St. Andrews, city, royal burgh (1160), university town, golfing mecca, and former fishing port in Fife council area and historic county, Scotland. Located on St. Andrews Bay of the North Sea 13 miles (20 km) southeast of Dundee, it occupies a plateau of sandstone rock about 50 feet (15 metres) in

University of St. Andrews, oldest university in Scotland, officially founded in 1413, located in Fife region. The university buildings, many of which date from the Middle Ages, include St. Salvator’s College (1450), St. Leonard’s College (1512), and the University Library, refounded by James VI in

Kara Sea: …by two wide, deep-sea troughs—the Svyatoy Anny east of Franz Josef Land, with a depth of 2,034 feet (620 metres), and the parallel Voronin Trough, some 180 miles (290 km) east, with a depth of 1,475 feet (450 metres). East of Novaya Zemlya stretches the Novaya Zemlya Trough, 650–1,300 feet…

St. Anne, the mother of the Virgin Mary, according to tradition derived from certain apocryphal writings. St. Anne is one of the patron saints of Brittany and Canada and of women in labour. As the grandparents of Jesus, Anne and her husband Joachim are also considered the patron saints of

Hiëronymus Bosch: Middle period: Bosch portrays the human struggle against temptation, as well as the omnipresence of the Devil, in his St. Anthony, one of the best keys to the artist’s personal iconography. The hermit saint in this work is cast as the heroic symbol of humankind. In the central panel St. Anthony…

Minneapolis: History: …area in 1680 and named St. Anthony Falls, which later provided power for grinding flour for Fort Snelling (1819; now a state park), a military outpost at the confluence of the rivers. The village of St. Anthony developed on the east side of the falls. Settlers had begun occupying U.S.…

St. Asaph, cathedral village, Denbighshire (Sir Ddinbych) county, historic county of Flintshire (Sir Fflint), northern Wales. It stands between the Rivers Clwyd and Elwy, from which its Welsh name derives. Asaph, the Celtic ecclesiastic to whom the cathedral is dedicated, was bishop there in the

St. Augustine, oldest continuously settled city in the United States, seat (1822) of St. Johns county, northeastern Florida, about 40 miles (65 km) southeast of Jacksonville. It is situated on a peninsula between two saltwater rivers, the San Sebastian (west) and the Matanzas (east), and on the

Villanova University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Villanova, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is affiliated with the Augustinian order of the Roman Catholic church. It offers degree programs at the associate, bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral, and professional levels. Degrees are

Villanova University: … with a foundation established at St. Augustine Church in 1796 and with the founding of St. Augustine Academy (for men) in 1811. In 1842 church officials established the Augustinian College of Villanova outside Philadelphia in a town that later took its name from the school. The college was named for…

St. Augustine grass, (Stenotaphrum secundatum), low mat-forming perennial grass of the family Poaceae. St. Augustine grass is native to central and southeastern North America and Central America and has naturalized along many seacoasts around the world. The plant is cultivated as a lawn grass in

St. Augustine of Canterbury: … (known after his death as St. Augustine’s Abbey, where the early archbishops were buried), which came to rank as the second Benedictine house in all of Europe. Canterbury thus was established as the primatial see of England, a position it has maintained. In 604 he established the episcopal sees of…

Ghent: The Gothic Cathedral of St. Bavo, dating from the 12th century, contains many valuable works of art, including Hubert and Jan van Eyck’s polyptych altarpiece, The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb, also called the Ghent Altarpiece (1432).

Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de’ Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset

Ghent: …the ruined 7th-century abbey of St. Bavo (Bavon, or Baaf), which was the birthplace of John of Gaunt and now houses the Lapidary Museum, and the remains of the Cistercian abbey of Byloke, or Bijloke (1228), which now houses the museum of archaeology and part of the city hospital. The…

Ghent: The Gothic Cathedral of St. Bavo, dating from the 12th century, contains many valuable works of art, including Hubert and Jan van Eyck’s polyptych altarpiece, The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb, also called the Ghent Altarpiece (1432).

Honaunau: Nearby St. Benedict’s Church, called the Painted Church for its colourful murals depicting biblical scenes, was the first Roman Catholic church in Hawaii. The site where Captain James Cook was killed is 3 miles (5 km) north of Honaunau. Pop. (2000) Honaunau-Napoopoo, 2,414; (2010) Honaunau-Napoopoo, 2,567.

