Kirk Douglas: …from Snowy River (1982), and Tough Guys (1986), Douglas’s seventh and last film with his close friend Burt Lancaster. Douglas also directed two films, the ill-conceived pirate comedy Scalawag (1973), and the cynical western adventure Posse (1975), which became a cult favourite.

Norman Mailer: …volume of an uncompleted trilogy; Tough Guys Don’t Dance (1984), a contemporary mystery thriller; and the enormous Harlot’s Ghost (1991), a novel focusing on the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1995 Mailer published Oswald’s Tale, an exhaustive nonfictional portrayal of U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy’s assassin. Mailer’s final two novels

Haki R. Madhubuti: …Solution, and Hope (1990), and Tough Notes: A Healing Call for Creating Exceptional Black Men: Affirmations, Meditations, Readings, and Strategies (2002). The memoir YellowBlack: The First Twenty-One Years of a Poet’s Life was published in 2005.

safety glass: …heat-treatment method, glass sheets are tempered at about 650 °C (1200 °F), followed by sudden chilling. This treatment increases the strength of the glass sheets approximately sixfold. When such glass does break, it shatters into blunt granules.

Sherman Alexie: Literary career: His stories in The Toughest Indian in the World (2000) won him the PEN/Malamud Award for excellence in short-story writing, and the story “What You Pawn I Will Redeem”—published first in The New Yorker in 2003 and later in the collection Ten Little Indians (2003)—also won prizes.

metallurgy: Testing mechanical properties: …a measure of the solid’s toughness. In a hard, brittle material, toughness is low, while in a strong, ductile metal it is high. A common test of toughness is the Charpy test, which employs a small bar of a metal with a V-shaped groove cut on one side. A large…

Batna: To the west, the cedar-forested Mount Tougour (Pic des Cèdres) rises to 6,870 feet (2,094 metres).

Tougué, town, north-central Guinea, western Africa, on the Fouta Djallon plateau. It is a trading centre (rice, millet, oranges, cattle, and goats) among the Fulani (Peul) people in a savanna region. Bauxite deposits have been discovered south of the town. Pop. (latest est.)

Roger Touhy was a Chicago-area bootlegger, brewer, and gambling boss during the Prohibition era. In 1934 Touhy was convicted, on perjured testimony, of kidnapping one John “Jake the Barber” Factor in June–July 1933, a period when Factor, as it was later proved, had been hiding out to avoid

Roger Touhy was a Chicago-area bootlegger, brewer, and gambling boss during the Prohibition era. In 1934 Touhy was convicted, on perjured testimony, of kidnapping one John “Jake the Barber” Factor in June–July 1933, a period when Factor, as it was later proved, had been hiding out to avoid

Toul, town, Meurthe-et-Moselle département, Grand Est région, northeastern France. It lies between the left bank of the Moselle River and the Marne au Rhin Canal, 12 miles (19 km) west of Nancy. Once named Tullum and originally the capital of the Leuci tribe in the Belgic confederation, the town

Cambodia: Cultural institutions: The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, housed in a former school in Phnom Penh that became the notorious S-21 prison and execution center in 1975, memorializes the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge regime. Also important is the Choeung Ek Genocidal Center, located at another former execution site…

Stephen Edelston Toulmin was an English philosopher and educator noted for his study of the history of ideas. In his work on ethics, Toulmin was concerned with describing prescriptive language—that is, imperative sentences and value judgments used for ethical statements—while holding that ethics,

Toulon, town and port, capital of Var département, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur région, southeastern France. Toulon is France’s principal naval base and has an arsenal, the most important of the Mediterranean drydocks, and shipbuilding yards. Its bay opens to the east. The most sheltered part, the

Siege of Toulon, (August 28–December 19, 1793), military engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars, in which the young artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte won his first military reputation by forcing the withdrawal of the Anglo-Spanish fleet that was occupying the city of Toulon and its forts.

Siege of Toulon, (August 28–December 19, 1793), military engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars, in which the young artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte won his first military reputation by forcing the withdrawal of the Anglo-Spanish fleet that was occupying the city of Toulon and its forts.

