Mannheim school: …of the orchestra; Ignaz Holzbauer; Franz Xaver Richter; and Carlo Giuseppe Toeschi. These men established the supremacy of the Mannheim school and, in their orchestral works, initiated many of the effects that were to popularize it. The composers of the second generation are Anton Filtz; Johann Christian Cannabich, who perfected…

Gerhard Richter is a German painter known for his diverse painting styles and subjects. His deliberate lack of commitment to a single stylistic direction has often been read as an attack on the implicit ideologies embedded in the specific histories of painting. Such distaste for aesthetic dogma has

Jakob Böhme: Writings: … fell into the hands of Gregory Richter, successor to Martin Möller as pastor, who condemned the shoemaker’s pretensions to theology. Richter brought the matter up with the Görlitz town council, which forbade further writing on Böhme’s part.

film: The experimental and animated film: …World War I the artists Hans Richter and Viking Eggeling utilized the animation tables at the big UFA studio to make several of the first abstract animation films. While animation continued to interest experimental filmmakers over the following decades, the animated cartoon short became a fixture of exhibition programming, and…

Hans Richter was a Hungarian conductor, one of the greatest conductors of his era who was particularly esteemed for his performances of the works of Wagner and Brahms. Richter studied at the Vienna Conservatory. In 1867, recommended by Wagner, he became conductor of the Munich Opera, where he was

Hans Richter was a Hungarian conductor, one of the greatest conductors of his era who was particularly esteemed for his performances of the works of Wagner and Brahms. Richter studied at the Vienna Conservatory. In 1867, recommended by Wagner, he became conductor of the Munich Opera, where he was

Jean Paul was a German novelist and humorist whose works were immensely popular in the first 20 years of the 19th century. His pen name, Jean Paul, reflected his admiration for the French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Jean Paul’s writing bridged the shift in literature from the formal ideals of

Jean Paul was a German novelist and humorist whose works were immensely popular in the first 20 years of the 19th century. His pen name, Jean Paul, reflected his admiration for the French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Jean Paul’s writing bridged the shift in literature from the formal ideals of

Sviatoslav Richter was a Soviet pianist whose technical virtuosity, combined with subtle introspection, made him one of the preeminent pianists of the 20th century. Though his repertoire was enormous, he was especially praised for his interpretations of J.S. Bach, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt,

Sviatoslav Richter was a Soviet pianist whose technical virtuosity, combined with subtle introspection, made him one of the preeminent pianists of the 20th century. Though his repertoire was enormous, he was especially praised for his interpretations of J.S. Bach, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt,

WrestleMania: The original WrestleMania: …also made an appearance, managing Wendi Richter in her championship victory over Leilani Kai and even attacking Kai’s manager, The Fabulous Moolah. Other matches included an opener featuring Tito Santana defeating The Executioner, The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff winning the tag-team championship, and a “body slam challenge” between Andre…

richterite, amphibole mineral, a sodium silicate of calcium and magnesium or manganese. It occurs in thermally metamorphosed limestones and skarns or as a hydrothermal product in alkaline igneous rocks. Richterite is related to tremolite by the substitution of sodium for calcium in richterite’s

Ferdinand Paul Wilhelm, baron von Richthofen was a German geographer and geologist who produced a major work on China and contributed to the development of geographical methodology. He also helped establish the science of geomorphology, the branch of geology that deals with land and submarine

Manfred, baron von Richthofen was Germany’s top aviator and leading ace in World War I. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Members of a prosperous family, Richthofen and his younger brother Lothar followed their father into military careers. In 1912 Richthofen became a

Manfred, baron von Richthofen was Germany’s top aviator and leading ace in World War I. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Members of a prosperous family, Richthofen and his younger brother Lothar followed their father into military careers. In 1912 Richthofen became a

Ricimer was a general who acted as kingmaker in the Western Roman Empire from 456 to 472. Ricimer’s father was a chief of the Suebi (a Germanic people) and his mother was a Visigothic princess. Early in his military career he befriended the future emperor Majorian. After turning back an attempted

ricin, toxic protein (toxalbumin) occurring in the beanlike seeds of the castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis). Ricin, discovered in 1888 by German scientist Peter Hermann Stillmark, is one of the most toxic substances known. It is of special concern because of its potential use as a biological

stagecraft: Classical theatrical costume: …short cloak known as a ricinium. Because of this garment, the mime players were also known as riciniati.

