Wovoka was a Native American religious leader who spawned the second messianic Ghost Dance cult, which spread rapidly through reservation communities about 1890. Wovoka’s father, Tavibo, was a Paiute shaman and local leader; he had assisted Wodziwob, a shaman whose millenarian visions inspired the

World of Warcraft (WoW), massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) created by the American company Blizzard Entertainment and released on November 14, 2004. Massively multiplayer refers to games in which thousands, even millions, of players may participate online together, typically

flutter and wow: wow, in sound reproduction, waver in a reproduced tone or group of tones that is caused by irregularities in turntable or tape drive speed during recording, duplication, or reproduction. Low-frequency irregularities (as one per revolution of a turntable, referred to as “once arounds”) cause wow…

extraterrestrial intelligence: Results and two-way communication: …these was the so-called “Wow” signal, measured by a SETI experiment at Ohio State University in 1977. Subsequent observations failed to find this signal again, and so the Wow signal, as well as other similar detections, is not considered a good candidate for being extraterrestrial.

Pavement: …“gold soundz,” Pavement’s next album, Wowee Zowee! (1995), spurned the Lollapalooza (see rock festivals) audience with sophisticated experimental jams. The subsequent Brighten the Corners (1997) and Terror Twilight (1999) were lyrical and contained elements that increasingly foreshadowed Malkmus’s desire for a solo career.

Woyengi, in the indigenous religion of the Ijo people of Nigeria, the female deity who created the earth. The creation story of Woyengi tells of her standing on the edge of the universe and observing an earth filled with animals and vegetation, but nothing else. Through the void, she descended to

rat kangaroo: The brush-tailed bettong, or woylie (B. penicillata), has a similar crest, but the tail tip is not white; it is found in several small isolated pockets in Western Australia. The burrowing rat kangaroo, or boodie (B. lesueur), which has a thicker, non-crested tail, is the only member of the…

African art: Lower Congo (Kongo) cultural area: …the coastal peoples, especially the Woyo, is a wooden pot lid carved with pictorial narratives representing proverbs. The pot lid, which covered the meal served by a wife to her husband, illustrates a particular complaint about their marital relationship—a wife’s displeasure with her husband, for example; when that lid was…

Woyzeck, dramatic fragment by Georg Büchner, written between 1835 and 1837; it was discovered and published posthumously in 1879 as Wozzek and first performed in 1913. Best known as the libretto for Alban Berg’s opera Wozzeck (performed 1925), the work was published in a revised version in 1922

Steve Wozniak is an American electronics engineer who cofounded, with Steve Jobs, Apple Computer and designed the Apple II, the first commercially successful personal computer. Wozniak—or “Woz,” as he is commonly known—is the son of an electrical engineer for the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company

Mbongeni Ngema: …he wrote the satirical play Woza Albert! (1981), which imagines that the second coming of Jesus Christ takes place in South Africa. The government first tries to exploit him and then banishes him to a notorious prison for blacks. Ngema’s next show, the musical Asinamali! (1983), deals with police violence,…

Steve Wozniak is an American electronics engineer who cofounded, with Steve Jobs, Apple Computer and designed the Apple II, the first commercially successful personal computer. Wozniak—or “Woz,” as he is commonly known—is the son of an electrical engineer for the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company

Steve Wozniak is an American electronics engineer who cofounded, with Steve Jobs, Apple Computer and designed the Apple II, the first commercially successful personal computer. Wozniak—or “Woz,” as he is commonly known—is the son of an electrical engineer for the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company

Wozzeck, opera in three acts by Austrian composer Alban Berg, who also wrote its German libretto, deriving the story from the unfinished play Woyzeck (the discrepancy in spelling was the result of a misreading of the manuscript) by Georg Büchner. The opera premiered in Berlin on December 14, 1925.

Welfare Party, Turkish political party noted for its Islamic orientation. It was founded in 1983 by Necmettin Erbakan. After doing well in local elections in the early 1990s, it won nearly one-third of the seats (the largest single bloc) in the 1995 national legislative elections, becoming the

Yukon: The gold rush and territorial status: …110-mile (177-km) narrow-gauge railway, the White Pass and Yukon Route (WP&YR), extending from the port of Skagway, Alaska, to Whitehorse, on the upper reaches of the Yukon River. In 1898 the Canadian Parliament separated the rapidly growing area from the Northwest Territories and gave it separate territorial status.

