Arno Schmidt: …especially, in Zettels Traum (1970; Bottom’s Dream)—a three-columned, more than 1,300-page, photo-offset typescript, centring on the mind and works of Poe. It was then that Schmidt developed his theory of “etyms,” the morphemes of language that betray subconscious desires. Two further works on the same grand scale are the “novella-comedy”…

Detroit Red Wings: …Chris Osgood, and left wing Henrik Zetterberg were star players on the team that won the 2007–08 Stanley Cup against the Pittsburgh Penguins. The following season Lidstrom, Osgood, and Zetterberg, along with centre Pavel Datsyuk (who finished fourth in the league with 97 points), helped lead the Red Wings to…

Mai Zetterling was a Swedish actress, director, and novelist. As a director, she imbued her work with a passionate feminism. Zetterling was trained for the stage and made both her stage and screen debut in 1941 when she was 16 years of age. In 1944 she appeared in Alf Sjöberg’s film Hets (Torment,

Mai Zetterling was a Swedish actress, director, and novelist. As a director, she imbued her work with a passionate feminism. Zetterling was trained for the stage and made both her stage and screen debut in 1941 when she was 16 years of age. In 1944 she appeared in Alf Sjöberg’s film Hets (Torment,

Cologne: Architecture of Cologne: …festival hall, and the 16th-century Arsenal, which contains a historical museum, were both restored to their medieval form only on the outside.

ancient Greek civilization: Political reforms: …was formally opened to the zeugitai (the hoplite class) only in 457. But despite the great increase in work for the big popular juries and the granting to the courts of the right (which may go back to Ephialtes) to quash or uphold allegedly unconstitutional proposals, it is not likely…

Basilosaurus, extinct genus of primitive whales of the family Basilosauridae (suborder Archaeoceti) found in Middle and Late Eocene rocks in North America and northern Africa (the Eocene Epoch lasted from 55.8 million to 33.9 million years ago). Basilosaurus had primitive dentition and skull

cetacean: Paleontology: …whether the first cetaceans (archaeocetes) descended from an extinct group of large carnivores called mesonychids or from a group of hoofed herbivores (artiodactyls). The earliest archaeocetes were huge dolphinlike creatures 6 to 10 metres long. Basilosaurus (Zeuglodon) was an unusual genus that was up to 34 metres long, but…

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Zeugobranchia (Pleurotomariacea) Slit shells (Pleurotomariidae) in deep ocean waters; abalones (Haliotidae) in shallow waters along rocky shores of western North America, Japan, Australia, and South Africa; keyhole limpets (Fissurellidae) in intertidal rocky areas. Superfamily Patellacea

Zeus, in ancient Greek religion, chief deity of the pantheon, a sky and weather god who was identical with the Roman god Jupiter. His name may be related to that of the sky god Dyaus of the ancient Hindu Rigveda. Zeus was regarded as the sender of thunder and lightning, rain, and winds, and his

Lucian: …of the Gods, and in Zeus Confuted and Tragic Zeus the leader of the gods is powerless to intervene on earth and prove his omnipotence to coldly skeptical Cynic and Epicurean philosophers. Lucian’s interest in philosophy was basically superficial, however, and his attitude to philosophical studies is best seen in…

Jupiter Dolichenus, god of a Roman mystery cult, originally a local Hittite-Hurrian god of fertility and thunder worshiped at Doliche (modern Dülük), in southeastern Turkey. Later the deity was given a Semitic character, but, under Achaemenid rule (6th–4th century bc), he was identified with the

architecture: Places of worship: …focus, while the altar of Pergamum and the Ara Pacis (Augustan Altar of Peace) in Rome are evidences of the open-air religious observances of the classical world. The atrium of early Christian architecture and the cloister were isolated areas for prayer.

Náxos: The island’s highest point is Mount Zeus (Zía Óros), which is about 3,290 feet (1,003 metres) in elevation. The 165-square-mile (428-square-kilometre) island forms an eparkhía (“eparchy”). The chief port, Náxos, on the west coast, is on the site of ancient and medieval capitals.

Statue of Zeus, at Olympia, Greece, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The statue was one of two masterpieces by the Greek sculptor Phidias (the other being the statue of Athena in the Parthenon) and was placed in the huge Temple of Zeus at Olympia in western Greece. The statue, almost 12 m (40

Western architecture: Early Classical (c. 500–450 bce): …at Olympia, where a great Temple of Zeus was built in about 460. This temple was the first statement of Classical Doric in its canonical form and one of the largest Doric temples of the Greek mainland.

atlas: …colossal scale in the Greek temple of Zeus (c. 500 bc) at Agrigentum (Agrigento), Sicily. Atlantes were used only rarely in the Middle Ages but reappeared in the Mannerist and Baroque periods.

