silk, animal fibre produced by certain insects and arachnids as building material for cocoons and webs, some of which can be used to make fine fabrics. In commercial use, silk is almost entirely limited to filaments from the cocoons of domesticated silkworms (caterpillars of several moth species

spider wasp, (family Pompilidae), any of about 5,000 species of large, parasitoid wasps that paralyze spiders to feed their larval young. They are distributed throughout most of the world. About 40 species occur in Great Britain, and more than 300 species are found in North America. Although they

spider: …instead weave silk snares, or webs, to capture prey. Webs are instinctively constructed and effectively trap flying insects. Many spiders inject venom into their prey to kill it quickly, whereas others first use silk wrappings to immobilize their victims.

scorpion: Food and feeding: …known specialist scorpion is the Australian spiral burrow, or spider-hunting, scorpion (Isometroides vescus), which feeds solely on burrowing spiders.

pirate spider, (family Mimetidae), any of around 100 species of spiders noted for their habit of eating other spiders. They are distributed nearly worldwide. Pirate spiders do not build nests or webs and move slowly on low plants or among leaf litter. They are characterized by a row of sharp

Spider-Man: Spider-Man in film and onstage: …prevented its production, Sony brought Spider-Man to the big screen in May 2002 with Tobey Maguire as the masked hero and Kirsten Dunst as Mary Jane. Critics adored the film, and it eventually earned more than $800 million worldwide. Spider-Man 2 (2004) and Spider-Man 3 (2007) proved equally successful. Director…

Todd McFarlane: His first Spider-Man, released in June 1990, sold an unprecedented 2.5 million copies. While Spider-Man held its top ranking, McFarlane and Marvel argued over promotion and control. In August 1991 McFarlane left Marvel to form his own company. He and his wife moved to Portland, Oregon, with…

Spider-Man, comic-book character who was the original everyman superhero. In Spider-Man’s first story, in Marvel Comics’ Amazing Fantasy, no. 15 (1962), American teenager Peter Parker, a poor sickly orphan, is bitten by a radioactive spider. As a result of the bite, he gains superhuman strength,

Michael Chabon: …draft of the script for Spider-Man 2 and collaborating on the script for John Carter (2012), adapted from an Edgar Rice Burroughs novel.

Spider-Man: Spider-Man in film and onstage: Spider-Man 2 (2004) and Spider-Man 3 (2007) proved equally successful. Director Sam Raimi, who helmed the trilogy, bowed out after the third film.

Spider-Man: Spider-Man in film and onstage: A sequel, Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, was released in 2023, and a third installment in the series is in the works.

Jake Gyllenhaal: Road House and Presumed Innocent: …The Sisters Brothers (2018) and Spider-Man: Far from Home (2019), about the comic-book superhero. In 2023 he starred in Guy Ritchie’s The Covenant, a thriller about a U.S. Army officer and his interpreter during the Afghanistan War. The following year Gyllenhaal took the lead role in a remake of Road…

Robert Downey, Jr.: Iron Man series and Oppenheimer: …America: Civil War (2016), and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017). In 2020 he starred in the family comedy Dolittle, which was based on the character created by Hugh Lofting.

Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, American animated superhero film released in 2018 that was acclaimed for its bold and inventive animation as well as its character-driven storytelling. The film was a commercial and critical success, grossing nearly $400 million worldwide and winning the Academy

Spider-Man: Spider-Man in film and onstage: …Far from Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). The next film in the series, Spider-Man: Brand New Day, is scheduled to be released in July 2026.

Spider-Man: Spider-Man in film and onstage: …was somewhat less auspicious, as Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark was plagued with problems. U2 members Bono and the Edge wrote the music and lyrics, and the original show was directed by Julie Taymor, who had overseen the spectacularly successful Broadway production of Disney’s The Lion King. Exasperated by the…

spiderflower, any of about 275 species of plants constituting the genus Cleome of the family Cleomaceae, mostly tropical annual herbs with a pungent odour. The popular cultivated spiderflower (C. hasslerana), with dark pink flowers fading almost to white by noon, is native to sandy thickets and

spider: …instead weave silk snares, or webs, to capture prey. Webs are instinctively constructed and effectively trap flying insects. Many spiders inject venom into their prey to kill it quickly, whereas others first use silk wrappings to immobilize their victims.