Communist Party of the United States of America: …create the legal and aboveground Workers Party of America (WPA). When the United Toilers of America, a group that adopted the same tactics as the WPA, combined with the latter organization, the party renamed itself the Workers (Communist) Party, finally settling on the name Communist Party of the United States…

Works Progress Administration (WPA), work program for the unemployed that was created in 1935 under U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. Although critics called the WPA an extension of the dole or a device for creating a huge patronage army loyal to the Democratic Party, the stated purpose

WPA Federal Art Project, first major attempt at government patronage of the visual arts in the United States and the most extensive and influential of the visual arts projects conceived during the Depression of the 1930s by the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It is often confused

Great Depression: Federal arts programs: …the Federal Art Project, the Federal Music Project, the Federal Writers’ Project, and the Federal Theatre Project as part of the WPA; thousands of artists, architects, and educators found work in American museums, which flourished during the Great Depression.

WPA Federal Theatre Project, national theatre project sponsored and funded by the U.S. government as part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Founded in 1935, it was the first federally supported theatre in the United States. Its purpose was to create jobs for unemployed theatrical people

WPA Federal Writers’ Project, a program established in the United States in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) as part of the New Deal struggle against the Great Depression. It provided jobs for unemployed writers, editors, and research workers. Directed by Henry G. Alsberg, it

WPA Federal Art Project, first major attempt at government patronage of the visual arts in the United States and the most extensive and influential of the visual arts projects conceived during the Depression of the 1930s by the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It is often confused

World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), interdisciplinary professional association founded in 1978 to improve understandings of gender identities and to standardize treatment of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people. WPATH was formed by Doctor Harry

basketball: U.S. women’s basketball: …occasionally formed, such as the Women’s Professional Basketball League (WPBL); begun in 1978, the WPBL lasted only three years. Eventually filling the void was the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA). Aligned with the powerful NBA, the WNBA held its inaugural season in 1997 with eight teams. By 2006 the WNBA…

Ethiopia: Land reform and famine: In 1984 the Workers’ Party of Ethiopia was formed, with Mengistu as secretary-general, and in 1987 a new parliament inaugurated the People’s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, with Mengistu as president.

Ladies Professional Golf Association: The first, the Women’s Professional Golf Association (WPGA), was chartered in 1944. Standout players soon emerged, including Patty Berg, Louise Suggs, Betty Jameson, and, especially, the multisport legend Babe Didrikson Zaharias. Even Zaharias’s popularity, however, could not ensure success for the WPGA, which folded in 1949. Nevertheless, it…

swimming: Distance swimming: …amateur and professional swimmers, the World Professional Marathon Swimming Federation was founded. From the 1960s through the 1980s the latter group sanctioned about eight professional marathons annually, the countries most frequently involved being Canada, Egypt, Italy, Argentina, and the United States. The British Long Distance Swimming Association has sponsored races…

Woman’s Peace Party (WPP), American organization that was established as a result of a three-day peace meeting organized by Jane Addams and other feminists in response to the beginning of World War I in Europe in 1914. The conference, held in January 1915 in Washington, D.C., brought together women

Turkey: The ascendancy of the right, 1961–71: …a socialist political party, the Workers’ Party of Turkey (WPT; 1961); and an armed guerrilla movement, the Turkish People’s Liberation Army (1970). These and similar groups espoused anticapitalist and anti-Western doctrines, and their followers, particularly in the universities, often supported them by violent action. The violence of the left was…

Nisei: …military pressure to establish the War Relocation Authority by executive order (March 18, 1942), and this agency administered the mass evacuation mandated by Executive Order 9066.

Florence Green: Patterson joined the newly created Women’s Royal Air Force (WRAF) on September 13, 1918, at age 17 and was assigned to work as a steward in the officers’ mess halls at the Marham and Narborough airfields in Norfolk, England. Prior to the war this job would have been done by…

Belgian literature: The turn of the 19th century: …1898 Emmanuel de Bom published Wrakken (“Wrecks”), the first modern Flemish psychological and urban novel, and Starkadd, an early Wagnerian drama by Alfred Hegenscheidt, was produced.

