvest festivals are celebrations

India is often called “the land of festivals.” One of the reasons behind this could be its highly diverse population consisting of thousands of ethnic groups and hundreds of languages, each with their own festivals. At the core of this diversity lies agriculture, which has for centuries defined the

Liverpool’s history began in 1207, when England’s king chartered a town there. None of these five structures are quite that historic, but all of them capture a vivid sense of the times in which they were built. Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in 1001 Buildings

Germany’s cultural heritage is expressed through the homes of some of its most recognizable writers, composers, artists, and thinkers. Here are five of the most notable. Earlier versions of the descriptions of these houses first appeared in 1001 Amazing Places You Must See Before You Die, edited by

Titian was recognized as a great painter during his lifetime, and he has retained that standing to this day. Here are five of his masterpieces. Earlier versions of the descriptions of these paintings first appeared in 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die, edited by Stephen Farthing (2018).

These five places around the world were integral in the development of the gay and transgender liberation movements that we know today as LGBTQIA+ history. list, Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, LGBTQIA+, places, LGBTQIA+ history, pride Perhaps the most iconic site of

These five artists have combined their Indigenous roots with revolutionary artistic techniques to preserve their cultures in the face of adversity. Through their various media, they represent themselves, their identity, their families, and their tribes. list, Native American, art, pottery,

We owe a number of humanity’s great scientific, mathematical, and technological developments to women—even if they often aren’t given the credit they’ve earned. Here are just five of those women. list, women in STEM, science, technology, engineering, math, Gladys West, Tu Youyou, Mary Golda Ross,

The National Gallery of Australia in Canberra opened in 1982, and its wide-ranging collection comprises tens of thousands of works, including the world’s most significant collection of art by Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islander peoples. This list focuses on five paintings, mostly

A ship consumed by a wave. A government office burning. The paintings of J.M.W. Turner are some of the most dramatic and intense of their time, and there is always more to them than meets the eye. Read on to discover the stories behind the artist’s most fascinating masterpieces. Earlier versions of

Copenhagen’s history reaches back to at least the 10th century, when a village is known to have existed where Denmark’s capital does today. Copenhagen’s architectural heritage is extensive and spans centuries; these five buildings are, relatively speaking, more recent and not always at the top of

You haven’t had enough of notable paintings in the collections of the National Galleries of Scotland, even after reading about 10 of them in a different list? You’re in luck! The National Galleries are the Scottish National Gallery, Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, and Scottish National

What is today the area occupied by Dublin was first noted in writings by Ptolemy that date to about 140 CE. The earliest proven settlement there was a Norse one in the 9th century. This list provides a snapshot of Ireland’s capital city in more recent years. Earlier versions of the descriptions of

These must-see buildings in Lagos are worth your time, not just for their exterior design but also for the chance they provide to expand your mind. From new musical groups and local artists to trending fashion, you can see it all in a single trip to Lagos. An earlier version of the description of

The Juno spacecraft arrives at Jupiter on July 4, 2016, after a journey of nearly five years and 2.7 billion km (1.7 billion miles). It will be the first space probe to orbit Jupiter since Galileo plunged into that planet’s atmosphere in 2003. list, Jupiter, Juno, space exploration, solar system,

From the Great Market Hall to the Gellért Hotel and Baths, these architectural notables are must-sees while you’re in Hungary. Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die, edited by Mark Irving (2016). Writers’ names appear in

Greenhouse gases are a hot topic (pun intended) when it comes to global warming. These gases absorb heat energy emitted from Earth’s surface and reradiate it back to the ground. In this way, they contribute to the greenhouse effect, which keeps the planet from losing all of its heat from the

Many of us still remember the collapse of the U.S. housing market in 2006 and the ensuing financial crisis that wreaked havoc on the U.S. and around the world. Financial crises are, unfortunately, quite common in history and often cause economic tsunamis in affected economies. Below you will find a

From sunflowers to self-portraits, Vincent van Gogh expressed his view of the world. His many self-portraits show his various physical and emotional states, as reflected in Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear. More than two days in bed prompted him to paint his experience in Bedroom in Arles. As he

By the middle of the 19th century, Manchester had become one of England’s most important centers of manufacturing. It had also developed a notable cultural and intellectual life that it has retained to this day. This list highlights five paintings worth seeing in Manchester (though none of the

If you haven’t seen these five paintings at the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery in England’s second largest city—what are you waiting for? Learn about the art and history that lives in this museum in this list, then book your ticket to see them in real life. Earlier versions of the descriptions

Earlier versions of the descriptions of these paintings first appeared in 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die, edited by Stephen Farthing (2018). Writers’ names appear in parentheses. list, travel, tourism, sightseeing, Japan, museums, art, Nezu Museum, Tokyo National Museum, Yakushi-ji

The National Museum in Warsaw, which has more than 800,000 artworks in its collection, is just one of Poland’s many important museums. It’s also one of the places where these five paintings can be found. Earlier versions of the descriptions of these paintings first appeared in 1001 Paintings You

The name dinosaur is derived from the Greek words deinos (“terrible” or “fearfully great”) and sauros (“reptile” or “lizard”). It refers to a group of reptiles that thrived on Earth for nearly 180 million years; most went extinct about 66 million years ago. The questions and answers in this list

Reconstruction was the period in U.S. history following the Civil War, from 1865 to 1877, when the country attempted to redress slavery and its legacy and to bring 11 states back into the Union. The questions and answers in this list are taken from the Top Questions sections of the articles on

Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Donna Strickland—all of them proved their worth as scientists by winning a Nobel Prize. You (probably) haven’t. But maybe you should have. Do you wonder whether you really should have become a physicist? Maybe a chemist? If you ace all of these quizzes, you’ll need to