carboxylic acid: Unsaturated aliphatic acids: Ricinoleic acid, an unsaturated hydroxy acid (i.e., one containing an ―OH group), occurs in castor oil. When this acid is pyrolyzed (heated in the absence of air), it breaks down to give undecylenic acid and n-heptaldehyde.

arachnid: Annotated classification: Order Ricinulei (ricinuleids) 30 primarily tropical species. Size 8–10 mm; abdomen of 9 segments, last 3 forming taillike pygidium; 6-legged larval form. Subclass Acari, Acarina, or Acarida (mites and ticks)

arachnid: Annotated classification: Order Ricinulei (ricinuleids) 30 primarily tropical species. Size 8–10 mm; abdomen of 9 segments, last 3 forming taillike pygidium; 6-legged larval form. Subclass Acari, Acarina, or Acarida (mites and ticks)

castor-oil plant, (Ricinus communis), large plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), grown commercially for the pharmaceutical and industrial uses of its oil and for use in landscaping. Probably native to tropical Africa, the castor-oil plant has become naturalized throughout warm areas of the

castor oil, nonvolatile fatty oil obtained from the seeds of the castor bean, Ricinus communis, of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). It is used in the production of synthetic resins, plastics, fibres, paints, varnishes, and various chemicals including drying oils and plasticizers. Castor oil is

Daniel Handler: He wrote screenplays for Rick (2003), which was based on the Giuseppe Verdi opera Rigoletto, and Kill the Poor (2003), an adaptation of the novel by Joel Rose. Handler also contributed to the screenplay for Lemony Snicket’s A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004). He later adapted the novels for…

Cartoon Network: History: …popular animated shows, such as Rick and Morty, The Boondocks, and Robot Chicken.

In the early 1980s, as radio became increasingly competitive—with every major music format fragmented to serve more and more specific groups of listeners—stations in large markets were content when they drew 3 or 4 percent of the total listening audience. Led by Rick Dees, a fresh-faced deejay out

Rick Mercer: …and Lunz in 2004 introduced Rick Mercer’s Monday Report, a comedic news-focused program that drew comparisons to American television’s The Daily Show. Like that program’s host, Jon Stewart, Mercer was commended not only as a satirist but as a trustworthy news source. Mercer, however, was quick to define his role…

Rick Mercer: …and Lunz in 2004 introduced Rick Mercer’s Monday Report, a comedic news-focused program that drew comparisons to American television’s The Daily Show. Like that program’s host, Jon Stewart, Mercer was commended not only as a satirist but as a trustworthy news source. Mercer, however, was quick to define his role…

Tex Rickard was an American gambler and fight promoter who made boxing fashionable and highly profitable. His promotions featuring Jack Dempsey, world heavyweight champion from 1919 to 1926, attracted the first five “million-dollar gates” ($1,000,000 or more in ticket receipts). (Read Gene Tunney’s

Tex Rickard was an American gambler and fight promoter who made boxing fashionable and highly profitable. His promotions featuring Jack Dempsey, world heavyweight champion from 1919 to 1926, attracted the first five “million-dollar gates” ($1,000,000 or more in ticket receipts). (Read Gene Tunney’s

rickardite, copper telluride mineral with the formula Cu7Te5, the purple-red masses of which resemble tarnished bornite. It was discovered at Vulcan, Colo., where it is accompanied by weissite, another copper telluride (Cu2−XTe). For chemical formulas and detailed physical properties, see sulfide

Edward Vernon Rickenbacker was a pilot, industrialist, and the most celebrated U.S. air ace of World War I. Rickenbacker developed an early interest in internal-combustion engines and automobiles, and, by the time the United States entered World War I, he was one of the country’s top three racing

Edward Vernon Rickenbacker was a pilot, industrialist, and the most celebrated U.S. air ace of World War I. Rickenbacker developed an early interest in internal-combustion engines and automobiles, and, by the time the United States entered World War I, he was one of the country’s top three racing

Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games: Notable events from the Vancouver Winter Games: February 17:

Heinrich Rickert was a German philosopher who founded the Baden school of Neo-Kantian thought in southwestern Germany and advanced an axiological approach to the Kantian theory of epistemology, allowing for greater objectivity in his metaphysical hypothesis of values. After receiving a degree from

rickets, disease of infancy and childhood characterized by softening of the bones, leading to abnormal bone growth and caused by a lack of vitamin D in the body. When the disorder occurs in adults, it is known as osteomalacia. Vitamin D (or, more specifically, calcitriol) is a steroid hormone that

bone disease: Metabolic bone disease: …a hereditary disorder known as familial hypophosphatemia; the phosphate leak causes low concentration of blood phosphate and, in turn, deficient mineralization of bone tissue, rickets, and osteomalacia. Familial hypophosphatemia is the most common cause of rickets in Europe and the United States. The basic deficiency is treated with high oral…

John Steinbeck: …life with the freelance biologist Edward F. Ricketts, and the two men collaborated in writing Sea of Cortez (1941), a study of the fauna of the Gulf of California. During World War II Steinbeck wrote some effective pieces of government propaganda, among them The Moon Is Down (1942), a novel…

Howard T. Ricketts was an American pathologist who discovered the causative organisms and mode of transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and epidemic typhus (known in Mexico, where Ricketts worked for a time and died of typhus, as tabardillo). Ricketts graduated in medicine from Northwestern

Howard T. Ricketts was an American pathologist who discovered the causative organisms and mode of transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and epidemic typhus (known in Mexico, where Ricketts worked for a time and died of typhus, as tabardillo). Ricketts graduated in medicine from Northwestern

Second Battle of Bull Run: The armies gather: James Ricketts, driving it back to Gainesville. That evening Jackson’s corps held a 2-mile (3.2-km) line from Sudley Springs to Groveton, with his right wing near Groveton opposing Union Brig. Gen. Rufus King’s division. Longstreet held Thoroughfare Gap, facing Ricketts at Gainesville. On Ricketts’s right…

circus: John Bill Ricketts and the American circus: By the late 18th century the circus had spread throughout Europe and had gained a fragile foothold in the United States. In 1793 John Bill Ricketts, a Scottish rider and former student of Hughes, presented exhibitions in Philadelphia…

rickettsia, (family Rickettsiaceae), family of bacteria, made up of two genera, Rickettsia and Orientia. The term rickettsia is sometimes also used to refer to organisms of the order Rickettsiales. The rickettsiae are rod-shaped or variably spherical, nonfilterable bacteria, and most species are

rickettsia: …which bloodsucking arthropods acquire the rickettsial bacteria and in turn transmit them to other animals and, occasionally, humans.

Q fever: …disease caused by the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii. Q fever spreads rapidly in cows, sheep, and goats, and in humans it tends to occur in localized outbreaks. The clinical symptoms are those of fever, chills, severe headache, and pneumonia. The disease is usually mild, and complications are rare. Treatment with

boutonneuse fever: …fever caused by the bacterium Rickettsia conorii conorii and transmitted by the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The disease is endemic to the Mediterranean region. Similar forms of boutonneuse fever occur in Africa, India, and southern Europe but are caused by different subspecies of R. conorii—for example, Indian tick typhus, caused…

typhus: Other forms of typhus: or murine, typhus, caused by Rickettsia typhi, has as its principal reservoir of infection the Norway rat; occasionally, the common house mouse and other species of small rodents have also been found to be infected. The rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis is the principal carrier of the disease, and transmission to…

typhus: Causes, symptoms, & Treatment: …is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii and is conveyed from person to person by the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus. The louse is infected by feeding with its powerful sucking mouth on a person who has the disease. As the louse sucks the person’s blood, rickettsiae pass into the…

trench fever: …Bartonella quintana (formerly known as Rochalimaea quintana, or Rickettsia quintana). Louse feces can enter the body through scratched or broken skin or through contact with the conjunctiva of the eye (the mucous membrane that lines the eyelid). The incubation period is 14 to 30 days before sudden symptom onset.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever: …States, caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by certain species of ticks. Although historically known from the Rocky Mountain region, particularly the U.S. states of Idaho and Montana, today Rocky Mountain spotted fever is most common on the eastern coast of the United States and has been found…