Wrangel Island, island, in Chukotka autonomous okrug (district), far northeastern Russia, lying in the Arctic Ocean and separating the East Siberian Sea from the Chukchi Sea. The long, narrow island is about 78 miles (125 km) wide and occupies an area of some 2,800 square miles (7,300 square km).

Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel was a Russian explorer who completed the mapping of the northeastern coast of Siberia (1820–24). Wrangel Island off the Siberian coast was named in his honour. Graduating from the Russian naval academy in 1815, Wrangel sailed around the world in the sloop Kamchatka under

Karl Gustav, Count Wrangel was a Swedish soldier who succeeded Lennart Torstenson as Swedish military and naval commander during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) and subsequent Baltic conflicts. Wrangel began his military career in Germany during the Thirty Years’ War and by 1638 was a major

Pyotr Nikolayevich, Baron Wrangel was a general who led the “White” (anti-Bolshevik) forces in the final phase of the Russian Civil War (1918–20). A member of an old German baronial family, he served in the Russian imperial guards and became commander of a Cossack division during World War I. He

Wrangell Mountains, segment of the Pacific Coast Ranges (see Pacific mountain system), southeastern Alaska, U.S. The mountains are named for Ferdinand P. Wrangel, a 19th-century Russian explorer. Roughly 60 miles (100 km) wide, they extend for about 100 miles (160 km), from the Copper River to the

Alaskan mountains: Physiography of the southern ranges: …16,421 feet (5,005 meters), while Mount Wrangell (14,163 feet [4,317 meters]) is still steaming. The Wrangells are some of the most visually striking of the Alaskan mountains because of their rugged topography and perennial snow cover.

Wrangell–Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, vast natural area in southeastern Alaska, U.S., on the Canadian border, adjoining Kluane National Park and Reserve in Yukon. Proclaimed a national monument in 1978, the area was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979 and was established as a

cabinet: …most famous was the “Wrangelschrank,” taken as booty in the Thirty Years’ War by the Swedish count Carl Gustav Wrangel. Made in Augsburg in 1566, it was decorated with boxwood carvings and outstanding pictorial marquetry.

Carole King: …Reasons (1972), Fantasy (1973), and Wrap Around Joy (1974). Her marriage to Charles Larkey, the bass player of the City, failed, and in 1977 she married her manager, Rick Evers, who was abusive and who died of a drug overdose less than a year later. King married for a fourth…

Diane von Furstenberg: …with her flattering but practical wrap dress.

basketry: Wattle construction: (1) The bound, or wrapped, type, which is not very elaborate, has a widespread distribution, being used for burden baskets in the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal, for poultry cages in different parts of Africa and the Near East, and for small crude baskets in Tierra del…

basketry: Wattle construction: (1) The bound, or wrapped, type, which is not very elaborate, has a widespread distribution, being used for burden baskets in the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal, for poultry cages in different parts of Africa and the Near East, and for small crude baskets in Tierra del…

baking: Wrapping: Most American consumers prefer wrapped bread, and the trend toward wrapping is growing in other countries. Sanitary and aesthetic considerations dictate protection of the product from environmental contamination during distribution and display. Waxed paper was originally the only film used to package bread, after…

wrasse, any of nearly 500 species of marine fishes of the family Labridae (order Perciformes). Wrasses range from about 5 cm (2 inches) to 2 metres (6.5 feet) or more in length. Most species are elongated and relatively slender. Characteristic features of the wrasses include thick lips, smooth

wrath, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins. Wrath is defined as a strong feeling of hatred or resentment with a desire for vengeance. This overwhelming feeling and desire for revenge distinguishes wrath from anger that is balanced with reason, which is not a sin. Christian

Rita Hayworth: …appeared in her final film, The Wrath of God, in 1972.

Jason Statham: Acting career: …reunited with Guy Ritchie for Wrath of Man, portraying an armored-truck driver with a mysterious past. The director and actor also teamed up for the action comedy Operation Fortune: Ruse de Guerre (2023), about the hunt to find a stolen briefcase.