Saint Bernard, working dog credited with saving hundreds of lives in centuries of service as a pathfinder and rescue dog. The breed is named after Saint Bernard, 11th-century Catholic archdeacon of the Aosta diocese (northwestern Italy on the border with Switzerland) and a patron saint of hospices

St. Blaise: …in the 16th century, the blessing of St. Blaise is a ceremony still practiced and celebrated on his feast day in many places. Two candles are consecrated and crossed before the congregation; or a wick, consecrated in oil, is touched to the throats of the faithful. This blessing may be…

Detroit Lions: The Dan Campbell era: …strong play of Goff, receiver Amon-Ra St. Brown, and defensive end Aidan Hutchinson. The Lions then had a breakout year in 2023. The team finished the regular season with a 12–5 record and qualified for the playoffs. In the wild card round Detroit faced Stafford and the Rams, and the…

Odense: The Gothic St. Canute’s Cathedral (c. 1300), originally founded by Canute in the 11th century, houses his shrine and traditional tomb in the crypt. Odense Castle, which now houses the county administrative offices, was rebuilt by Frederick IV in 1720, partly on the foundations of St. Hans’s…

Lucas Cranach, the Elder: Paintings: The first decade of Cranach’s stay at Wittenberg was marked by a series of experiments in which he adapted his style to suit the demands of the Saxon court. The right wing of the St. Catherine Altarpiece (1506) already shows a radical break with his earlier style; there is exquisite…

St. Paul: The contemporary city: …the main campus of the St. Catherine University (Roman Catholic; 1905), the University of St. Thomas (Roman Catholic; 1885), Hamline University (Methodist; 1854), Macalester College (1874), Bethel University (Baptist; 1871), Luther Seminary (Lutheran; 1869), Concordia University (Lutheran; 1893), a campus of Metropolitan State

Native American: Allotment: In Canada the decision in St. Catherine’s Milling & Lumber Company v. The Queen (1888) found that aboriginal land remained in the purview of the crown despite treaties that indicated otherwise and that the dominion, as an agent of the crown, could thus terminate Native title at will.

Peter Paul Rubens: Return to Antwerp: …magnificent new Jesuit church (now St. Charles Borromeo) in Antwerp, which was dedicated in 1621. He also contributed to the church’s architectural design. Its high altar, enshrining his two interchangeable altarpieces devoted to Saints Ignatius and Francis Xavier (1617–18), was crowned by a semidome and illuminated by an oculus, resembling…

Daniele Crespi: His best works, such as St. Charles Borromeo at Supper (c. 1628), are distinguished by harsh shadows set off by a raking overhead light.

East Liverpool, city, Columbiana county, eastern Ohio, U.S., some 45 miles (70 km) south of Youngstown. It lies along the Ohio River (there bridged to Newell and Chester, W.Va.), at a point where Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia meet. Founded in 1798 by Thomas Fawcett, an Irish Quaker, it was

Battle of Fallen Timbers: Context: Arthur St. Clair. A fresh regiment of infantry recruits and additional militiamen accompanied the original expeditionary regiment, but, when St. Clair reached the upper part of the Wabash River, his army was defeated by Little Turtle in a deadly ambush. The U.S. casualty rate was…

Little Eva, fictional character, the frail, angelic daughter of a Southern slave owner who befriends the black slave Uncle Tom, in Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851–52) by Harriet Beecher

Jane Grey Swisshelm: …reestablished her paper as the St. Cloud Visiter. The venture was short-lived; a group of men supporting slavery destroyed her printing press in March 1858. By the summer of that year, however, Swisshelm had launched the St. Cloud Democrat in its place. She sold the business in 1863. During the…

Ruth St. Denis was an American contemporary dance innovator who influenced almost every phase of American dance. From an early age Ruth Dennis displayed a marked interest in the theatre and especially in dance. She began dancing and acting in vaudeville and musical comedy shows when she was a

Zadar: St. Donat’s remarkable circular church dates from the 9th century; St. Mary’s Church (1091) has one of the most important church treasuries in Croatia; and the Romanesque Church of St. Krševan was consecrated in 1175. There are also the 13th-century Cathedral of St. Stošija (Anastasia),…

St. Dymphna ; feast day May 15) was an Irish virgin martyr who is venerated as the patron saint of people with mental disorders and epilepsy and victims of incest. Most accounts say she lived in the 7th century, but some propose that she lived in the 5th or 6th century or as late as the 9th.