Zeuxis was one of the best-known painters of ancient Greece, who seems to have carried a trend toward illusionism to an unprecedented level. Zeuxis was, in one ancient account, a pupil of Demophilus of Himera in Sicily; other sources refer to him as a pupil of Neseus of Thasos (an island in the

leopard moth, (Zeuzera pyrina), widely distributed moth known particularly for its destructive larva that damage fruit trees and other plants. They are an important food for woodpeckers and certain other birds. The adult moth has a fluffy white body and pale wings that span about 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4

zāwiyah, generally, in the Muslim world, a monastic complex, usually the centre or a settlement of a Sufi (mystical) brotherhood. In some Arabic countries the Arabic term zāwiyah is also used for any small private oratory not paid for by community funds. The first North African zāwiyah, dating from

Warren Zevon was an American singer-songwriter whose poetic rock songs—by turns hard-boiled, humorous, tough, and tender—were acclaimed by critics and much admired by other songwriters. His best-known singles included “Poor, Poor Pitiful Me,” “Werewolves of London,” and “Lawyers, Guns and Money.”

Ahmed H. Zewail was an Egyptian-born chemist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1999 for developing a rapid laser technique that enabled scientists to study the action of atoms during chemical reactions. The breakthrough created a new field of physical chemistry known as femtochemistry.

Ahmed H. Zewail was an Egyptian-born chemist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1999 for developing a rapid laser technique that enabled scientists to study the action of atoms during chemical reactions. The breakthrough created a new field of physical chemistry known as femtochemistry.

Amur River: Physiography: …most important tributaries include the Zeya, Bureya, and Amgun rivers, which enter on the left bank from Siberia, the Sungari (Songhua) River entering on the right from China, and the Ussuri (Wusuli) River, which flows northward along China’s eastern border with Siberia until, just after entering Russia, it joins the…

Amur River: Physiography: …middle Amur flows into the Zeya-Bureya Depression. The left bank rises gradually to the plain of the depression, while the right slope—steep and high—borders the Xiao Hinggan (Lesser Khingan) Range of China. Below the confluence of the Bureya River the plain narrows gradually, and near Pashkovo the river runs past…

Amur River: Physiography: …middle Amur flows into the Zeya-Bureya Depression. The left bank rises gradually to the plain of the depression, while the right slope—steep and high—borders the Xiao Hinggan (Lesser Khingan) Range of China. Below the confluence of the Bureya River the plain narrows gradually, and near Pashkovo the river runs past…

Zeyārid Dynasty, (927–c. 1090), Iranian dynasty that ruled in the Caspian provinces of Gurgān and Māzandarān. The founder of the dynasty was Mardāvīz ebn Zeyār (reigned 927–935), who took advantage of a rebellion in the Sāmānid army of Iran to seize power in northern Iran. He soon expanded his

Lamía, city and dímos (municipality), Central Greece (Modern Greek: Stereá Elláda) periféreia (region), central Greece. It is located in the Sperkhiós River valley at the foot of the Óthrys Mountains, near the Gulf of Euboea (Évvoia), and is the seat of a bishop of the Greek Orthodox Church. Lamía

African music: History: …during the 19th century, the zeze (or sese) flatbar zither, a stringed instrument long known along the East African coast, spread into the interior to Zambia, the eastern half of Congo (Kinshasa), and Malaŵi.

history of logic: Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF): Contradictions like Russell’s paradox arose from what was later called the unrestricted comprehension principle: the assumption that, for any property p, there is a set that contains all and only those sets that have p. In Zermelo’s system, the comprehension principle…

history of logic: Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF): Contradictions like Russell’s paradox arose from what was later called the unrestricted comprehension principle: the assumption that, for any property p, there is a set that contains all and only those sets that have p. In Zermelo’s system, the comprehension principle…

Tibet: Drainage and soils: …as two rivers—the Ang and Zha—which join near the Tibet border; the river then flows through eastern Tibet and western Yunnan and enters Laos and Thailand. The source of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) rises in southern Qinghai, near the Tibet border; after flowing through southern Qinghai, the Yangtze turns…