A.C. Jordan: His novel Ingqumbo yeminyanya (1940; The Wrath of the Ancestors) goes much beyond earlier Xhosa novels in its attempt to reveal the workings of a modern black African mind in its fight against conservative tribal forces. In developing his theme of the conflict between traditional and Western ways, Jordan denies…

Ralph Fiennes: Character roles and popularity in franchise hits: …of the Titans (2010) and Wrath of the Titans (2012); and as James Bond’s boss, M, in Skyfall (2012), Spectre (2015), and No Time to Die (2021). Fiennes played a corrupt prime minister in David Hare’s trilogy of television spy films—Page Eight (2011), Turks & Caicos (2014), and Salting the

Dolnośląskie: Geography: …centre, Wrocław, hosts the “Wratislavia Cantans,” an oratorio and cantata festival that ranks as one of the most important music events in Poland, and the “Jazz on the Oder” festival. The Frédéric Chopin Festival attracts pianists to Duszniki Zdrój. Notable museums include the Museum of Copper in Legnica and…

Fay Wray was a Canadian-born actor who appeared in more than 90 motion pictures, including a number of silent films, and acted opposite some of Hollywood’s most notable male stars. She was best remembered for her performance as the love object of a giant gorilla in King Kong (1933). Given the role

Link Wray was an American guitarist and songwriter who is often credited with introducing the power chord (a simplified chord, commonly played on the electric guitar, based on the root and fifth notes of the major scale), which greatly influenced the sound of rock and roll and laid the groundwork

John Ray was a leading 17th-century English naturalist and botanist who contributed significantly to progress in taxonomy. His enduring legacy to botany was the establishment of species as the ultimate unit of taxonomy. Ray was the son of the village blacksmith in Black Notley and attended the

Link Wray was an American guitarist and songwriter who is often credited with introducing the power chord (a simplified chord, commonly played on the electric guitar, based on the root and fifth notes of the major scale), which greatly influenced the sound of rock and roll and laid the groundwork

Fay Wray was a Canadian-born actor who appeared in more than 90 motion pictures, including a number of silent films, and acted opposite some of Hollywood’s most notable male stars. She was best remembered for her performance as the love object of a giant gorilla in King Kong (1933). Given the role

War Refugee Board (WRB), United States agency established January 22, 1944, to attempt to rescue victims of the Nazis—mainly Jews—from death in German-occupied Europe. The board began its work after the Nazis had already killed millions in concentration and extermination camps. A late start, a lack

wreath, circular garland, usually woven of real or artificial flowers, leaves, and foliage, that traditionally indicates honor or celebration. The wreath in ancient Egypt was most popular in the form of a chaplet made by sewing flowers to linen bands and tying them around the head. In ancient

heraldry: The reading of heraldry: In formal blazons the wreath (also called the torse) is given as well; thus, crest—on a wreath of the colors, a wolf passant proper (Trelawny). The wreath is not usually mentioned, however, because, like the helmet, it is always assumed to be there. The term colors refers to the…

John Munonye: …Man of Obange (1971) and A Wreath for the Maidens (1973). His novel A Dancer of Fortune (1974) is a satire of modern Nigerian business. Munonye returned to the family of his first two novels in Bridge to a Wedding (1978). Thereafter he published little.

Avatamsaka-sutra, voluminous Mahayana Buddhist text that some consider the most sublime revelation of the Buddha’s teachings. Scholars value the text for its revelations about the evolution of thought from early Buddhism to fully developed Mahayana. The sutra speaks of the deeds of the Buddha and

Avatamsaka-sutra, voluminous Mahayana Buddhist text that some consider the most sublime revelation of the Buddha’s teachings. Scholars value the text for its revelations about the evolution of thought from early Buddhism to fully developed Mahayana. The sutra speaks of the deeds of the Buddha and

The Wreck of the Deutschland, ode by Gerard Manley Hopkins, written in the mid-1870s and published posthumously in 1918 in Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins. One of Hopkins’s longest poems, comprising 35 eight-line stanzas, it commemorates the death of five Franciscan nuns, exiled from Germany, who

Gordon Lightfoot: …Lightfoot’s best-known song was “The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald” (1976), about the sinking of a Great Lakes freighter. He continued to perform and record into the early 21st century.