St. Edward’s Crown, coronation crown of the kings and queens of England, used only for the moment of crowning; during the rest of the ceremony, the monarch wears the Imperial State Crown. The appellation of St. Edward’s Crown was first used in the 13th century, after Henry III had transferred the

St. Elias Mountains, segment of the Pacific Coast Ranges of northwestern North America. The mountains extend southeastward for about 250 miles (400 km) from the Wrangell Mountains to Cross Sound along the border between Canada (Yukon territory) and the United States (Alaska). Many peaks in the

Bulgaria: Foreign policy under Ferdinand: …initiated a revolt—known as the Ilinden (St. Elijah’s Day) Uprising—the goal of which was to establish an independent Macedonian state. The revolt, however, was brutally suppressed, focusing attention yet again on the problems of Turkish misrule in Macedonia. In 1908 the revolution of the Young Turks led Balkan statesmen to…

Zuiderzee floods: Named St. Elizabeth’s flood for the saint’s November 19 feast day, this inundation engulfed Zeeland and southern Holland, flooding several villages and transforming a segment of reclaimed land called Grote Waard into an inland sea. Some areas that were flooded in this storm remain under water…

Košice: …the great Gothic Cathedral of St. Elizabeth, St. Michael’s Chapel, Levoča House (the former warehouse of the trading-settlement merchants), and several other churches and palaces.

Augusta Jane Evans Wilson: Her next novel, St. Elmo (1866), was a huge success, with its Byronic hero saved to righteousness by a virtuous maiden. It was later dramatized and in 1914 adapted for a silent film. (The book’s sentimentality and turgidity inspired a popular parody, St. Twel’mo, by William Webb.)

12 Essential Brat Pack Flicks: St. Elmo’s Fire (1985): Released only a few months after The Breakfast Club, St. Elmo’s Fire is the young adult counterpart to the earlier film’s teen drama. It’s also the film that directly inspired the Brat Pack moniker. Cast members Estevez, Lowe, and Nelson spent…

St. Elsewhere, American television medical drama widely acclaimed for its unflinching treatment of life-and-death issues, its naturalistic visual style, and its humour. Among the most critically praised shows of the 1980s, St. Elsewhere aired for six seasons (1982–88) on the National Broadcasting

Bordeaux wine: St. Emilion: Sometimes called masculine wines, St. Emilions are full-bodied and of darker colour than Médocs. The 1955 classification listed 12 called first great growths of St. Emilion, among which are Château Cheval Blanc and Château Ausone, of long-standing reputation. There were 63 châteaux rated…

Saintes: The Romanesque church of St. Eutropius contains the tomb of that saint, who was the town’s first bishop. The Romanesque church of Sainte-Marie and the adjoining 11th-century Abbaye-aux-Dames are among the other noteworthy buildings in the town.

Charles Darnay, fictional character, one of the protagonists of Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities (1859). Darnay is a highly principled young French aristocrat who is caught up in the events leading up to the French Revolution and is saved from the guillotine by Sydney

National World War II Memorial: Its designer, architect Friedrich St. Florian, won a national open competition. The memorial was constructed between 2001 and 2004 and opened to the public on April 29, 2004; its official dedication took place a month later, on May 29.

St. Frances of Rome: …of Tor de’ Specchi (Oblates of St. Frances of Rome), a community that, with the Olivetan Benedictines, works for the sick and the poor without taking formal religious vows. She is venerated as the patron saint of widows, Benedictine oblates, and motorists.

Sir Stanley Spencer: Francis of Assisi in St. Francis and the Birds (1935); it was interpreted as an offensive caricature. During World War II Spencer served as an official war artist and was assigned to document the shipbuilding yards of Port Glasgow, Scotland. His experience in this working-class community inspired a new…

St. Francis Dam disaster, catastrophic dam failure in California on March 12, 1928, that remains one of the worst civil engineering failures in American history. The ensuing flood killed hundreds and swept away thousands of acres of fertile land. The St. Francis Dam was completed in 1926 in San

Giovanni Bellini: For the St. Francis in Ecstasy of the Frick Collection or the St. Jerome at His Meditations, painted for the high altar of Santa Maria dei Miracoli in Venice, the anatomy of the earth is studied as carefully as those of human figures; but the purpose of…

Pedro de Mena: …but very moving statue of St. Francis of Assisi in His Tomb in the Toledo cathedral, and a Dolorosa at Cuenca cathedral and another Dolorosa (1673, Madrid, Descalzas Reales), both expressing their motif with remarkable poignancy.