Toulon: The University of Toulon was founded in 1968. Pop. (1999) 160,639; (2022 est.) 180,834.

Toulouse, medieval county of southern France from the 8th to the 13th century. The countship can be dated from ad 778, when Charlemagne attempted to create bulwarks against the Muslims of Spain. The great dynasty, however, dates from 849, when Count Fredelon, a vassal of King Pippin II of

Toulouse, city, capital of Haute-Garonne département, Occitanie région, southern France. It is situated at the junction of the Canal Latéral à la Garonne and the Midi Canal, where the Garonne River curves northwest from the Pyrenean foothills. Founded in ancient times, it was the stronghold of the

Universities of Toulouse I, II, and III, three autonomous coeducational state institutions of higher learning founded at Toulouse, Fr., in 1970 under the 1968 law reforming higher education, to replace the former University of Toulouse founded in 1229: the University of Social Sciences,

Battle of Toulouse, the last major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought on April 10, 1814, between the British and French armies. Fought in southern France, the battle proved that the French were still determined and able to fight, and although it was inconclusive, the British suffered more

Folquet De Marseille was a Provençal troubadour and cleric. Born into a Genoese merchant family, Folquet left his life as a merchant to become a poet in about 1180. He was widely respected and successful throughout Provence and Aragon. His works, which include love lyrics (often dedicated to his

Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, count de Toulouse was a French admiral general, a son of Louis XIV and his mistress Mme de Montespan. Legitimized in 1681, he was an admiral of France at 5, and at 12 he accompanied his father to Holland, where he was wounded in the siege of Naumur. In 1702 Toulouse was

Simon IV de Montfort , military leader of the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France, mounted a siege of Cathar sympathizer Count Raymond VI of Toulouse in 1217. Montfort’s death in 1218 effectively ended the siege and severely weakened the crusade leadership. For two years

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was a French artist who observed and documented with great psychological insight the personalities and facets of Parisian nightlife and the French world of entertainment in the 1890s. His use of free-flowing expressive line, often becoming pure arabesque, resulted in

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was a French artist who observed and documented with great psychological insight the personalities and facets of Parisian nightlife and the French world of entertainment in the 1890s. His use of free-flowing expressive line, often becoming pure arabesque, resulted in

history of Central Asia: Early eastern peoples: Little is known of Touman, founder of this empire, beyond the fact that he was killed by his son Maodun, under whose long reign (c. 209–174 bce) the Xiongnu became a major power and a serious menace to China. In many respects the Xiongnu are the eastern counterpart of…

Uragami Gyokudō: His Snow Sifted Through Frozen Clouds is considered a masterpiece.

Toungoo, town, south-central Myanmar (Burma). Located on the right bank of the Sittang River, it was founded as Ketumadi in 1510 by King Minkyinyo and was capital of the Toungoo dynasty until 1540, when the seat of government was moved to Pegu (Bago), 125 miles (200 km) south. Parts of the old moat

Toungoo Dynasty, ruling house in Myanmar (Burma) from the 15th or 16th to the 18th century, whose reign is known as the Second Burmese Empire. King Minkyinyo (1486–1531) of Toungoo is usually considered the founder of the dynasty, but many authorities believe that the distinction of founder should

Abdoulaye Sadji: …a book of short stories, Tounka, nouvelle (1965; Tounka, a Novella). A determination to preserve traditional oral lore was also at work in La Belle Histoire de Leuk-le-Lièvre (1953; “The Splendid History of Leuk-the-Hare”), which he co-authored with Léopold Senghor.

toupee, originally, any raised roll of hair just above the forehead, either natural or artificial; today, a small hairpiece generally covering a bald spot. The toupee developed during the 18th century, when men and women began to comb the front hair over the top line of the wig to create a

toupee, originally, any raised roll of hair just above the forehead, either natural or artificial; today, a small hairpiece generally covering a bald spot. The toupee developed during the 18th century, when men and women began to comb the front hair over the top line of the wig to create a