scrub typhus: …is caused by the parasite Orientia tsutsugamushi and is transmitted to humans by the bite of certain kinds of trombiculid mites, or chiggers. The causative agent of scrub typhus, the bacterium O. tsutsugamushi, is primarily a parasite of certain mites, of which two closely related species, Leptotrombidium (Trombicula) akamushi and…

typhus: Other forms of typhus: or murine, typhus, caused by Rickettsia typhi, has as its principal reservoir of infection the Norway rat; occasionally, the common house mouse and other species of small rodents have also been found to be infected. The rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis is the principal carrier of the disease, and transmission to…

rickettsia, (family Rickettsiaceae), family of bacteria, made up of two genera, Rickettsia and Orientia. The term rickettsia is sometimes also used to refer to organisms of the order Rickettsiales. The rickettsiae are rod-shaped or variably spherical, nonfilterable bacteria, and most species are

Q fever, acute self-limited systemic disease caused by the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii. Q fever spreads rapidly in cows, sheep, and goats, and in humans it tends to occur in localized outbreaks. The clinical symptoms are those of fever, chills, severe headache, and pneumonia. The disease is

Branch Rickey was an American professional baseball executive who devised the farm system of training ballplayers (1919) and hired the first Black players in organized baseball in the 20th century. Rickey started his professional playing career while studying at Ohio Wesleyan University, spent two

Branch Rickey was an American professional baseball executive who devised the farm system of training ballplayers (1919) and hired the first Black players in organized baseball in the 20th century. Rickey started his professional playing career while studying at Ohio Wesleyan University, spent two

Jonathan Demme: Ricki and the Flash (2015) was a dark comedy about an aging rock-and-roll singer (Meryl Streep) who reconnects with her family.

Don Rickles was an American comedian and actor known for a cheerfully belligerent brand of humor that relied heavily on ad-libbed insults and broad cultural stereotypes. Rickles grew up in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York, the only child of Jewish parents. At age 18 he enlisted in the navy and

Don Rickles was an American comedian and actor known for a cheerfully belligerent brand of humor that relied heavily on ad-libbed insults and broad cultural stereotypes. Rickles grew up in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York, the only child of Jewish parents. At age 18 he enlisted in the navy and

Alan Rickman was a British actor who had a distinguished career portraying a vast array of characters, both virtuous and nefarious, in theatre, film, and television productions. As Hans Gruber, the sinister villain in the hit action movie Die Hard (1988), Rickman created one of the most memorable

Alan Rickman was a British actor who had a distinguished career portraying a vast array of characters, both virtuous and nefarious, in theatre, film, and television productions. As Hans Gruber, the sinister villain in the hit action movie Die Hard (1988), Rickman created one of the most memorable

Thomas Rickman was a Gothic Revival architect, whose book An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture (1817) established the classification of English medieval architecture and the use of such terms as decorated and perpendicular Gothic. Originally a pharmacist’s assistant,

Hyman G. Rickover was an American naval officer and engineer who developed the world’s first nuclear-powered engines and the first atomic-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus, launched in 1954. He then went on to supervise plans for harnessing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Brought up in

Hyman G. Rickover was an American naval officer and engineer who developed the world’s first nuclear-powered engines and the first atomic-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus, launched in 1954. He then went on to supervise plans for harnessing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Brought up in

rickshaw, (from Japanese: “human-powered vehicle”), two-wheeled vehicle with a doorless, chairlike body and a collapsible hood, which holds one or two passengers and is drawn by a man between two shafts. It was used widely in the Orient but was largely superseded by the pedicab, a rickshaw driven

Chinese literature: 1927–37: …denizen of China’s “lower depths”—Luotuo Xiangzi (1936; “Camel Xiangzi,” published in English in a bowdlerized translation as Rickshaw Boy, 1945).

rickshaw, (from Japanese: “human-powered vehicle”), two-wheeled vehicle with a doorless, chairlike body and a collapsible hood, which holds one or two passengers and is drawn by a man between two shafts. It was used widely in the Orient but was largely superseded by the pedicab, a rickshaw driven

Chinese literature: 1927–37: …denizen of China’s “lower depths”—Luotuo Xiangzi (1936; “Camel Xiangzi,” published in English in a bowdlerized translation as Rickshaw Boy, 1945).