Hong Kong literature: In 1955 Jin Yong (Zha Liangyong) started to serialize Shu jian en chou lu (The Book and the Sword) in Xinwanbao (“New Evening Post”), which he followed with 13 additional serialized novels in his own newspaper, Ming Pao. Another significant wuxia novel writer is Liang Yusheng (Chen…

Mu Dan was a renowned modern Chinese poet and translator. Zha Liangzheng enrolled at Qinghua University at age 17. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), he moved with the university to the southwest and continued his study of foreign languages and literature; he graduated from Southwest United

Leonid Ivanovich Zhabotinsky was a Soviet weightlifter who won gold medals in the heavyweight class (+90 kg [+198 pounds]) at the 1964 Toyko and 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games and set 19 world records over a 12-year period (1963–74). Zhabotinsky was born into a Cossack family and grew up in

Zhai Zhigang is a Chinese astronaut who performed China’s first spacewalk. Zhai was the child of an illiterate mother who peddled sunflower seeds to pay for her children’s education. He joined the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and won entry into the PLA Army Air Force Aviation Institute,

wind instrument: Trumpets: …found in China, where the zhajiao adds a shallow and flat mouthpiece to the same basic design. Another long trumpet of Rome was the cornu, which was curved to a G-shape for portability and braced crosswise for carrying over the shoulder.

Charter to the Gentry, (1785) edict issued by the Russian empress Catherine II the Great that recognized the corps of nobles in each province as a legal corporate body and stated the rights and privileges bestowed upon its members. The charter accorded to the gentry of each province and county in

Taraz, city, southern Kazakhstan. It lies at the junction of the Talas River and the Turk-Sib Railway. Taraz is one of the oldest towns of Kazakhstan. It stands on the site of the ancient city of Taraz, which flourished as a stop along the Silk Road until it was destroyed by Mongol armies in the

Mongolian literature: Origins through the 19th century: …20th century by the scholar Tsyben Zhamtsarano.) Jangar, the national epic of the Kalmyk people, is a loose chain of heroic songs that reflect the belligerent past of the western Mongols. It dates from perhaps the 16th century; a version of it was recorded and published for the first time…

Kazakhstan: 1990–2019: Presidency of Nursultan Nazarbayev: …workers in the town of Zhanaozen went on strike over pay and working conditions, occupying the town square. The strike continued until police opened fire during a riot on December 16, killing 17 people and injuring dozens more. The incident led to a wider crackdown on dissent that saw a…

Chinese jade: The earliest examples: …culture, are ceremonial gui and zhang blades and axes, as well as an increasing variety of ornamental arc-shaped and circular jade pendants, necklaces, and bracelets (often in animal form), together with the significant appearance of mask decoration; all these forms link the Neolithic jades to those of the subsequent Shang…

zhang, an old Chinese measure of length equal to 10 chi, or 3.58 metres (11 feet 9 inches). The value was agreed upon by China in treaties (1842–44 and 1858–60) with England and France. It was thereafter used by Chinese maritime customs as the standard value for assessing all tariff duties. The

Zhang Ailing was a Chinese writer whose sad, bitter love stories gained her a large devoted audience as well as critical acclaim. A descendant of the famous late Qing statesman Li Hongzhang, Zhang attended a traditional private school in her early childhood. Her mother arranged a Western-style

Zhang Binglin was a Nationalist revolutionary leader and one of the most prominent Confucian scholars in early 20th-century China. Zhang received a traditional education during which he was influenced by Ming dynasty (1368–1644) loyalist writers who had refused to serve the foreign Qing dynasty

Wuhou: …gave her favour to the Zhang brothers, artistic but depraved courtiers who engaged her affection by elaborate entertainments and skillful flattery. They were intensely resented by the court and senior officials, many of whom had the temerity—and courage—to warn the empress of their pernicious activity. She did not heed these…

Mao Zedong: The Cultural Revolution of Mao Zedong: When the Shanghai leftists Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan—who were later to make up half the Gang of Four—came to see him in February 1967, immediately after setting up the Shanghai Commune, Mao asserted that the demand for the abolition of “heads” (leaders), which had been heard in their…

Zhang Daoling was the founder and first patriarch of the Tianshidao (“Way of the Celestial Masters”) movement within Daoism. Zhang settled in the Sichuan area and there studied Daoism sometime during the reign of Shundi (125–144) of the Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty. Zhang claimed to have received a

Zhang Daqian was a painter and collector who was one of the most internationally renowned Chinese artists of the 20th century. As a child, Zhang was encouraged by his family to pursue painting. In 1917 his elder brother, Zhang Shanzi (an artist famous for his tiger paintings), accompanied him to