Le Touquet-Paris-Plage, town, Pas-de-Calais département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France, at the mouth of the Canche River. Situated on the English Channel 20 miles (32 km) south of Boulogne, it is a fashionable seaside resort with casinos, conference and sports facilities, a horse-racing

bus: Modern buses: …bus is designed for short intercity runs and has high-back seats, luggage compartments and racks, and a single, front entrance.

balloon flight: The gas–hot air hybrid balloon: His balloon, christened Tour de Calais, was brilliantly decorated with artwork and metallic gilding. According to modern investigations, the metallic coating caused a static discharge that ignited the varnished envelope some 30 minutes after its launch from Boulogne on June 15, 1785. De Rozier and his passenger, Pierre-Jules…

Tour de France, the world’s most prestigious and most difficult bicycle race. Of the three foremost races (the others being the Giro d’Italia and the Vuelta a España), the Tour de France attracts the world’s best riders. Staged for three weeks each July—usually in some 20 daylong stages—the Tour

Kraftwerk: …the early 2000s and released Tour de France Soundtracks (2003), their first album of original material in some 17 years. Minimum-Maximum, their first live album, appeared in 2005. Schneider’s departure from Kraftwerk was announced in early 2009, but the band continued to tour. In 2012 New York City’s Museum of…

It is one of the most grueling events in all of sports. Over the span of about 20 days, Tour de France cyclists cover some 3,600 km (2,235 miles) of both flat land and great stretches of mountainous inclines. The annual race’s most difficult section is known as the “circle of death.” The rare

cycling: Modern sport racing: …for such races as the Tour Down Under in Australia, the Tour of Langkawi in Malaysia, and the Japan Cup. These races attract many professional teams from Europe and the United States. Many other Asian countries have races also, mainly for amateur teams from the region.

Around the World in Eighty Days, travel adventure novel by French author Jules Verne, published serially in 1872 in Le Temps and in book form in 1873. The work tells the story of the unflappable Phileas Fogg’s trip around the world, accompanied by his emotional valet, Passepartout, to win a bet. It

Robert Delaunay: …of paintings, cathedrals and the “Eiffel Tower,” which combined fragmented Cubist form with dynamic movement and vibrant colour. This new and individual use of pictorial rhythms and colour harmonies had an immediate appeal to the senses and, combined with poetic subject matter, distinguished him from the more orthodox Cubist painters.…

tour en l’air, (French: “turn in the air”), in ballet, a complete single, double, or triple turn in the air, usually beginning from and ending in the fifth position (the feet are turned out and pressed closely together, the heel of the right foot against the toe of the left and vice versa).

jeté: …in the air; and the jeté en tournant, or tour jeté (“flung turn”), in which the dancer executes a half-turn in the air away from the forward leg before landing on it.

William Combe: Syntax series, The Tour of Dr. Syntax: In Search of the Picturesque (1812), appeared originally in publisher Rudolph Ackermann’s Poetical Magazine in 1809–11. Ackermann published the first book and oversaw Combe and Rowlandson’s collaboration; as Combe later explained, Rowlandson made the drawings, and Combe then wrote poetry…

cycling: Modern sport racing: …three-week tours of Italy (the Giro d’Italia) and Spain (the Vuelta a España). Usually, the Giro is held in May and June, the Tour de France in July, the Vuelta in September, and the World Championships in October. Prizes in these races are substantial, amounting to $2.5 million in the…

Chris Froome: …British rider to win the Vuelta a España. He also was the first rider in nearly four decades to win that race and the Tour de France in the same year. However, he failed a drug test during the Vuelta a España after his urine was found to have had…

Washington Irving: …and produced in rapid succession A Tour of the Prairies (1835), Astoria (1836), and The Adventures of Captain Bonneville (1837). Except for four years (1842–46) as minister to Spain, Irving spent the remainder of his life at his home, “Sunnyside,” in Tarrytown, on the Hudson River, where he devoted himself…

Franklin J. Schaffner: In 1962 he directed A Tour of the White House, a TV documentary that featured Jacqueline Kennedy as the host; it received a Peabody Award. During that time he also directed (1960–61) Advise and Consent on Broadway.

