Theologians & Religious Scholars, JOH-PAR
Theologians and religious scholars have influenced the beliefs, teachings, and traditions of world religions throughout history. Learn more about theologians and religious thinkers from Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and other faiths.
Theologians & Religious Scholars Encyclopedia Articles By Title
John Talaia
John Talaia was a theologian and bishop of Alexandria, Egypt, whose struggle to maintain his episcopal office and......
Joseph of Volokolamsk, Saint
Saint Joseph of Volokolamsk ; canonized 1578; feast day September 9) was a Russian Orthodox abbot and theologian......
Jud, Leo
Leo Jud was a Swiss religious Reformer, biblical scholar, and translator and an associate of Huldrych Zwingli and......
Jurjānī, al-
al-Jurjānī was a leading traditionalist theologian of 15th-century Iran. Jurjānī received a varied education, first......
Justin Martyr, St.
St. Justin Martyr ; feast day June 1) was one of the most important of the Greek philosopher-Apologists in the......
Kaplan, Mordecai Menahem
Mordecai Menahem Kaplan was an American rabbi, educator, theologian, and religious leader who founded the influential......
Karlstadt, Andreas
Andreas Karlstadt was a German theologian and early supporter of Martin Luther who later dissented from Lutheran......
Keble, John
John Keble was an Anglican priest, theologian, and poet who originated and helped lead the Oxford Movement (q.v.),......
Khrapovitsky, Antony
Antony Khrapovitsky was a Russian Orthodox metropolitan of Kiev, antipapal polemicist, and controversialist in......
Knox, Ronald
Ronald Knox was an English author, theologian, and dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church, best known for his translation......
Kohler, Kaufmann
Kaufmann Kohler was a German-American rabbi, and one of the most influential theologians of Reform Judaism in the......
Küng, Hans
Hans Küng was a Swiss Roman Catholic theologian whose controversial liberal views led to his censorship by the......
Labadie, Jean de
Jean de Labadie was a French theologian, a Protestant convert from Roman Catholicism who founded the Labadists,......
Lagrange, Marie-Joseph
Marie-Joseph Lagrange was a French theologian and an outstanding Roman Catholic biblical scholar. Lagrange became......
Leclerc, Jean
Jean Leclerc was an encyclopaedist and biblical scholar who espoused advanced principles of exegesis (interpretation)......
Leeuw, Gerardus van der
Gerardus van der Leeuw was a Dutch Reformed theologian and historian of religions, who contributed significantly......
Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques
Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples was an outstanding French humanist, theologian, and translator whose scholarship stimulated......
Leontius Of Byzantium
Leontius Of Byzantium was a Byzantine monk and theologian who provided a breakthrough of terminology in the 6th-century......
Liddon, Henry Parry
Henry Parry Liddon was an Anglican priest, theologian, close friend and biographer of the Oxford movement leader......
Liguori, St. Alphonsus
St. Alphonsus Liguori ; canonized 1839; feast day August 1) was an Italian doctor of the church, one of the chief......
Lipsius, Richard Adelbert
Richard Adelbert Lipsius was a German Protestant theologian who clarified the origin and authorship of early Christian......
Loisy, Alfred Firmin
Alfred Firmin Loisy was a French biblical scholar, linguist, and philosopher of religion, generally credited as......
Loyola, St. Ignatius of
St. Ignatius of Loyola ; canonized March 12, 1622; feast day July 31) was a Spanish theologian and mystic who became......
Lucian of Antioch, Saint
Saint Lucian of Antioch was a Christian theologian-martyr who originated a theological tradition at Antioch that......
Luther, Martin
Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer who was the catalyst of the 16th-century Protestant......
Macarius the Egyptian
Macarius the Egyptian ; feast day January 15) was a monk and ascetic who, as one of the Desert Fathers, advanced......
Machen, John Gresham
John Gresham Machen was an American Presbyterian theologian and fundamentalist leader. Born to a prominent family......
Malebranche, Nicolas
Nicolas Malebranche was a French Roman Catholic priest, theologian, and major philosopher of Cartesianism, the......
Mansel, Henry Longueville
Henry Longueville Mansel was a British philosopher and Anglican theologian and priest remembered for his exposition......
Margunios, Maximus
Maximus Margunios was a Greek Orthodox bishop and humanist exponent of Greek culture in Italy, whose attempt to......
Mark The Hermit
Mark The Hermit was a theological polemicist and author of works on Christian asceticism notable for their psychological......
Martineau, James
James Martineau was an English Unitarian theologian and philosopher whose writings emphasized the individual human......