Disney Company: Continuing expansion: ABC, Pixar, Marvel Entertainment, and Lucasfilm: Among them were Tangled (2010), Wreck-It Ralph (2012), Frozen (2013), and Encanto (2021). Disney’s live-action films experienced something of a rebirth when Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), a film loosely inspired by a ride at Disney theme parks, scored huge numbers at the box…

Ha Jin: Literary works: …Shadows (1996); later collections include Wreckage (2001) and A Distant Center (2018). His volume of army stories, Ocean of Words (1996), received the PEN/Hemingway Award in 1997, and his second book of stories, Under the Red Flag (1997), which tells of life during the Cultural Revolution, won the Flannery O’Connor…

wreckfish, (Polyprion americanus), large, grayish fish of the family Polyprionidae (order Perciformes), found in the Mediterranean and in both sides of the Atlantic, generally in offshore waters. The wreckfish is deep-bodied, with a large head and jutting lower jaw, and attains a length and weight

Miley Cyrus: Bangerz and Wrecking Ball: The ballad “Wrecking Ball,” meanwhile, became Cyrus’s first song to top the Billboard singles chart. The album garnered Cyrus her first Grammy Award nomination, for best pop vocal album.

Bruce Springsteen: Without The Big Man: Wrecking Ball, Springsteen’s 17th studio album, released in March 2012, represented a sharp turn in his social vision and attitude toward the political moment. The album and the tour that followed its release attempted to reshape the E Street project. On the album, the majestic…

Emmylou Harris: Her 1995 release, Wrecking Ball, on which she performed songs written by Neil Young, Bob Dylan, and Jimi Hendrix, among others, was especially notable and earned the Grammy Award for best contemporary folk album. Red Dirt Girl (2000), on which she was accompanied by such singers as Kate…

Dean Martin: … (1966), The Ambushers (1967), and The Wrecking Crew (1968).

Carol Kaye: Studio career: …which later became known as the Wrecking Crew, Kaye performed on numerous hit recordings for leading producers and artists of the era. Her bass playing can be heard on recordings by performers such as the Beach Boys, Simon and Garfunkel, and Frank Sinatra, as well as on film and television…

Wrexham, town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), Wrexham county borough, historic county of Denbighshire (Sir Ddinbych), northeastern Wales. It is situated along the River Clywedog, about 5 miles (8 km) west of the border with Cheshire, England. Wrexham is an industrial and market hub, the

Wrexham, county borough, northeastern Wales, along the English border. It covers a lowland area in the east, where most of the population lives, and includes the peaks of Esclusham, Ruabon, and Cyrn-y-Brain in the northwest. In the southwest it extends into the Vale of Ceiriog and the surrounding

Karl Philipp, prince von Wrede was a Bavarian field marshal, allied with Napoleon until 1813, when he joined the coalition against France. Educated for the career of a civil official in the Palatinate, he raised a volunteer corps that served with the Austrians, beginning in 1799. After the Treaty

biblical literature: The modern period: …interpretation by the German scholar William Wrede (Das Messiasgeheimnis in den Evangelien, 1901) and the medical missionary theologian Albert Schweitzer (The Quest of the Historical Jesus, Eng. trans., 1910), who revolutionized New Testament scholarship with his emphasis on the eschatological orientation of Jesus’ mind and message. The writings of the…

Telford and Wrekin, unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Shropshire, west-central England, in the east-central part of the county. The unitary authority, drained in the south by the River Severn, is a plain covered by glacial drift soils in the north. Historically important

wren, (family Troglodytidae), any of approximately 85 species of small, chunky, brownish birds (order Passeriformes). The family originated in the Western Hemisphere, and only one species, Troglodytes troglodytes, which breeds circumpolarly in temperate regions, has spread to the Old World. This

St. Stephen’s Day, the name for either of two holidays that are observed in honor of two Christian saints, both of whom are named Stephen. In many countries December 26 commemorates the life of St. Stephen, a Christian deacon in Jerusalem who is believed to have been the first Christian martyr (he

Christopher Wren was a designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. Wren designed 53 London churches, including St. Paul’s Cathedral, as well as many secular buildings of note. He was a founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and his scientific work

Beau Geste: …the French Foreign Legion by Percival C. Wren, published in 1924.