Joan Plowright: Film and TV: …voice of Miss Plushbottom, and The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008). She later had a cameo in the thriller Knife Edge (2009), which was her last feature film. She subsequently retired from acting because of macular degeneration, which ultimately led to a loss of eyesight.

spiderwort, (genus Tradescantia), genus of about 75 species of erect to trailing weak-stemmed herbs native to the Americas. Spiderworts are extremely easy to propagate, taking root readily from cuttings, and thus are very popular indoor plants. Some are grown as ground cover in warm climates.

Commelinales, the spiderwort and pickerelweed order of flowering plants, comprising more than 800 species of mostly tropical and subtropical herbs in five families: Commelinaceae, Pontederiaceae, Haemodoraceae, Philydraceae, and Hanguanaceae. Commelinaceae, or the spiderwort family, is the largest

Spider-Man, comic-book character who was the original everyman superhero. In Spider-Man’s first story, in Marvel Comics’ Amazing Fantasy, no. 15 (1962), American teenager Peter Parker, a poor sickly orphan, is bitten by a radioactive spider. As a result of the bite, he gains superhuman strength,

Spiegel affair, scandal in 1962, involving the weekly newsmagazine Der Spiegel and the West German government, that erupted after the magazine published an article about the country’s defense forces, evoking a harsh response from the federal authorities—particularly from Defense Minister Franz

Spiegel affair, scandal in 1962, involving the weekly newsmagazine Der Spiegel and the West German government, that erupted after the magazine published an article about the country’s defense forces, evoking a harsh response from the federal authorities—particularly from Defense Minister Franz

artificial reef: Types of artificial reefs: 5-meter) USS Spiegel Grove, which was sunk in 2002 off Key Largo, Florida, and is now the foundation of a thriving reef. Spiegel Grove is one of several decommissioned ships sunk in the area after the designation of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. One of…

Spiegel im Spiegel, composition by Estonian composer Arvo Pärt that exemplifies a style he invented and termed tintinnabuli, in which simple fragments of sound recur, like the ringing of bells. Composed in 1978 for violin and piano and premiered in that year by violinist Vladimir Spivakov, to whom

Jacob Cats: …most famous emblem book is Spiegel van den ouden ende nieuwen tijdt (1632; “Mirror of Old and New Times”), many quotations from which have become household sayings. It is written in a more homely style than his earlier works, in popular rather than classical Dutch. Two other works—Houwelyk (1625; “Marriage”)…

Spike Jonze is an American director and producer known for his visually arresting and innovative music videos and films. Jonze grew up in Maryland. He moved to Los Angeles in 1987 after graduating from high school. An ardent BMX biker, he soon became an assistant editor and later photographer for

Lion Feuchtwanger: …he founded a literary journal, Der Spiegel. His first historical novel was Die hässliche Herzogin (1923; The Ugly Duchess), about Margaret Maultasch, duchess of Tirol. His finest novel, Jud Süss (1925; also published as Jew Süss and Power), set in 18th-century Germany, revealed a depth of psychological analysis that remained…

Der Spiegel, weekly newsmagazine, preeminent in Germany and one of the most widely circulated in Europe, published in Hamburg since 1947. It was founded in 1946 as Diese Woche (“This Week”). The magazine is renowned for its aggressive, vigorous, and well-written exposés of government malpractice

stereotaxic surgery: …were pioneered by American neurologists Ernst A. Spiegel and Henry T. Wycis. Since then, a number of modifications and refinements have been made to stereotaxic devices, procedures, and atlases, and these advances have significantly improved the utility of stereotaxy.