Mason, John Mitchell
John Mitchell Mason was a U.S. minister and educator, who is best known for his work in raising standards of Protestant......
Mathews, Shailer
Shailer Mathews was a leader of the Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United......
Maurice, Frederick Denison
Frederick Denison Maurice was a major English theologian of 19th-century Anglicanism and prolific author, remembered......
Maximus the Confessor, St
St. Maximus the Confessor ; Eastern feast day January 21; Western feast day August 13) was the most important Byzantine......
Maximus The Greek
Maximus The Greek was a Greek Orthodox monk, Humanist scholar, and linguist, whose principal role in the translation......
Medina, Bartolomé de
Bartolomé de Medina was a Spanish Dominican theologian who developed the patio process for extracting silver from......
Melanchthon, Philipp
Philipp Melanchthon was a German author of the Augsburg Confession of the Lutheran church (1530), humanist, reformer,......
Meletios Pegas
Meletios Pegas was a Greek Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria who strove by theological arguments and ecclesiastical......
Melito of Sardis
Melito of Sardis was a Greek bishop of Sardis in Lydia (now in Turkey), whose rediscovered theological treatise......
Mendelssohn, Moses
Moses Mendelssohn was a German-Jewish philosopher, critic, and Bible translator and commentator who also greatly......
Mesrop Mashtots, St.
St. Mesrop Mashtots ; Western feast day, Thursday following 4th Sunday after Pentecost, and Monday following 3rd......
Metrophanes Kritopoulos
Metrophanes Kritopoulos was a Greek Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria, Egypt, and theologian whose discussions with......
Migne, Jacques-Paul
Jacques-Paul Migne was a French Roman Catholic priest who became one of the foremost 19th-century publishers of......
Milíč, John
John Milíč was a theologian, orator, and reformer, considered to be the founder of the national Bohemian religious......
Modrzewski, Andrzej
Andrzej Modrzewski was a Polish political writer and theologian who was the most eminent Polish writer in Latin......
Mohyla, Petro
Petro Mohyla was an Orthodox monk and theologian of Moldavian origin who served as metropolitan of Kiev and who......
Molina, Luis de
Luis de Molina was a Spanish Jesuit who devised the theological system known as Molinism, which endeavoured to......
Monod, Adolphe-Théodore
Adolphe-Théodore Monod was a Reformed pastor and theologian, considered the foremost Protestant preacher in 19th-century......
Montagu, Richard
Richard Montagu was an Anglican bishop, scholar, and theological polemicist whose attempt to seek a middle road......
Montefiore, Claude Joseph Goldsmid
Claude Joseph Goldsmid Montefiore was a Jewish theologian and Reform leader; he was the first modern Jew to write......
Moore, George Foot
George Foot Moore was an American Old Testament scholar, theologian and Orientalist, whose knowledge and understanding......
Morin, Jean
Jean Morin was a French theologian and biblical scholar who produced major studies on the history and discipline......
Morison, James
James Morison was a Scottish theologian and founder of the Evangelical Union (Morisonians). Licensed to preach......
Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von
Johann Lorenz von Mosheim was a German Lutheran theologian who founded the pragmatic school of church historians,......
Mowinckel, Sigmund
Sigmund Mowinckel was a Norwegian biblical scholar and the founder of the Scandinavian school of Old Testament......
Murray, John
John Murray was an English Protestant minister and theologian who founded the first Universalist congregation in......
Murray, John Courtney
Murray, John Courtney was a Jesuit (Society of Jesus) theologian known for his influential thought on church-state......
Muḥammad ibn Falāḥ
Muḥammad ibn Falāḥ was a Muslim theologian who founded the extremist Mushaʿshaʿ sect of Shīʿism. Muḥammad ibn Falāḥ......
Muḥāsibī, al-
al-Muḥāsibī was an eminent Muslim mystic (Ṣūfī) and theologian renowned for his psychological refinement of pietistic......
Müller, Max
Max Müller was a German scholar of comparative language, religion, and mythology. Müller’s special areas of interest......
Māturīdī, Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad al-
Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad al-Māturīdī was the eponymous figurehead of the Māturīdiyyah school of theology that arose......
Natalis, Alexander
Alexander Natalis was a controversial theologian and ecclesiastical historian who clashed with Rome for expressing......
Naḥmanides
Naḥmanides was a Spanish scholar and rabbi and Jewish religious leader. He was also a philosopher, poet, physician,......
Naẓẓām, Ibrāhīm al-
Ibrāhīm al-Naẓẓām was a brilliant Muslim theologian, a man of letters, and a poet, historian, and jurist. Naẓẓām......