English literature: Defoe: …sustained, for instance, the superb Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724–27). This is a vivid county-by-county review and celebration of the state of the nation, which combines an antiquarian’s enthusiasm with a passion for trade and commercial progress. He brought the same diversity of enthusiasms into play…

Isabelle de Charrière was a Swiss novelist whose work anticipated early 19th-century emancipated ideas. She married her brother’s Swiss tutor and settled at Colombier near Neuchâtel. Influenced by Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, she expressed views critical of aristocratic privilege, moral

siren: …it by the French engineer Charles Cagniard de La Tour, who devised an acoustical instrument of the type in 1819. A disk with evenly spaced holes around its edge is rotated at high speed, interrupting at regular intervals a jet of air directed at the holes. The resulting regular pulsations…

Maurice-Quentin de La Tour was a pastelist whose animated and sharply characterized portraits made him one of the most successful and imitated portraitists of 18th-century France. Early in his youth La Tour went to Paris, where he entered the studio of the Flemish painter Jacques Spoede. He then

turaco, (order Musophagiformes), any of about 18 species in six genera of colourful, fruit-eating African birds. The green and iridescent turacos (Tauraco, Musophaga, and Corythaeola) are primarily residents of dense broad-leaved evergreen forest; the grayer forms (Crinifer), most of which are

Touraine, historical and cultural region encompassing the central French département of Indre-et-Loire and coextensive with the former province of Touraine. The historical province of Touraine was bounded northeast by Orléanais, southeast by Berry, southwest by Poitou, west by Anjou, and north by

Da Nang, city and province-level municipality, central Vietnam. Lying at the southern end of a horseshoe-shaped bay, it is one of the largest cities in Vietnam and the chief port of the central lowlands. Although partially enclosed on the northeast by the Annamese Cordillera (French: Chaîne

Abraham-Louis Breguet: …many precision watches, and the tourbillon, an improvement that rendered the escapement immune to errors caused by the changing position of the watch while being carried. Breguet succeeded Pierre-Louis Berthoud as the official chronometer maker to the French navy in 1815 and was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences…

Tourcoing, city, Nord département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France. It is just northeast of Lille and near the Belgian frontier. Sheep were grazed on this portion of the plain of Flanders long before the Romans came. There is record of consignment to Germany at the end of the 12th century.

Western music: Musical forms: and the basse danse and tourdion.

Sékou Touré was the first president of the Republic of Guinea (1958–84) and a leading African politician. Although his parents were poor and uneducated, Touré claimed to be the grandson of Samory, a military leader who resisted French rule at the end of the 19th century, long after many other

Amadou Toumani Touré was a Malian politician and military leader who twice led his country. He served as interim president (1991–92) after a coup and was elected president in 2002. In March 2012 he was deposed in a military coup. He officially resigned the next month. Touré studied to be a teacher

Samory was a Muslim reformer and military leader who founded a powerful kingdom in West Africa and resisted French colonial expansion in the late 19th century. In 1868 Samory, a member of the Mande group, proclaimed himself a religious chief and led a band of warriors in establishing a powerful

Sékou Touré was the first president of the Republic of Guinea (1958–84) and a leading African politician. Although his parents were poor and uneducated, Touré claimed to be the grandson of Samory, a military leader who resisted French rule at the end of the 19th century, long after many other

Tourette syndrome, rare inherited neurological disorder characterized by recurrent motor and phonic tics (involuntary muscle spasms and vocalizations). It is three times more prevalent in males than in females. Although the cause of Tourette syndrome is unknown, evidence suggests that there may be

Jim Crow law: Challenging the Separate Car Act: Martinet received the help of Albion W. Tourgée, a white lawyer, who had fought for the North, and served as a lawyer and judge in North Carolina.