Henric Laurenszoon Spieghel was a poet of the northern Dutch Renaissance whose highly individual spiritual beliefs set him apart from his contemporaries. In Spieghel’s greatest work, Hertspiegel (1614; “Heart-Mirror”), a long, often allegorical poem written in hexametres, he set out his

Sam Spiegel was an Austrian-born American motion-picture producer who was known as a titan of Hollywood. He was unaffiliated with any major studio and had a reputation as an irascible perfectionist. Three of his movies received an Academy Award for best picture. Spiegel studied at the University of

Sam Spiegel was an Austrian-born American motion-picture producer who was known as a titan of Hollywood. He was unaffiliated with any major studio and had a reputation as an irascible perfectionist. Three of his movies received an Academy Award for best picture. Spiegel studied at the University of

Art Spiegelman is an American author and illustrator whose Holocaust narratives Maus I: A Survivor’s Tale: My Father Bleeds History (1986) and Maus II: A Survivor’s Tale: And Here My Troubles Began (1991) helped to establish comic storytelling as a sophisticated adult literary medium. Spiegelman

calligraphy: Writing manuals and copybooks (16th to 18th century): In Jan van den Velde’s Spieghel der Schrijfkonste (Rotterdam, 1605; “Mirror of the Art of Writing”), flourishing seems to be as important as the letters themselves. Made with the same pen as the writing and in a single uninterrupted line, the flourishes in Velde’s Spieghel range from variations on spirals…

Jacob van Maerlant: …finally, his most important work, Spieghel Historiael, an adaptation with additions of his own of Vincent de Beauvais’s Speculum Historiale, begun about 1282 and completed after his death by Philippe Utenbroeke and Lodewijk van Velthem. These moralizing rhymed encyclopaedic works were written to satisfy the rising class of commoners who…

Henric Laurenszoon Spieghel was a poet of the northern Dutch Renaissance whose highly individual spiritual beliefs set him apart from his contemporaries. In Spieghel’s greatest work, Hertspiegel (1614; “Heart-Mirror”), a long, often allegorical poem written in hexametres, he set out his

Steven Spielberg is an American motion-picture director and producer whose diverse films—which ranged from science-fiction fare, including such classics as Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982), to historical dramas, notably Schindler’s List (1993) and

Steven Spielberg is an American motion-picture director and producer whose diverse films—which ranged from science-fiction fare, including such classics as Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982), to historical dramas, notably Schindler’s List (1993) and

Friedrich von Spielhagen was a popular writer whose works are considered representative of the social novel in Germany. After studying at the Universities of Berlin, Bonn, and Greifswald, Spielhagen was a teacher in a Gymnasium (high school) at Leipzig, but after 1854 he became entirely involved

Spielmann, wandering entertainer of the European Middle Ages who performed at fairs, markets, and castles. The Spielleute included singers, mimics, and sword swallowers. Also among them were the storytellers credited with keeping alive the native Germanic vernacular legends at a time when nearly

Spielmann, wandering entertainer of the European Middle Ages who performed at fairs, markets, and castles. The Spielleute included singers, mimics, and sword swallowers. Also among them were the storytellers credited with keeping alive the native Germanic vernacular legends at a time when nearly

Batten disease, rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease that begins in childhood. The disease is named for British physician Frederick Batten, who in 1903 described the cerebral degeneration and macular changes characteristic of the condition. Batten disease is among the most commonly occurring of

Michael Frayn: You Know (1992), Headlong (1999), Spies (2002), and Skios (2012). My Father’s Fortune (2010) was a memoir.

Tom Holland: Spider-Man stardom and other roles: …to several animated features, including Spies in Disguise (2019) and Onward (2020).

Dan Aykroyd: Movie blockbusters: The Blues Brothers and Ghostbusters: …roles from the 1980s include Spies Like Us (1985), directed by Landis, written by Aykroyd, and co-starring Chevy Chase; John Hughes’s The Great Outdoors (1988); and Caddyshack II (1988). In 1989 Aykroyd took on a dramatic role in Driving Miss Daisy, for which he received an

The cloak-and-dagger world of James Bond (inspired by the “ungentlemanly warfare” practiced by author Ian Fleming during World War II) is full of car chases, gun battles, and doomsday plots. In the real world of intelligence gathering, spies can often do more damage with a portable hard drive than

Haymarket Affair: Amid the panic, August Spies and seven other anarchists were convicted of murder on the grounds that they had conspired with or aided an unknown assailant. Many of the so-called “Chicago Eight,” however, were not even present at the May 4 event, and their alleged involvement was never…

Southeast Asian arts: Bali: …artist Rudolf Bonnet founded the Pita Maha (“Great Shining”) cooperative. Bonnet, in particular, guided and developed artists, introducing them to new materials, encouraging new subject matter, and promoting their works in the West. The Pita Maha was the catalyst for the establishment of a number of painters’ groups, such as…