Latin American architecture: Ouro Prêto: Brazilian Baroque architecture in the 18th century: …João d’El Rei and the Church of St. Francis of Assisi in Ouro Prêto. Of these two, the most harmonious is the Church of St. Francis. Its plan is based on the golden rectangle and the diagonal corners and curved balcony of his Church of Nossa Senhora do Carmó in…

Joliet: …Junior College (1901) and the University of St. Francis (1920). Lewis University (1932) and Isle a la Cache (“Island of the Hiding Place”) Museum, with exhibits on the French fur trade and the area’s Native American heritage, are in nearby Romeoville. The city was formerly the site of a large…

St. George ; feast day April 23) was an early Christian martyr who during the Middle Ages became an ideal of martial valor and selflessness. He is the patron saint of England and of Georgia and is venerated as one of the 14 Auxiliary Saints (Holy Helpers). Nothing of George’s life or deeds can be

Bernt Notke: …produced his major sculptural group, “St. George and the Dragon,” in Stockholm in 1489. Other documented works include the high altar at Tallinn (1482), the high altar at Århus, Den. (1479), and the “Triumphal Cross” in the Cathedral of Lübeck (1477).

Albrecht Altdorfer: …preoccupation with landscape, until in “St. George and the Dragon” (1510) the knight is practically overwhelmed by the primeval forest in which he performs his feat. With the “Regensburg Landscape” (c. 1522–25) and other works, Altdorfer painted the first pure landscapes—i.e., landscape scenes containing no human figures whatsoever—since antiquity. His…

Tintoretto: Career: …upon the milling crowd; in St. George and the Dragon, Tintoretto sets the fable in a landscape of considerable depth intersected by the white walls of the city. A series of canvases that the philosopher and physician Tommaso Rangone, grand guardian of the Scuola di San Marco, commissioned from Tintoretto…

Michel Colombe: …Colombe is a marble relief, “St. George and the Dragon” (1508–09). This work exhibits the influence of the Italian Renaissance in its perspective and compositional organization, but the careful attention to minute detail and the imaginative treatment of the dragon are typical of the artist’s own Gothic style.

World War I: The Western Front, March–September 1918: …9 the Germans began “St. George I” with an attack on the extreme northern front between Armentières and the canal of La Bassée, their aim being to advance across the Lys River toward Hazebrouck. Such was the initial success of this attack that “St. George II” was launched the…

World War I: The Western Front, March–September 1918: …of this attack that “St. George II” was launched the next day, with the capture of Kemmel Hill (Kemmelberg), southwest of Ypres, as its first objective. Armentières fell, and Ludendorff came to think for a time that this Battle of the Lys might be turned into a major effort.…

Donatello: Early career: …relief in his marble panel St. George Killing the Dragon (1416–17). Known as schiacciato (“flattened out”), the technique involved extremely shallow carving throughout, which created a far more-striking effect of atmospheric space than before. The sculptor no longer modeled his shapes in the usual way but rather seemed to “paint”…

Lucas van Leyden: …Susanna and the Elders (1508), St. George Liberating the Princess (c. 1508–09), and his famous series The Circular Passion (1510) are notable for their accurate rendering of space and subtly composed landscapes. In 1510, under the influence of Albrecht Dürer, Lucas produced two masterpieces of engraving, The Milkmaid and Ecce…

Prague Castle: The church that became St. George’s Basilica was begun about 920; the basilica still stands as a monument of Romanesque architecture. The martyred Prince Wenceslas I (the “Good King Wenceslas” of the Christmas carol) was interred in 932 in the Church of St. Vitus, predecessor to a cathedral dedicated…

St. George’s Chapel, part of Windsor Castle, in the district of Windsor and Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. This chapel was designed for the Most Noble Order of the Garter and was begun by Edward IV. It is one of the finest examples of the Perpendicular style of Gothic architecture in England. The

Kennebec River: Fort St. George, founded in 1607 at the head of navigation on the river near present-day Augusta, was the state’s first English settlement. The river’s name is Algonquian for “long, quiet water” and describes the stretch of river below Augusta.