Utah Mammoth: The head coach is André Tourigny, and the team captain is forward Clayton Keller. It had a 38–31 record in its inaugural season. The Utah organization conducted several public polls to determine the team’s permanent name, and in May 2025 it announced that the franchise will be called the…

Béarn: Tourin is a soup of onions, tomatoes, and garlic; cousinette is a soup whose ingredients include mallow, chard, sorrel, and chicory. Jurançon produces renowned white wines. Madiran is an outstanding red wine from Gers.

bicycle: Basic types: Touring bicycles offer a stable ride and often have triple chainwheels as well as racks that allow the rider to carry specially designed luggage (panniers). These bikes have lightweight frames, 14 to 27 speeds, narrow tires and saddles, and typically drop-style handlebars. They weigh from…

touring company, cast of actors assembled to bring a hit play to a succession of regional centres after the play has closed in a theatrical capital. It may include some members of the play’s original cast but seldom all of them. Though strolling players are as old as drama itself, the touring

Ludmilla Tourischeva is a Soviet gymnast who was European champion (1971 and 1973), world champion (1970 and 1974), and an Olympic medal winner (1968–76). Tourischeva graduated from the Rostov Pedagogical Institute in 1974. At the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, she won a gold medal as a team

Ludmilla Tourischeva is a Soviet gymnast who was European champion (1971 and 1973), world champion (1970 and 1974), and an Olympic medal winner (1968–76). Tourischeva graduated from the Rostov Pedagogical Institute in 1974. At the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, she won a gold medal as a team

tourism, the act and process of spending time away from home in pursuit of recreation, relaxation, and pleasure, while making use of the commercial provision of services. As such, tourism is a product of modern social arrangements, beginning in western Europe in the 17th century, although it has

motel, type of affordable lodging originally catering to motorists. They typically offer rooms arranged along exterior corridors with direct access to an adjacent parking area and are regarded as having a more informal atmosphere compared to hotels; often the guest rather than a porter transports

Tourist Trophy races, best known and most demanding of the European motorcycle races. First run in 1907 on the Isle of Man off the northwestern coast of England, the race attracted many riders from all over England and the European continent. The race was originally intended for motorcycles

Julian Fellowes: …directed; The Young Victoria (2009); The Tourist (2010); Romeo and Juliet (2013); and The Chaperone (2018). He also published the novels Snobs (2004) and Past Imperfect (2008) and publicly acknowledged that he had written “bodice-ripping” romance novels under pseudonyms, notably Rebecca Greville and Alexander Merrant. His interactive narrative Belgravia (2016)…

Greece: Resistance to Ottoman rule: …four centuries of the “Tourkokratia,” as the period of Ottoman rule in Greece is known, there was little hope that the Greeks would be able to free themselves by their own efforts. There were sporadic revolts, such as those that occurred on the mainland and on the islands of…

tourmaline, borosilicate mineral of complex and variable composition. Three types of tourmaline, distinguished by the predominance of certain elements, are usually recognized: iron tourmaline (schorl), black in colour; magnesium tourmaline (dravite), brown; and alkali tourmaline, which may be pink

tourmaline: …simple polarizing apparatus known as tourmaline tongs.

Nadar was a French writer, caricaturist, and photographer who is remembered primarily for his photographic portraits, which are considered to be among the best done in the 19th century. As a young man, he studied medicine in Lyon, France, but, when his father’s publishing house went bankrupt in

Tournai, municipality, Wallonia Region, southwestern Belgium. It lies along the Schelde (Scheldt, or Escaut) River, northwest of Mons. Tournai has changed hands many times. As Turnacum, it was important in Roman times. Seized by the Salic Franks in the 5th century, it was the birthplace of the

Tournai porcelain, porcelain made from about the mid-18th to the mid-19th century at a factory in Tournai, Belg. Several styles prevailed: figures in fanciful landscapes, cupids, and other decorative motifs were outlined in plain crimson on white, especially by the painter Henri-Joseph Duvivier

Tournaisian Stage, lowest and first of three intercontinental stages of the Mississippian Subsystem, Carboniferous System, encompassing all rocks deposited during the Tournaisian Age (358.9 million to 346.7 million years ago). The name is derived from exposures of fine-grained limestone with shaly

tournament, series of military exercises, probably of medieval French origin and confined to western Europe, in which knights fought one another to display their skill and courage. Tournaments had become more pageantry than combat by the end of the 16th century, and the term is still used somewhat

tournament: …early 20th century, the word tournament also came to be applied to certain methods of conducting sports competitions. In the most common modern tournament, the contestants are matched in pairs, with the losers in each test eliminated and the winners paired anew until only one remains as the champion of…