Ricky Gervais: …of the program, also called The Ricky Gervais Show (2010–12). Gervais and Merchant later created and appeared as fictionalized versions of themselves in the TV series Life’s Too Short, which, like Extras, lampooned the entertainment industry. The show debuted in 2011 and concluded with a special two years later. In…

Ricky Gervais: In 2005–06 Gervais hosted The Ricky Gervais Show, an Internet podcast in which he, Merchant, and Karl Pilkington engaged in casual (if sometimes bizarre) banter. The weekly show was downloaded by more than 500,000 listeners per episode, making it at the time the most downloaded podcast ever. The audio…

Ricky Martin: Solo career and breakthrough in the United States: …released his first English-language album, Ricky Martin, his second self-titled record. Chief among the songs is “Livin’ la Vida Loca” (“Living the Crazy Life”), which became one of the best-selling singles of all time. Martin was credited with helping jump-start the so-called “Latin explosion” at the turn of the millennium,…

Zac Efron: The Iron Claw and other projects from the 2020s: …from 2024 included the comedies Ricky Stanicky and A Family Affair.

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), U.S. federal statute targeting organized crime and white-collar crime. Since being enacted in 1970, it has been used extensively and successfully to prosecute thousands of individuals and organizations in the United States. Part of the

grandee: …Ages by certain of the ricos hombres, or powerful magnates of the realm, who had by then acquired vast influence and considerable privileges, including one—that of wearing a hat in the king’s presence—which later became characteristic of the dignity of grandee. The title was given a formal character in 1520…

Portugal: Medieval social and economic development: …of the greater aristocracy, the ricos-homens, who might be at court. The ricos-homens also comprised the bishops and abbots and masters of the orders of knighthood; many held private civil or military authority. The lesser nobility were without such rights. Below them came various classes of free commoners, such as…

ricochet, in gunnery, rebound of a projectile that strikes a hard surface, or the rebounding projectile itself. At one time a form of fire known as ricochet was widely used; artillery was aimed to permit the shot to strike and rebound in a succession of skips. The invention of this type of fire in

locomotion: Saltation: The locomotor pattern of saltation (hopping) is confined mainly to kangaroos, anurans (tailless amphibians), rabbits, and some groups of rodents in the vertebrates and to a number of insect families in the arthropods. All saltatory animals have hind legs that are approximately twice as…

Paul Ricoeur was a French philosopher and historian, who studied various linguistic and psychoanalytic theories of interpretation. Ricoeur graduated from the University of Rennes in 1932 and engaged in graduate studies of philosophy at the Sorbonne in Paris, receiving master’s (1935) and doctoral

Paul Ricoeur was a French philosopher and historian, who studied various linguistic and psychoanalytic theories of interpretation. Ricoeur graduated from the University of Rennes in 1932 and engaged in graduate studies of philosophy at the Sorbonne in Paris, receiving master’s (1935) and doctoral

Italian literature: The Risorgimento and after: …memoirs of Luigi Settembrini (Ricordanze della mia vita [1879–80; “Recollections of My Life”]) and Massimo D’Azeglio (I miei ricordi [1868; Things I Remember]). D’Azeglio’s historical novels and those of Francesco Guerrazzi now have a rather limited interest; and Mazzini’s didactic writings—of great merit in their good intentions—are generally regarded…

Francesco Guicciardini: …of maxims and observations, the Ricordi. His political thought is frequently akin to, and sometimes more radical than, that of his friend Niccolò Machiavelli, with whom he shared, despite his long service with the papacy, a criticism of the contemporary church. He disagreed, however, in his Considerazioni intorno ai “Discorsi”…

Giuseppe Verdi: Late years: …the initiative of his publisher, Giulio Ricordi. Reluctant to allow his most profitable composer to rest on his laurels, Ricordi contrived a reconciliation with Arrigo Boito, who had offended Verdi by some youthful criticism. A proposal that Boito should write a libretto based on Shakespeare’s Othello attracted the old composer,…

telenovela: Los ricos también lloran (“Rich People Cry Too”), which dealt with such a relationship and the family drama that ensued from it, was wildly popular in Mexico during the 1970s. The Peruvian telenovela Simplemente María (1969–71; “Simply Maria”)—which centered on a main character who moved…

ricotta, whey cheese with a creamy texture and mild taste. Italian in origin and yellowish white in colour, ricotta is traditionally made with whey from fresh sheep’s milk, although the whey can also come from the milk of goats, Italian water buffaloes, or cows. In Italian, the word ricotta means