Southeast Asian arts: Bali: …artist Rudolf Bonnet founded the Pita Maha (“Great Shining”) cooperative. Bonnet, in particular, guided and developed artists, introducing them to new materials, encouraging new subject matter, and promoting their works in the West. The Pita Maha was the catalyst for the establishment of a number of painters’ groups, such as…

Jordan Spieth is an American professional golfer who, at age 21, won the 2015 Masters Tournament and the U.S. Open, two of golf’s most prestigious events. He captured a third major title when he won the 2017 British Open. Spieth began hitting a golf ball at age four and began playing the sport

Jordan Spieth is an American professional golfer who, at age 21, won the 2015 Masters Tournament and the U.S. Open, two of golf’s most prestigious events. He captured a third major title when he won the 2017 British Open. Spieth began hitting a golf ball at age four and began playing the sport

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz: …primarily to literary work, publishing Śpiewy historyczne (1816; “Historical Songs”), a series of simple song poems that became very popular, and Lebje i Sióra (1821; Levi and Sarah, or, The Jewish Lovers: A Polish Tale), the first Polish novel to discuss the problems of Jews in Polish society. In 1831…

Loganiaceae: Some species of pinkroot (Spigelia) are known to be highly poisonous, but several, including S. marilandica, are also cultivated as ornamentals. Poisonous alkaloids found in the bark and seeds of plants of the genus Strychnos are used in arrow poisons such as curare and in drugs that stimulate…

Loganiaceae: …highly poisonous, but several, including S. marilandica, are also cultivated as ornamentals. Poisonous alkaloids found in the bark and seeds of plants of the genus Strychnos are used in arrow poisons such as curare and in drugs that stimulate the heart and central nervous system. Natal orange (Strychnos spinosa) of…

volleyball: Court, net, and ball dimensions: (This offensive action, called a spike, or kill, is usually performed most effectively and with greatest power near the net by the forward line of players.)

mass spectrometry: Trace element analysis: …isotopically enriched sample, called a spike, is added to the original material, thoroughly mixed with it, and extracted with that element. The mass spectrum of this mixture will be a combination of the natural spectrum of the element plus the unnatural one of the spike. By knowing the amount of…

Elvis Costello: Branching out to other genres: …sounds on his next album, Spike (1989), on which O’Riordan and former Beatle Paul McCartney cowrote several songs. In both of these works, Costello wrote about the role of the artist in popular culture, blending contemporary cultural imagery with modern and classical literary allusions. He developed a fragmented, dissonant lyrical…

inflorescence: Indeterminate inflorescence.: A spike is a raceme, but the flowers develop directly from the stem and are not borne on pedicels, as in barley (Hordeum).

spike heath, (Bruckenthalia spiculifolia), erect but spreading evergreen shrub, of the heath family (Ericaceae) and the order Ericales. The spike heath is native to southern Europe and to Asia Minor. It is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, especially in rock gardens. The plant grows about 25

lavender: Essential oil: Spike oil, or spike lavender oil, is distilled from a somewhat inferior grade of lavender. Oil of spike is used in painting on porcelain, in soap manufacture, and to scent other products.

spike moss, (family Selaginellaceae), family of more than 700 species of mossy or fernlike seedless vascular plants of the order Selaginellales. The family consists of a single genus, Selaginella. They are widely distributed in all parts of the world, particularly in the tropics. Many are forest

lavender: Essential oil: Spike oil, or spike lavender oil, is distilled from a somewhat inferior grade of lavender. Oil of spike is used in painting on porcelain, in soap manufacture, and to scent other products.

rampion: Spike rampion (P. spicatum) has oblong spikes of yellowish white flowers. Some species of rampion are grown as garden ornamentals. “Rampion” also refers to Campanula rapunculus, whose turniplike roots and leaves are eaten in salads.

