Patroclus

Patroclus, in Greek legend, member of the army under Agamemnon during the Trojan War and close friend of the Greek hero Achilles. Patroclus’s death at the hand of the Trojan prince Hector in Homer’s Iliad serves a vital narrative function by inspiring Achilles to rejoin the battle. Patroclus also illustrates the tender side of Achilles’ character, which is otherwise overshadowed by the hero’s rage. The relationship between the two men has inspired centuries of discussion and interpretations, some commentators suggesting that the pair were lovers.

Early life

According to Homer, Patroclus is the son of Menoetius, one of the Argonauts who goes with Jason in the ship Argo to fetch the Golden Fleece. When Patroclus is young, he accidentally kills another boy over a game of dice and is thus exiled from his home in Opus. He is sent to live in the court of Peleus, where he becomes fast friends with Peleus’s son, Achilles. As the elder of the two boys, Patroclus is often portrayed as sensible and kind, a foil to Achilles, who is brash and stubborn.

Trojan War

Patroclus plays a minor role in the early part of the Iliad, acting primarily as Achilles’ right-hand person. Later, Achilles quarrels with Agamemnon over Briseis, his favorite enslaved woman and lover, and refuses to participate in the war any longer. Zeus then predicts that Patroclus’s death will inspire Achilles’ return to the battlefield and the Greeks’ eventual victory. As Achilles sulks and the Greeks suffer on the battlefield, Patroclus seeks the counsel of Nestor, an elder adviser. Nestor urges Patroclus to persuade Achilles to return to the war or to fight in battle himself. Achilles agrees to let Patroclus wear his armor to lead his troops on the condition that Patroclus push the Trojan forces away from the Greek ships but not to pursue them farther.

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Patroclus succeeds in defending the fleet but is goaded into further battle by Sarpedon, a Trojan warrior and son of chief deity Zeus. Patroclus kills Sarpedon, and, exhilarated by success, he pushes the Greeks toward the city walls until the god Apollo intervenes by removing his armor and destroying his weapons. Defenseless, Patroclus receives the fatal blow from Hector. When Achilles hears of Patroclus’s death, he tears the hair from his head in a traditional expression of lament and vows terrible vengeance on the Trojans and Hector in particular. Achilles rejoins the war wearing a new suit of armor made by Hephaestus, the master smith of Mount Olympus. He kills Hector and drags the slain hero’s body behind his chariot in full of view of Priam, king of Troy. Afterward, Patroclus visits Achilles in a dream and begs his friend to perform proper funerary rites to allow his passage into Hades. Achilles agrees, builds a pyre to Patroclus, and holds funerary games in his honor.

Interpretations of Patroclus and Achilles’ relationship

Achilles’ love for Patroclus and grief at his death provide a sense of tenderness in a character otherwise dominated by pride and rage. Commentators have long speculated whether the relationship was more than a familial friendship. In fragments of the mostly lost tragedy Myrmidons from the 5th century bce, Aeschylus treats the pair as lovers, as does Plato in the 4th century bce in his Symposium. In the 21st century such publications as the popular novel The Song of Achilles (2011) by Madeline Miller also present their relationship as romantic. Some scholars, however, have resisted the characterization, arguing against applying concepts and values onto Homeric society that are not supported by textual evidence.