- Also called:
- underground, tube, or métro
- Related Topics:
- railroad
- mass transit
- train
- cable car
- Metropolitan Railway
subway
-
What is a subway?
A subway is an underground railway system that transports large numbers of passengers within urban and suburban areas. Subways are typically built under city streets but can also pass under rivers and emerge above ground as conventional railways or elevated transit lines. Subway trains consist of multiple cars operated on a multiple-unit system.
The first subway system was proposed in London in 1843, and the first practical subway line in the United States was constructed in Boston between 1895 and 1897.
2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
How do subways help people travel in cities?
Subways are underground railway systems that transport large numbers of passengers within urban areas. They help reduce congestion, consume fewer resources, and contribute to cleaner air. A full bus or train requires less street space than cars and uses less energy per person. Electric rail transit produces even less air pollution and is safer than cars or buses.
By alleviating traffic and providing mobility for those who cannot afford or are unable to drive, subways support the economic success of urban centers.
2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
Where are most subway systems found in the world?
Subway systems are found worldwide, with some of the busiest located in Hong Kong and Seoul. Hong Kong's Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is known for its cleanliness, extensive network, and accommodations. Seoul’s subway system is similarly high-performing, offering free Wi-Fi and television screens. Other cities with notable subway systems include London, Budapest, Paris, New York City, and Moscow. The first subway in the United States was built in Boston between 1895 and 1897.
2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
How are subway trains powered and how do they move?
Subway trains primarily run on electricity, receiving power through third rails or overhead wires. The third rail, located alongside the tracks, delivers electricity to the train via a sliding contact shoe. Overhead wires supply power through a pantograph on top of the train.
This electricity powers traction motors, which are connected to the train's wheels through a geared drive. These motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, generating the torque needed to turn the wheels and propel the train along the tracks. Some modern systems use linear induction motors to create linear motion directly, without needing wheels.
3 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
What are some advantages and disadvantages of using the subway?
Subways offer efficient urban transportation, but they have pros and cons.
Advantages: Subways reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, and land consumption by offering a high-volume alternative to automobiles. They can be faster than driving, especially to dense downtown areas, capturing a large share of commuter traffic where available with frequent and reliable service.
Disadvantages: Subway construction is expensive and disruptive, requiring tunneling and cut-and-cover methods. While some systems like Hong Kong's MTR boast high on-time rates, heavy utilization can lead to crowding.
2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
How do subways help reduce traffic and pollution in urban areas?
Subways significantly decrease traffic and pollution in cities by offering a high-capacity public transport option. A single, full bus can carry as many people as 50 to 60 cars, while using less street space and energy per person. Electric rail transit systems produce even less air pollution and are safer than buses or cars. By transporting a large number of people, subways reduce congestion for automobile travelers, and improve air quality, consume less land, lower energy requirements and reduce accident costs, benefiting both commuters and the environment.
2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
subway, underground railway system used to transport large numbers of passengers within urban and suburban areas. Subways are usually built under city streets for ease of construction, but they may take shortcuts and sometimes must pass under rivers. Outlying sections of a system usually emerge aboveground, becoming conventional railways or elevated transit lines. Subway trains are usually made up of a number of cars operated on the multiple-unit system.
The first subway system was proposed for London by Charles Pearson, a city solicitor, as part of a city-improvement plan shortly after the opening of the Thames Tunnel in 1843. After 10 years of discussion, Parliament authorized the construction of 3.75 miles (6 km) of underground railway between Farringdon Street and Bishop’s Road, Paddington. Work on the Metropolitan Railway began in 1860 by cut-and-cover methods—that is, by making trenches along the streets, giving them brick sides, providing girders or a brick arch for the roof, and then restoring the roadway on top. On January 10, 1863, the line was opened using steam locomotives that burned coke and, later, coal. Despite sulfurous fumes released by the locomotive, the line was a success from its opening, carrying 9.5 million passengers in the first year of its existence. In 1866 the City of London and Southwark Subway Company (later the City and South London Railway) began work on their “tube” line, using a tunneling shield developed by J.H. Greathead. The tunnels were driven at a depth sufficient to avoid interference with building foundations or public utilities, and there was no disruption of street traffic. The original plan called for cable operation, but electric traction was substituted before the line was opened. Operation began on this first electric underground railway in 1890 with a uniform fare of twopence for any journey on the 3-mile (5-km) line. In 1900 Charles Tyson Yerkes, an American railway magnate, arrived in London, and he was subsequently responsible for the construction of more tube railways and for the electrification of the cut-and-cover lines. During World Wars I and II the tube stations performed the unplanned function of air-raid shelters. London’s system is now popularly known as the Tube or the Underground.
Many other cities followed London’s lead. In Budapest a 2.5-mile (4-km) electric subway was opened in 1896, using single cars with trolley poles; it was the first subway on the European continent. Considerable savings were achieved in its construction over earlier cut-and-cover methods by using a flat roof with steel beams, instead of a brick arch, and, therefore, a shallower trench.
" height="20" alt="HEW Logo">
In Paris, the Métro (Chemin de Fer Métropolitain de Paris) was started in 1898, and the first 6.25 miles (10 km) were opened in 1900. The rapid progress was attributed to the wide streets overhead and the modification of the cut-and-cover method devised by the French engineer Fulgence Bienvenue. Vertical shafts were sunk at intervals along the route; and, from there, side trenches were dug and masonry foundations to support wooden shuttering were placed immediately under the road surfaces. Construction of the roof arch then proceeded with relatively little disturbance to street traffic. This method, while it is still used in Paris, has not been widely copied in subway construction elsewhere.
In the United States the first practical subway line was constructed in Boston between 1895 and 1897. It was 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long and at first used trolley streetcars, or tramcars. Later Boston acquired conventional subway trains. New York City opened the first section of what was to become the largest system in the world on October 27, 1904. In Philadelphia a subway system was opened in 1907, and Chicago’s system opened in 1943. Moscow constructed its original system in the 1930s.
In Canada Toronto opened a subway in 1954; a second system was constructed in Montreal during the 1960s using Paris-type rubber-tired cars. In Mexico City the first stage of a combined underground and surface metro system (designed after the Paris Métro) was opened in 1969. In South America the Buenos Aires subway opened in 1913. In Japan the Tokyo subway opened in 1927, the Kyōto in 1931, the Ōsaka in 1933, and the Nagoya in 1957.
Automatic trains, designed, built, and operated using aerospace and computer technology, have been developed in a few metropolitan areas, including a section of the London subway system, the Victoria Line (completed 1971). The first rapid-transit system to be designed for completely automatic operation is BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) in the San Francisco Bay area, completed in 1976. Trains are operated by remote control, requiring only one crewman per train to stand by in case of computer failure. The Washington, D.C., Metro, with an automatic railway control system and 600-foot- (183-metre-) long underground coffered-vault stations, opened its first subway line in 1976. Other features of modern subway construction include air-conditioned trains with lightweight aluminum cars, smoother and faster rides due to refinements in track construction and car-support systems, and attention to the architectural appearance of and passenger safety in underground stations.
The trusted destination for professionals, college students, and lifelong learners.
SUBSCRIBE
Some of the busiest subway lines in the world are those of Hong Kong and Seoul. Hong Kong’s Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is known for its cleanliness, extensive network, and accommodations, such as accessibility and storage space for wheelchairs. Despite having more than four million passengers a day, the MTR has an on-time rate of 99.9 percent. Seoul’s subway system is similarly high-performing, with free Wi-Fi on every train car and certain cars with television screens featuring announcements and newsclips. In the winter, train seats are heated.