St. Gotthard Pass, mountain pass in the Lepontine Alps of southern Switzerland, an important motor and railway route between central Europe and Italy. The pass lies at an elevation of 6,916 feet (2,108 meters) and is 16 miles (26 km) long. Although the pass was known to the Romans, it was not

Berlin: The city layout: …Committee Building; and the rebuilt St. Hedwig’s Cathedral, which dates from 1747 and which was the first Roman Catholic church to be built in Berlin after the Reformation. North of the Museum Island, in the Oranienburger Strasse, is Berlin’s main synagogue; it was officially reopened in 1991, 125 years after…

Sea Islands: …cotton were cultivated, especially on St. Helena and Port Royal (long the most economically important of the islands), and the fine long-staple Sea Island cotton was developed in the islands. After the American Civil War, abandoned plantations were confiscated and land given to formerly enslaved people. In the 1920s, after…

Church of the Holy Sepulchre: The Chapel of St. Helena was built by the Crusaders in her honor, and below it lies the Chapel of the Finding of the True Cross, in which the relic was reportedly discovered.

Ramla: John; and the Pool of St. Helena, an 8th-century reservoir (cistern) decorated with ornamental pillars and now used by small tourist boats. Pop. (2006 est.) 64,000.

Shirley Chisholm made history as the first African American woman to be elected to the U.S. Congress, serving in the House of Representatives from 1969 to 1983. In 1972 Chisholm also became the first woman to run for the Democratic Party’s presidential nomination. Shirley St. Hill was the daughter

Bloodhound, ancient breed of dog and likely the oldest breed of hound that hunts by scent. Its scenting ability is remarkable, and it is likely the breed from which most scent-hunting hounds have derived. It has roughly forty times the number of scent receptors—about 230 million—as the average

University of San Francisco, private coeducational institution of higher learning, located near Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, California, U.S., and affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic Church. It offers undergraduate, graduate, and professional degree programs. The university

Loyola University Chicago, private, coeducational university in Chicago, Illinois, U.S. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic Church. Loyola University was founded in 1870 on the near west side of Chicago as St. Ignatius College by members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman

John Carroll University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in University Heights, Ohio, U.S., just east of Cleveland. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. The university comprises the College of Arts and Sciences, the Boler School of Business, and

Alonso Cano: The Madrid paintings, including St. Isidore’s Miracle of the Well (1645–46), are more impressionistic, foreshadowing the work of Velázquez. Finally, the last paintings, from his stay in Granada, especially the Mysteries of the Virgin in the Cathedral, are harmonious, with a classic balance and symmetry.

St. Ives, town (parish), Cornwall unitary authority, southwestern England. It is situated on the western end of St. Ives Bay of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1497 the pretender Perkin Warbeck was proclaimed king when he anchored in St. Ives harbour. Clustered around the harbour is the old town of winding

Michael Wolgemut: The altarpiece of St. Jacob, Straubing, is attributed to the beginning of this activity (c. 1475–76), and those of the Marienkirche, Zwickau (1476–79), the Stiftskirche, Feuchtwangen (1484), the Heiligkreuzkirche, Nürnberg (1486), and the Stadtkirche of Schwabach (1506–08) are all known to be products of his workshop. With his…

Andrea Mantegna: Formative years in Padua: In the St. James Led to Martyrdom in the lowest row on the left wall, painted sometime between 1453 and 1455, both Mantegna’s mastery of di sotto in su (from below to above) perspective and his use of archaeologically correct details of Roman architecture are already apparent.…

Alonso Cano: His finest work of sculpture, St. James of Alcalá (1653–57), is characteristic in its simplicity of design and its expressive eloquence.

Saint James: …avenue called the Mall, is St. James’s Park (90 acres [36 hectares]), which is the oldest and most ornamental of the royal parks of central London. Originally a marshland, it was landscaped in an elaborate and formalized manner during the rule of Charles II (1660–85). The eastern end of the…

Saint James: …part of the district is St. James’s Square, which was created in the 1660s as an aristocratic housing development. Among the buildings surrounding its central garden are Chatham House (the former home of three British prime ministers), the London Library (a private subscription library opened in 1841), several private clubs,…

Santiago de Compostela: …the 21st century, with the festival of St. James, held on the martyr’s feast day in late July, drawing thousands each year. On July 24, 2013, the eve of the festival, a train carrying hundreds of pilgrims and holidaymakers derailed just outside the city. At least 77 people were killed…

Fred Allen was an American humorist whose laconic style, dry wit, and superb timing influenced a generation of radio and television performers. While working as a stack boy in the Boston Public Library, the young Sullivan came across a book on juggling from which he picked up that craft. He began

Liturgy of St. James, a eucharistic service based on the Antiochene Liturgy, said to be the most ancient Christian liturgy. Modified forms of the Liturgy of St. James are used by Catholic Syrians, Miaphysite Syrians (Jacobites), Maronites, and the Orthodox of Zakynthos and Jerusalem. In most