Duplicate Bridge, form of Contract Bridge played in all tournaments, in Bridge clubs, and often in the home; it is so called because each hand is played at least twice, although by different players, under the same conditions, with the same cards in each hand and the same dealer and vulnerability.

pageant: The Rose Bowl Parade in Pasadena, Calif., one of the most famous parades in the world, precedes the annual Rose Bowl college football game.

gastronomy: The great French chefs: Tournedos Rossini, the tender slices of the heart of the fillet of beef, topped by foie gras and truffles, was named after the celebrated Italian composer. Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi and French actress Sarah Bernhardt were among those who were similarly honoured. Many famous dishes…

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort was a French botanist and physician, a pioneer in systematic botany, whose system of plant classification represented a major advance in his day and remains, in some respects, valid to the present time. Tournefort’s interest in botany began early, but only after the

Paris: The Marais: …behind the Bastille, in the Hôtel des Tournelles, which Henry II had had enlarged and beautified by Philibert Delorme in 1550. Great nobles, such as the dukes of Guise and Lorraine, followed the king and had palaces built in the vicinity. When Henry II was killed in a joust on…

Cyril Tourneur was an English dramatist whose reputation rests largely upon The Atheist’s Tragedie, which is written in verse that is rich in macabre imagery. In 1625 Sir Edward Cecil appointed Tourneur secretary to the council of war. This appointment was canceled by the duke of Buckingham, but

Jacques Tourneur was a French American filmmaker of broad range known for horror, film noirs, and westerns. Tourneur was the son of one of French cinema’s preeminent directors, Maurice Tourneur, who made more than 90 pictures, more than half of them in the United States between 1914 and 1926.

Clarence Brown: Early life and work: …however, he observed French director Maurice Tourneur making a film in Fort Lee, New Jersey, and fell in love with motion pictures. Brown sold his car dealership and spent the next several years working with Tourneur as an assistant director and editor. He later remarked of Tourneur, “I owe him…

Voltaire: Achievements at Ferney of Voltaire: …by the Shakespearean translations of Pierre Le Tourneur in 1776, which stimulated French appreciation of this more robust, nonclassical dramatist, and dispatched an abusive Lettre à l’Académie. He never ceased to acknowledge a degree of genius in Shakespeare, yet spoke of him as “a drunken savage.” He returned to a…

tournament: …early 20th century, the word tournament also came to be applied to certain methods of conducting sports competitions. In the most common modern tournament, the contestants are matched in pairs, with the losers in each test eliminated and the winners paired anew until only one remains as the champion of…

tournament, series of military exercises, probably of medieval French origin and confined to western Europe, in which knights fought one another to display their skill and courage. Tournaments had become more pageantry than combat by the end of the 16th century, and the term is still used somewhat

circus: Philip Astley and the first circuses: …was that of the Frenchman Jacques Tourniaire, a first-rate equestrian who built a short-lived circus in St. Petersburg.) Hughes went on to introduce the term circus in 1782, when he opened what he called the Royal Circus a few hundred yards south of Astley’s amphitheatre.

Michel Tournier was a French novelist whose manipulation of mythology and old stories has often been called subversive insofar as it challenges the conventional assumptions of middle-class society. Tournier studied philosophy at the University of Tübingen in Germany from 1946 to 1950. His first

Michel Tournier was a French novelist whose manipulation of mythology and old stories has often been called subversive insofar as it challenges the conventional assumptions of middle-class society. Tournier studied philosophy at the University of Tübingen in Germany from 1946 to 1950. His first

battlefield medicine: …first-aid kit that includes a tourniquet that can be applied with one hand. (Though the use of tourniquets was previously considered undesirable, today the military regards them as lifesaving tools for severe limb wounds.) Also, pressure dressings have been issued that can clot severe bleeding within seconds of being applied.…

Marc Séguin, the Elder: Over the Rhône River at Tournon in 1824 the two brothers erected a bridge suspended from cables made of parallel wire strands, the first of a succession of such modern bridges all over the world. Séguin was also one of the first to suggest the solution to the problem of…