Christopher Wren was a designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time. Wren designed 53 London churches, including St. Paul’s Cathedral, as well as many secular buildings of note. He was a founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and his scientific work

wren-babbler, any of about 20 species of small Asian birds belonging to the babbler family Timaliidae (order Passeriformes). They are 10 to 15 centimetres (4 to 6 inches) long, rather short-tailed, and have a rather short and straight bill. These features differentiate wren-babblers from the

wren-warbler, any of a number of Old World warblers, family Sylviidae (order Passeriformes), that are wrenlike in carrying their tails cocked up. The name also denotes certain birds of the family Maluridae that are found in Australia and New Zealand. Among the sylviid wren-warblers are those of the

wrench, tool, usually operated by hand, for tightening bolts and nuts. Basically, a wrench consists of a stout lever with a notch at one or both ends for gripping the bolt or nut in such a way that it can be twisted by a pull on the wrench at right angles to the axes of the lever and the bolt or

strike-slip fault, in geology, a fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust in which the rock masses slip past one another parallel to the strike, the intersection of a rock surface with the surface or another horizontal plane. These faults are caused by horizontal compression, but they release their

wrenthrush, (Zeledonia coronata), bird of the rain forests of Costa Rica and Panama. It resembles the wren in size (11 cm, or 4.5 inches), in being brownish and short-tailed, and in its habit of skulking in undergrowth. It is thrushlike in beak and leg structure. The wrenthrush has been classified

wrentit, (species Chamaea fasciata), bird of the Pacific coast of North America belonging to family Timaliidae. A fluffy brown bird about 16 cm (6.5 inches) long with a long tail, the wrentit calls harshly and sings loudly in thick brush, where pairs forage for fruit and

WrestleMania, in professional wrestling, the flagship annual event held by World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE). WrestleMania was WWE’s first pay-per-view event, originally held in 1985, and remains the biggest event in its calendar. The show is typically held in front of a large crowd that

Dwayne Johnson: Return to WWE: …in a main-event match at WrestleMania XXVIII in April 2012. His appearance contributed to the event’s unparalleled success: with more than 1.3 million pay-per-view orders and $67 million in global sales, WrestleMania XXVIII was WWE’s top-grossing pay-per-view broadcast. In January 2013 Johnson captured his eighth professional wrestling title, but he…

Stephen Dobyns: …an unnamed Latin American city; The Wrestler’s Cruel Study (1993), which explores identity and self-perception as a wrestler searches for his missing fiancée; The Church of Dead Girls (1997), about the murder of three young girls and the impact their deaths have on a small town; and the comic thriller…

Darren Aronofsky: The Fountain, The Wrestler, and Black Swan: …more warmly received was Aronofsky’s The Wrestler (2008), a moving story of an aging professional wrestler (Mickey Rourke) who attempts to maintain his fading career while building a relationship with a stripper (Marisa Tomei) and to reunite with his estranged daughter (Evan Rachel Wood). The film briefly resurrected Rourke’s career,…

wrestling, sport practiced in various styles by two competitors, involving forcing an opponent to touch the ground with some part of the body other than his feet; forcing him into a certain position, usually supine (on his back); or holding him in that position for a minimum length of time.

Sandra Bullock: Rise to stardom: …Sylvester Stallone, and the drama Wrestling Ernest Hemingway. Her big breakthrough, however, was the thriller Speed (1994), about a policeman (played by Keanu Reeves) who, with the assistance of a plucky passenger (Bullock), must deactivate a bomb on a bus. In 1996 Bullock earned a Golden Globe Award nomination for…

The Wretched of the Earth, book by West Indian psychoanalyst and social philosopher Frantz Fanon, published in French as Les Damnés de la terre in 1961 and first published in English in 1963. Fanon’s text, written in 1960 during the Algerian War of Independence, addresses the history of

alternative rock: …to make what their bassist, D’Arcy, called “beautiful music that varies” out of many-hued guitar tones that cracked and frazzled. In 1991 Nirvana and producer Butch Vig released “Smells Like Teen Spirit,” from their epochal 1991 album, Nevermind. The sheer immediacy of its expert guitar distortions and layered orchestrations—influenced by…

alternative rock: …to make what their bassist, D’Arcy, called “beautiful music that varies” out of many-hued guitar tones that cracked and frazzled. In 1991 Nirvana and producer Butch Vig released “Smells Like Teen Spirit,” from their epochal 1991 album, Nevermind. The sheer immediacy of its expert guitar distortions and layered orchestrations—influenced by…

Wrexham, county borough, northeastern Wales, along the English border. It covers a lowland area in the east, where most of the population lives, and includes the peaks of Esclusham, Ruabon, and Cyrn-y-Brain in the northwest. In the southwest it extends into the Vale of Ceiriog and the surrounding