Leonardo da Vinci: Ginevra de’ Benci: >St. Jerome (c. 1482) Leonardo’s mastery of gesture and facial expression gave the saint an unrivaled expression of transfigured sorrow. Moreover, Leonardo presented the emaciated body of the saint in a sobering light, imbuing it with a naturalism that stemmed from his early interest in…

Giovanni Bellini: …the Frick Collection or the St. Jerome at His Meditations, painted for the high altar of Santa Maria dei Miracoli in Venice, the anatomy of the earth is studied as carefully as those of human figures; but the purpose of this naturalism is to convey idealism through the realistic portrayal…

Stefan Lochner: …Lochner’s earliest extant painting, “St. Jerome in His Cell.”

Albrecht Dürer: Development after the second Italian trip: …the Knight, Death and Devil, St. Jerome in His Study, and Melencolia I—all of approximately the same size, about 24.5 by 19.1 cm (9.5 by 7.5 inches). The extensive, complex, and often contradictory literature concerning these three engravings deals largely with their enigmatic, allusive, iconographic details. Although repeatedly contested, it…

Domenico Ghirlandaio: Early work: frescoes in the Church of Ognissanti and Chapel of Santa Fina: …of this period; his fresco St. Jerome in His Study (1480), also in Ognissanti, may even be an enlarged version in fresco of an oil painting by the Flemish painter Jan van Eyck, which had found its way to Florence. The St. Jerome fresco is particularly important because it is…

Antonello da Messina: 1455) and St. Jerome in His Study (c. 1460), already show Antonello’s characteristic combination of Flemish technique and realism with typically Italian modeling of forms and clarity of spatial arrangement.

Franciabigio: …soft, dramatic lighting of the St. Job Altar (1516). One of his best-known later paintings is his Story of Bathsheba (1523), which brings to mind the poses of some of Michelangelo’s figures on the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

St. Joseph, city, seat (1846) of Buchanan county, northwestern Missouri, U.S. It is located on the Missouri River (there bridged to Elwood, Kansas), 28 miles (45 km) north of Kansas City. A trading post was established (1826) on the site by Joseph Robidoux, a French Canadian trapper from St. Louis.

Rogier van der Weyden: In the St. John altarpiece and the Seven Sacraments triptych, executed between 1451 and 1455, shortly after Rogier’s return north, his characteristic austerity is tempered by his recollection of the more robust Italian styles; and, in both, the panels are unified from a single point of view.…

oratorio: The golden age of oratorio: 1600–c. 1750: …two great Passion oratorios, the Passion According to St. John (first performed 1724) and the Passion According to St. Matthew (1729), restored the balance attained by Schütz, though they are written on a greater scale and are enriched by the introduction of the later Italian aria. Bach, besides increasing the…

Donatello: Paduan period of Donatello: …and 1455: the wooden statue St. John the Baptist in Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, Venice, shortly before his return to Florence; and an even more extraordinary figure of St. Mary Magdalene for the Baptistery in Florence (now in the Museo dell’Opera del Duomo). Both works show new insight into…

Leonardo da Vinci: St. John the Baptist: Leonardo began the painting St. John the Baptist (1508–19), which he completed in France. Leonardo radically used light and shade to achieve sculptural volume and atmosphere; John emerges from darkness into light and seems to emanate light and goodness. Moreover, in painting the saint’s enigmatic smile, he presented Christ’s…

Geertgen tot Sint Jans: …on stylistic grounds, such as St. John the Baptist in the Wilderness, Virgin and Child, The Resurrection of Lazarus, The Virgin’s Kindred, Adoration of the Magi, and The Man of Sorrows. The Nativity at Night by Geertgen is remarkable for its rendering of chiaroscuro.

Auguste Rodin: Early life and work: …explored his personal style in St. John the Baptist Preaching (1880). Its success and that of The Age of Bronze at the salons of Paris and Brussels in 1880 established his reputation as a sculptor at age 40.

Leonardo da Vinci: Second Milanese period (1508–13): …Giovanni Francesco Rustici execute his St. John the Baptist Teaching, a large statue group in bronze for the Florence Baptistery. There are few extant examples to study of Leonardo’s sculptural work, and this piece offers discernible traces of his influence, notably in John’s stance, with the unusual gesture of his…

Basilian: (4) The Basilian Order of St. John the Baptist, also known as the Order of Suwayr, or the Baladites, was founded in 1712 and added the vow of humility to the usual vows. Its motherhouse is in Lebanon, and the Vatican set its canonical status in 1955.…