Seven Holy Founders: Bartholomew Amidei, Gerard Sostegni, and Ricoverus Uguccione. Formally called the Ordo Fratrum Servorum Sanctae Mariae (“Order of Friar Servants of St. Mary”), the order is a Roman Catholic congregation of mendicant friars dedicated to apostolic work.

dinosaur: Growth and life span: … studies of fossilized bone by Armand de Ricqlès in Paris and R.E.H. Reid in Ireland showed that dinosaur skeletons grew quite rapidly. The time required for full growth has not been quantified for most dinosaurs, but de Ricqlès and his colleagues have shown that duckbills (hadrosaurs) such as Hypacrosaurus and…

Vilhelm Moberg: …oppression, Rid i natt! (1941; Ride This Night!), in which he dramatizes the necessity of men acting in the cause of freedom and justice.

PJ Harvey: …recorded Harvey’s most challenging album, Rid of Me (1993); a softer version of some of the same material, 4-Track Demos, came out later the same year. Following the tour in support of these releases, Ellis and Vaughan left PJ Harvey, which became the moniker for Harvey as a solo artist.…

scrapie, fatal neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats. Scrapie has been endemic in British sheep, particularly the Suffolk breed, since the early 18th century. Since that time the disease has been detected in countries worldwide, with the exception of Australia and New Zealand, as well as in

maqām: …sorrows; (7) the maqām of riḍā (satisfaction), a state of quiet contentment and joy that comes from the anticipation of the long-sought union.

India: The period of disorder, 1760–72: …Clive appointed a deputy divan, Muḥammad Riḍā Khan, who was at the same time appointed the nawab’s deputy. The chain was thus complete. The company, acting in the name of the emperor and using Indian personnel and the traditional apparatus of government, now ruled Bengal. The company’s agent was Riḍā…

Bill Hartack: …Belmont Stakes in 1960 and Ridan in the Arlington Futurity in 1961. In 1972 Hartack became the fifth jockey ever to win more than 4,000 races. He retired in 1980.

riddah, series of politico-religious uprisings in various parts of Arabia circa 632 ce during the caliphate of Abū Bakr (reigned 632–634). Despite the traditional resistance of the Bedouins to any restraining central authority, by 631 Muhammad was able to exact from the majority of their tribes at

Gamla Stan: Stads Island, Helgeands Island, and Riddar Island. Most of the buildings in this area date from the 16th and 17th centuries and are legally protected from renovation. Stads Island contains the Royal Palace; Storkyrkan, also called the Cathedral, or Church, of St. Nicolas; the German Church; the House of Lords;…

Stockholm: The contemporary city: …Island is dominated by the Riddarholm Church. The House of Parliament and the National Bank are on Helgeands Island.

Gamla Stan: Stads Island, Helgeands Island, and Riddar Island. Most of the buildings in this area date from the 16th and 17th centuries and are legally protected from renovation. Stads Island contains the Royal Palace; Storkyrkan, also called the Cathedral, or Church, of St. Nicolas; the German Church; the House of Lords;…

electroless plating: Riddell, electroless plating involves the deposition of such metals as copper, nickel, silver, gold, or palladium on the surface of a variety of materials by means of a reducing chemical bath. It is also used in mirroring, in which a clean surface of glass is…

Walter Alexander Riddell was a Canadian clergyman, statesman, and labour specialist who helped bring about enactment of such important benefits as employment exchanges, a mother’s allowance, and minimum wages during the deflation following World War I. Riddell was ordained in 1910 and went to work

Ridder, city, northeastern Kazakhstan. The city is situated in the southwestern Altai Mountains, along the Ulba River, at an elevation higher than 3,300 feet (1,000 metres). An Englishman, Philip Ridder, discovered a small mine containing gold, silver, copper, and lead there in 1786, and systematic

Willem Elsschot was a Flemish novelist and poet, the author of a small but remarkable oeuvre, whose laconic style and ironic observation of middle-class urban life mark him as one of the outstanding Flemish novelists of the first half of the 20th century. Elsschot’s first work, Villa des roses