Hu Feng was a Chinese literary theorist and critic who followed Marxist theory in political and social matters but not in literature. Zhang Mingzhen studied literature at Beijing University and Qinghua University and went to Japan in 1929 to study English literature at Keiō University. There he

Zhang Guolao, in Chinese religion, one of the Baxian, the Eight Immortals of Daoism. In art he is depicted carrying a phoenix feather and the peach of immortality. He rides (often backward) on a marvelous mule that is capable of being folded like paper when not in use. Zhang claimed to have been

Zhang Guolao, in Chinese religion, one of the Baxian, the Eight Immortals of Daoism. In art he is depicted carrying a phoenix feather and the peach of immortality. He rides (often backward) on a marvelous mule that is capable of being folded like paper when not in use. Zhang claimed to have been

Zhang Guotao was a founding member and leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the late 1920s and ’30s. After briefly contesting the leadership of the party with Mao Zedong in 1935 (the last time Mao’s leadership was contested), Zhang fell from power and in 1938 defected to the Chinese

Zhang Heng was a Chinese mathematician, astronomer, and geographer. His seismoscope for registering earthquakes was apparently cylindrical in shape, with eight dragons’ heads arranged around its upper circumference, each with a ball in its mouth. Below were eight frogs, each directly under a

Zhang Huan is a Chinese artist known for both his early photographed performance art that often showcased his own naked body and for his later production of a great variety of large mass-produced objects. Zhang earned a B.A. (1988) at Henan University, Kaifeng—where he worked as an instructor from

Zhang Jian was a leading social reformer and industrial entrepreneur in early 20th-century China. Zhang received a traditional Confucian education, and in 1894 he passed the top level of the civil service examination. The following year China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, and Zhang retired

Taoism: Internal developments: …period, the 30th celestial master, Zhang Jixian, was four times summoned to court by the Song emperor Huizong, who hoped for spiritual support for his threatened reign. Zhang Jixian was credited with a renovation of the ancient sect, thereafter called the Way of Orthodox Unity (Zhengyidao), and with the introduction…

Yellow Turbans: Led by Zhang Jue, a Daoist faith healer who had gained numerous adherents during a widespread pestilence, the rebellion was directed against the tyrannical eunuchs who dominated the emperor. The rebels wore yellow headdresses to signify their association with the “earth” element, which they believed would succeed…

Zhang Junxiang was a leading playwright and motion-picture director in China. Zhang was educated at Qinghua University in Beijing and at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, and then studied film technique in Hollywood. His first published play, Xiaocheng gushi (1940; Tale of a Small Town),

Zhang Juzheng was a powerful Chinese minister during the years of the reign (1566/67–72) of the emperor Muzong (reign title Longqing) and the first decade of the reign (1572–1620) of the emperor Shenzong (reign title Wanli), both of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). His benevolent rule and strong

Taoism: Official recognition of the Taoist organization: …215 ce, the celestial master Zhang Lu, grandson of Zhang Daoling, submitted to the authority of the Han general Cao Cao, who six years later founded the Wei dynasty in the north. This resulted in official recognition of the sect by the dynasty; the celestial masters in turn expressed their…

Nian Rebellion: …coalition under the leadership of Zhang Lexing in 1855 and began to expand rapidly. Numbering from 30,000 to 50,000 soldiers and organized into five armies, they began to conduct plundering raids into adjacent regions. In 1863 they received a setback when their citadel, Zhihe (now Guoyang, Anhui province), was captured…

History of film: China: …Ye Lou, Jia Zhangke, and Zhang Meng tended to be more personal and idiosyncratic than those of the Fifth Generation. Ye first gained wide international notice with Suzhou Ye (2000; Suzhou River), a noirlike love story set in contemporary Shanghai. The action of Zi hu die (2003; Purple Butterfly) takes…

Hu Feng was a Chinese literary theorist and critic who followed Marxist theory in political and social matters but not in literature. Zhang Mingzhen studied literature at Beijing University and Qinghua University and went to Japan in 1929 to study English literature at Keiō University. There he

Xiao Hong was a Chinese fiction writer known for her novels and stories set in the northeast during the 1930s. In order to avoid an arranged marriage, she left home in 1930 and started to lead a vagrant life. In 1932 she met the writer Xiao Jun; from that time on, she lived with him. She wrote her

Zhang Qian was a Chinese explorer, the first man to bring back a reliable account of the lands of Central Asia to the court of China. He was dispatched by the Han dynasty emperor Wudi in 138 bce to establish relations with the Yuezhi people, a Central Asian tribal group that spoke an Indo-European