Neckam, Alexander
Alexander Neckam was an English schoolman and scientist, who was a theology instructor at Oxford, and, from 1213,......
Nemesius Of Emesa
Nemesius Of Emesa was a Christian philosopher, apologist, and bishop of Emesa (now Ḥimṣ, Syria) who was the author......
Nevin, John Williamson
John Williamson Nevin was an American Protestant theologian and educator who contributed to the “Mercersburg theology”—a......
Newman, St. John Henry
St. John Henry Newman ; beatified September 19, 2010, canonized October 13, 2019; feast day October 9) was an influential......
Nicephorus I, Saint
Saint Nicephorus I ; feast day March 13) was a Greek Orthodox theologian, historian, and patriarch of Constantinople......
Nicetas of Remesiana
Nicetas of Remesiana was a bishop, theologian, and composer of liturgical verse, whose missionary activity and......
Nicetas Stethatos
Nicetas Stethatos was a Byzantine mystic, theologian, and outspoken polemist in the 11th-century Greek Orthodox–Latin......
Nicholas III
Nicholas III was an Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople (1084–1111), theologian and liturgical scholar......
Nicholas Of Autrecourt
Nicholas Of Autrecourt was a French philosopher and theologian known principally for developing medieval Skepticism......
Nicholas Of Clémanges
Nicholas Of Clémanges was a theologian, humanist, and educator who denounced the corruption of institutional Christianity,......
Nicholas Of Cusa
Nicholas Of Cusa was a cardinal, mathematician, scholar, experimental scientist, and influential philosopher who......
Nicholas Of Hereford
Nicholas Of Hereford was a theological scholar and advocate of the English reform movement within the Roman Church......
Nicholas Of Lyra
Nicholas Of Lyra was an author of the first printed commentary on the Bible and one of the foremost Franciscan......
Nicholson, Reynold Alleyne
Reynold Alleyne Nicholson was an English orientalist who exercised a lasting influence on Islāmic studies. Educated......
Nicole, Pierre
Pierre Nicole was a French theologian, author, moralist, and controversialist whose writings, chiefly polemical,......
Niebuhr, Helmut Richard
Helmut Richard Niebuhr was an American Protestant theologian and educator who was considered a leading authority......
Niebuhr, Reinhold
Reinhold Niebuhr was an American Protestant theologian who had extensive influence on political thought and whose......
Niemöller, Martin
Martin Niemöller was a prominent German anti-Nazi theologian and pastor, founder of the Confessing Church and a......
Noth, Martin
Martin Noth was a German biblical scholar who specialized in the early history of the Jewish people. In his book......
Novak, Michael
Michael Novak was an American lay theologian, economist, historian, and author who became a prominent neoconservative......
Novatian
Novatian was the second antipope in papal history, in 251. He was the first Roman theologian to write in Latin......
Nāṣer-e Khusraw
Nāṣer-e Khusraw was a poet, theologian, and religious propagandist, one of the greatest writers in Persian literature.......
Ockham, William of
William of Ockham was a Franciscan philosopher, theologian, and political writer, a late scholastic thinker regarded......
Oldcastle, Sir John
Sir John Oldcastle was a distinguished soldier and martyred leader of the Lollards, a late medieval English sect......
Oman, John Wood
John Wood Oman was a British Presbyterian theologian. After graduating from Edinburgh University and the theological......
Origen
Origen was the most important theologian and biblical scholar of the early Greek church. His greatest work is the......
Osiander, Andreas
Andreas Osiander was a German theologian who helped introduce the Protestant Reformation to Nürnberg. The son of......
Otto, Rudolf
Rudolf Otto was a German theologian, philosopher, and scholar of religion, who exerted worldwide influence through......
Pagels, Elaine
Elaine Pagels is an American educator and scholar of the origins of Christianity. Elaine Hiesey studied at Stanford......
Pajon, Claude
Claude Pajon was a French Protestant theologian who was influential during the later Reformation. Pajon studied......
Palamas, St. Gregory
St. Gregory Palamas ; canonized 1368; feast day November 14) was an Orthodox monk, theologian, and intellectual......
Paley, William
William Paley was an English Anglican priest, Utilitarian philosopher, and author of influential works on Christianity,......
Palladius
Palladius was a Galatian monk, bishop, and chronicler whose Lausiac History, an account of early Egyptian and Middle......
Parker, Theodore
Theodore Parker was an American Unitarian theologian, pastor, scholar, and social reformer who was active in the......