Cyperaceae: Distribution and abundance: …species; and Fimbristylis, Eleocharis (spike rushes), and Scleria (nut rushes), each with about 200 species. Other large genera are Bulbostylis, with approximately 100 species; Schoenus, also with about 100 species; and Mapania, with up to 80 species.

winter hazel: Spike winter hazel (C. spicata), about the same height, blooms about the same time but bears lemon-yellow flowers. The fragrant winter hazel (C. glabrescens), up to 6 m tall, is somewhat hardier than the aforementioned species.

harrow: The horse-drawn or tractor-drawn spike-tooth harrow, or drag, developed in the early 19th century, has sections 1 to 1.5 metres (3 to 5 feet) wide with long spike teeth mounted nearly vertically on horizontal bars. It is used chiefly for pulverizing soil and for early cultivation. Spring-tooth harrows (developed…

ginger lily: Major species: Spiked ginger lily (H. spicatum) has heavily perfumed flowers and is used in traditional and Ayurvedic medicine.

tetraodontiform: Annotated classification: Family Triacanthodidae (spikefishes) The most primitive members of the order. Deepwater species with a truncated or rounded tail; deep caudal peduncle (the region between the end of the anal fin and the front of the tail); nonstreamlined body; soft dorsal and anal fins of about same…

Cyperaceae: Characteristic morphological features: …a single flower), forming the spikelet, the basic unit of a sedge inflorescence. Spikelets are arranged into inflorescences of variable size and form: from small, tight heads in many genera to panicles, the usual form of the inflorescence; panicles as long as one meter or more can be found in…

spikenard, (Nardostachys jatamansi), perennial herb (family Caprifoliaceae) of the Himalayas and its fragrant essential oil. The plant and its oil have been used since ancient times in traditional medicines, and the oil, derived from its woody rhizomes, is used as a perfume and in religious

spikenard: American spikenard (A. racemosa) is a North American member of the ginseng family (Araliaceae). The plant is characterized by large spicy-smelling roots and is cultivated as an ornamental. It grows 3.5 metres (11 feet) tall and has leaves divided into three heart-shaped parts. The flowers…

Brno: …by the castle on the Špilberk, withstood several sieges: in 1428 by the Hussites (religious reformers); in 1464 by George of Poděbrady, the Bohemian leader; and in 1645 by the Swedes, under Lennart Torstenson. Later, during the Silesian War of the Austrian Succession (1740–45), it was invaded again. It was…

tunnels and underground excavations: Hand-mined tunnels: …adaptation of it is termed spiling. In spiling the forepoles are intermittent with gaps between. Crown spiling is still resorted to for passing bad ground; in this case spiles may consist of rails driven ahead, or even steel bars set in holes drilled into crushed rock.

spilite, fine-grained or dense, extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock that is usually free of visible crystals and is commonly greenish or grayish green in colour. Spilites are of basaltic character but contain the feldspar albite in place of the normal labradorite. The dark mineral is a pale-brown

Spanish literature: Poetry: Jaume Roig’s Lo spill o llibre de les dones (c. 1460; “The Mirror or Book of Women”) was very different—a caustic satire on woman, written in more than 16,000 four-syllable lines, portraying contemporary Valencian life vividly. Johan Roiç de Corella, a Valencian lyricist, was perhaps the best…

Mickey Spillane was an American writer of detective fiction, whose popular work is characterized by violence and sexual licentiousness. Spillane began his career by writing for pulp magazines and comic books in order to pay for his schooling. His first novel—I, The Jury (1947)—introduced detective

Mickey Spillane was an American writer of detective fiction, whose popular work is characterized by violence and sexual licentiousness. Spillane began his career by writing for pulp magazines and comic books in order to pay for his schooling. His first novel—I, The Jury (1947)—introduced detective

glassware: Germany: …of the German intaglio engravers, Gottfried Spiller, whose deep cutting on the thick Potsdam glass has seldom, if ever, been surpassed. A notable, if lesser, engraver from the same shop was Heinrich Jäger; and later, in the 1730s and 1740s, work of high quality was done by Elias Rosbach.