Gan River: …upper stream is called the Zhang River. Another stream, the Gong River, rises in the Jiulian Mountains in the far south of Jiangxi. These two streams flow together near the city of Ganzhou, and from there the Gan flows north through Jiangxi province into Lake Poyang and thence into the…

Chinese painting: Three Kingdoms (220–280) and Six Dynasties (220–589): …of notable figures, among them Zhang Sengyao, who was commissioned by the pious emperor to decorate the walls of Buddhist temples in Nanjing. All his work is lost, but his style, from early accounts and later copies, seems to have combined realism with a new freedom in the use of…

Hongwu: National military leadership: …them were Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng. Chen Youliang was the self-proclaimed emperor of the Han dynasty and was based in Wuchang (in Hubei province, about 400 miles [650 km] west of Shanghai), controlling a large portion of central China. Zhang Shicheng, the self-proclaimed prince Cheng of the Zhou dynasty,…

Zhang Tianyi was a Chinese writer whose brilliant, socially realistic short stories achieved considerable renown in the 1930s. Zhang was born into a scholarly family. In 1924 he graduated from a secondary school in Hangzhou and began writing, at first working in the detective-story genre. The

Zhang Xianzhong was a Chinese rebel leader at the close of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Following a disastrous famine in the northern province of Shaanxi in 1628, Zhang became the leader of a gang of freebooters who used hit-and-run tactics to plunder widely throughout North China. Although his

Tianshidao: …joined by another Daoist leader, Zhang Xiu (no relation). Together they managed to extend the rebellion until it covered most of present-day Sichuan province. But the two leaders eventually came into conflict with each other, and Zhang Lu killed Zhang Xiu. In 215 ce Zhang Lu surrendered to the great…

Guizhou: History: …government was one led by Zhang Xiumei, a Miao, in 1855. He and his followers united with the Taiping revolutionaries, and the joint army with a centralized command that was organized soon controlled eastern and southern Guizhou and won numerous victories under the Miao leaders Yan Dawu and Bao Dadu.…

Zhou Fang: …was, along with the older Zhang Xuan, one of the two most famous figure painters of the Tang dynasty (618–907).

Zhang Xueliang was a Chinese warlord who, together with Yang Hucheng, in the Xi’an Incident (1936), compelled the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) to form a wartime alliance with the Chinese communists against Japan. Zhang Xueliang was the oldest son of the warlord Zhang Zuolin,

China: Conflict over entry into the war: Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün), a power in the Beiyang clique and also a monarchist, to mediate. As a price for mediation, Zhang demanded that Li dissolve parliament, which he did reluctantly on June 13. The next day Zhang entered Beijing with an army and set…

Hong Kong literature: Xi Xi (Zhang Yan) was arguably the greatest female writer from Hong Kong. She often depicted urban life, and Hong Kong was a prominent part of her novel Wo cheng (1979; My City) and the series of stories about the allegorical “Fertile Town” (Feitu Zhen).…

Zhang Yimou is a Chinese director who, as a prominent member of China’s “Fifth Generation,” is known for his films that explore sexual repression and political oppression. Zhang’s father, a former major in Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist (Kuomintang) army, was blacklisted when communists took control

Zhang Tianyi was a Chinese writer whose brilliant, socially realistic short stories achieved considerable renown in the 1930s. Zhang was born into a scholarly family. In 1924 he graduated from a secondary school in Hangzhou and began writing, at first working in the detective-story genre. The

Zhang Zai was a realist philosopher of the Song dynasty, a leader in giving neo-Confucianism a metaphysical and epistemological foundation. The son of a magistrate, Zhang studied Buddhism and Daoism but found his true inspiration in the Confucian Classics. In his chief work, Zhengmeng (“Correcting

Chinese painting: Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties: …somewhat eccentric late 8th-century painter Zhang Zao, who produced dramatic tonal and textural contrasts, as when he painted simultaneously, with one brush in each hand, two branches of a tree, one moist and flourishing, the other desiccated and dead. This new freedom with the brush was carried to extremes by…

Chinese architecture: The Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) dynasties: …by the 12th-century court artist Zhang Zeduan (whether painted before or after the sacking is uncertain). From contemporary accounts, Bianjing was a city of towers, the tallest being a pagoda 110 metres (360 feet) high, built in 989 by the architect Yu Hao to house a relic of the Indian…

Zhang Zhidong was a Chinese classicist and provincial official, one of the foremost reformers of his time. Zhang was born to a family of scholar-officials in Xingyi, Guizhou province, but, in accordance with Chinese custom, he was considered native to Nanpi (in present-day Hebei) province, where

Zhang Zhongjing was a Chinese physician who wrote in the early 3rd century ce a work titled Shang han za bing lun (Treatise on Febrile and Other Diseases), which greatly influenced the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. The original work was later edited and divided into two books, Shang han

Morris Chang is a Chinese-born engineer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who founded (1987) Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), a leading maker of computer chips. Chang originally wanted to become a writer, but his father dissuaded him from the idea. In 1949 Chang moved to the

Zhang Ziping was a Chinese author of popular romantic fiction and a founder of the Creation Society, a literary association devoted to the propagation of romanticism. After receiving a classical Chinese education and attending an American Baptist mission school for three years, Zhang Ziping went to

Zhang Ziyi is a Chinese actress noted for her versatility and beauty. Her performance in the martial-arts drama Wo hu cang long (2000; Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon) propelled her to international fame. When Zhang was a child, her slight build worried her parents, so they enrolled her in dance

Kang Sheng was a Chinese communist official who is considered to have been one of the three or four most powerful individuals in the government during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76). Most Chinese communist leaders belonged to the peasantry, but Kang was born into a large landholding family.

Zhang Zuolin was a Chinese soldier and later a warlord who dominated Manchuria (now Northeast China) and parts of North China between 1913 and 1928. He maintained his power with the tacit support of the Japanese; in return he granted them concessions in Manchuria. Born into a peasant family, Zhang

gene editing: …and refined by American scientist Feng Zhang and colleagues. CRISPR-Cas9 functioned with precision, allowing researchers to remove and insert DNA in the desired locations.

Shunzhi was the first emperor (reigned 1644–61) of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12). The ninth son of Abahai (1592–1643), the great ruler of the Manchu kingdom of Manchuria, Fulin succeeded to the throne in 1643 at the age of five (six by Chinese reckoning) and ruled under the regency of

Zhangdi was an emperor (reigned ad 75–88) of the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220), whose reign marked the beginning of the dissipation of Han rule. The Zhangdi emperor’s reign was the third since the Liu family had restored the Han imperial dynasty following Wang Mang’s usurpation of power, and

Zibo, industrial city and municipality (shi), central Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. The municipality is a regional city complex made up of five major towns: Zhangdian (Zibo), Linzi, Zhoucun, Zichuan, and Boshan. Each is now a district of the municipality. Zhangdian, in the north-central

China: The Changbai Mountains: …of ranges comprising the Changbai, Zhangguangcai, and Wanda mountains, which in Chinese are collectively known as the Changbai Shan, or “Forever White Mountains”; broken by occasional open valleys, they reach elevations mostly between 1,500 and 3,000 feet (450 and 900 meters). In some parts the scenery is characterized by rugged…

Chang-hua, county (hsien, or xian), west-central Taiwan. Chang-hua city, in the north of the county, is the administrative seat. The county is bordered by the special municipality T’ai-chung (Taizhong) to the north, the counties Nan-t’ou (Nantou) and Yün-lin (Yunlin) to the east and south,

Kalgan, city in northwestern Hebei sheng (province), northern China. Kalgan, the name by which the city is most commonly known, is from a Mongolian word meaning “gate in a barrier,” or “frontier.” The city was colloquially known in Chinese as the Dongkou (“Eastern Entry”) into Hebei from Inner

Zhangshu, city, north-central Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. It lies along the Gan River some 47 miles (75 km) southwest of Nanchang, the provincial capital. A county named Qingjiang was first set up in the area in 938 ce during the Nan (Southern) Tang dynasty in the Ten Kingdoms

Zhangshu, city, north-central Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. It lies along the Gan River some 47 miles (75 km) southwest of Nanchang, the provincial capital. A county named Qingjiang was first set up in the area in 938 ce during the Nan (Southern) Tang dynasty in the Ten Kingdoms

Warring States, (475–221 bce), designation for seven or more small feuding Chinese kingdoms whose careers collectively constitute an era in Chinese history. The Warring States period was one of the most fertile and influential in Chinese history. It not only saw the rise of many of the great

Warring States: …ancient work known as the Zhanguoce (“Intrigues of the Warring States”). In these intrigues, two states, Qin and Chu, eventually emerged supreme. Qin finally defeated all the other states and established the first unified Chinese empire in 221 bce.