pick-up-sticks, game of skill, played by both children and adults, with thin wooden sticks or with straws or matches. In the early 18th century sticks were made of ivory or bone; later they were made of wood or plastic. To begin the game, 20 to 50 sticks are bunched in one hand and set vertically

orographic precipitation: …ridge and is sometimes called spillover. On the lee side of the mountain range, rainfall is usually low, and the area is said to be in a rain shadow. Very heavy precipitation typically occurs upwind of a prominent mountain range that is oriented across a prevailing wind from a warm…

spillway, passage for surplus water over or around a dam when the reservoir itself is full. Spillways are particularly important safety features for several types of dams. They may lead over the dam or a portion of it or along a channel around the dam or a conduit through it, and the erosive energy

skunk: Spotted skunks (genus Spilogale) live from southwestern Canada to Costa Rica. Except for a white spot between the eyes, their spots are actually a series of interrupted stripes running down their back and sides. The spotted skunks are the smallest skunks, about the size of…

skunk: Natural history: …the spring, except in the western spotted skunk (S. gracilis), which breeds in the autumn but undergoes a period of delayed implantation lasting about 150 days.

skunk: …a tree squirrel—except for the pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea), which can fit in a person’s hand.

flea: Life cycle: The life cycle of the European rabbit flea (Spilopsyllus cuniculi) and its host are perfectly synchronized. The sexual development of male and female fleas is under the direct control of the rabbit’s sex hormones. Thus, the eggs of the female flea mature successfully only if she is feeding on a…

eagle: The serpent eagles, or snake eagles, Spilornis (six species, subfamily Circaetinae), eat mostly snakes, including large poisonous ones. They occur in Asia. Other birds called serpent eagles, notably the long-tailed members of the genera Dryotriorchis (e.g., African serpent eagle) and Eutriorchis (e.g., the endangered Madagascar serpent…

spin, in physics, the amount of angular momentum associated with a subatomic particle or nucleus and measured in multiples of a unit called the Dirac h, or h-bar (ℏ), equal to the Planck constant divided by 2π. For electrons, neutrons, and protons, the multiple is 0.5; pions have zero spin. The

mechanics: Rotation about a moving axis: …is sometimes called the body’s spin, and r × p is called the orbital angular momentum. Any change in the angular momentum of the body is given by the torque equation,

figure skating: Spins: Spins are generally performed on either the back outside or the back inside edge of the blade. A sit spin is done in sitting position, with the body supported by the leg that controls the spin as the free leg extends beside the bent…

Rock criticism: …or American magazines such as Spin (founded in 1985 as a younger, hipper rival to Rolling Stone) and The Village Voice.

Nikki Giovanni: Spin a Soft Black Song (1971), Ego-Tripping (1973), Vacation Time (1980), The Sun Is So Quiet (1996), and I Am Loved (2018) were collections of poems for children. Loneliness, thwarted hopes, and the theme of family affection became increasingly important in her poetry during the…

man-made fibre: Solution spinning: …not always) placed in the spin bath, a coagulation bath in which solvent diffuses out of the extruded material and a nonsolvent, usually water, diffuses into the extrudate. The resulting gel may be oriented by stretching during this stage, as the polymer is coagulated, or the freshly formed fibres may…

cricket: Bowling: The primary purpose of the spin is to bring the ball up from the pitch at an angle that is difficult for the batsman to anticipate. The two swerves (curves) are the “inswinger,” which moves in the air from off to leg (into the batsman), and the “away swinger,” or…

fishing: Methods: Bait casting and spin casting differ essentially in the type of reel, the rod length, and the strength of the line used. Bait casting usually employs a reel with heavier line, often in the 4,500- to 9,000-gram (10- to 20-pound) test range. Most spinning reels are usually spooled…

Paula Abdul: Music and acting: …on TV series, including in Spin City and Sabrina the Teenage Witch.

Spīn Ghar Range, mountain range forming a natural frontier between Pakistan and Afghanistan, extending westward for 100 miles (160 km) from the Vale of Peshawar (Pakistan) to the Lowrah Valley (Afghanistan). The boundary between the two countries runs along the summit of the range, which reaches a

ballistics: Spin stabilization, provided by rifling, causes gyroscopic wobbling in response to aerodynamic tumbling forces. Insufficient spin permits tumbling, and too much prevents dipping of the shot nose as it traverses the trajectory. Drift of the shot arises from lift, due to yawing, meteorological conditions, and…

spectroscopy: Fluorescence and phosphorescence: …of two orientations corresponding to magnetic spin quantum number ms = ± 1 2 . The Pauli exclusion principle requires that no two electrons in an atom have the same identical set of quantum numbers; hence when two electrons reside in a single AO or MO they must have different…