gasoline engine: Exhaust system: The reactor system for controlling emissions is often composed of a belt-driven air compressor connected to small nozzles installed in the exhaust manifold facing the outlet from each exhaust valve. A small jet of air is thus directed toward the red-hot outflowing combustion products to provide…

nuclear reactor: Structural components: …power plant is usually the reactor vessel. In both the light-water reactor and the high-temperature gas-controlled reactor (HTGR), a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is utilized so that the coolant is contained and operated under conditions appropriate for power generation—namely, elevated temperature and pressure. Within the reactor vessel are a number…

A prospectus is a document that is legally required for every publicly traded stock, mutual fund, and exchange-traded fund (ETF). It lays out basic financial information, as well as the mission of the company or the fund. Public companies must include a prospectus as part of their initial (or

Jacques Audiard: Sur mes lèvres (Read My Lips, 2001) centers on the relationship between a deaf, lip-reading secretary (Emanuelle Devos) and an ex-convict (Vincent Cassel), each of whom relies on the other’s abilities.

Reba McEntire: Acting and later music: …McEntire recorded the hit album Read My Mind; published a best-selling autobiography, Reba: My Story; appeared in the films North and The Little Rascals; and won both a Grammy Award and a CMA Award for her collaboration with Linda Davis on “Does He Love You.” She starred in a number…

The quarterly earnings conference call is a long-running practice for most U.S.-based, publicly traded companies. Typically held soon after a company releases quarterly earnings results, the calls provide a platform for CEOs to explain their numbers and assess the business landscape—and for Wall

Benjamin Franklin: Youthful adventures: …the Read family, where stood Deborah, his future wife. She saw him and “thought I made, as I certainly did, a most awkward ridiculous Appearance.”

Herbert Harold Read was a geologist known for his research on the origins of granite. A member of His Majesty’s Geological Survey from 1914 until 1931, when he became George Herdman professor of geology at the University of Liverpool, Read in 1939 moved to the Imperial College of Science and

Mary Read was an English pirate of the early 18th century who, with her crewmate Anne Bonny, became legendary as one of the few female pirates. Read’s early life is largely unknown. Much of the information is derived from Capt. Charles Johnson’s A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the

Mary Read was an English pirate of the early 18th century who, with her crewmate Anne Bonny, became legendary as one of the few female pirates. Read’s early life is largely unknown. Much of the information is derived from Capt. Charles Johnson’s A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the

Nathan Read was an American engineer and inventor. Read attended and taught at Harvard University, and soon thereafter he invented technology to adapt James Watt’s steam engine to boats and road vehicles. He devised a chain-wheel method of using paddle wheels to propel a steamboat, and in 1791 he

Opie Read was an American journalist, humorist, novelist, and lecturer. Read specialized in the homespun humour of life in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Arkansas; Southern colonels, blacks, and drunken printers are frequently found in his writing. Inspired by Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography, Read

Sir Herbert Read was a poet and critic who was the chief British advocate and interpreter of modern art movements from the 1930s to the ’60s. His critical scrutiny embraced society, art, and literature from the point of view of a philosophic anarchist. Read grew up on a farm, and he described his

Sir Herbert Read was a poet and critic who was the chief British advocate and interpreter of modern art movements from the 1930s to the ’60s. His critical scrutiny embraced society, art, and literature from the point of view of a philosophic anarchist. Read grew up on a farm, and he described his

Sir Charles Frank: …1950 Frank and American physicist Thornton Read simultaneously discovered what came to be known as the Frank-Read mechanism for generating dislocations in a crystal.

computer memory: Semiconductor memory: Some nonvolatile memories, such as read-only memory (ROM), are not rewritable once manufactured or written. Each memory cell of a ROM chip has either a transistor for a 1 bit or none for a 0 bit. ROMs are used for programs that are essential parts of a computer’s operation, such…

Charles Reade was an English author whose novels attack, with passionate indignation and laborious research, the social injustices of his times. He is also remembered for his historical novel The Cloister and the Hearth (1861), which relates the adventures of the father of Desiderius Erasmus as he

technology of photography: Microfilming and microreproduction: Readers and reader printers are desk-top projectors that display the frames reenlarged to about natural size on a back projection screen. In a reader printer the image may also be projected on sensitized paper for full-size enlargements. Advanced readers have elaborate retrieval systems based on…

lector, in Christianity, a person chosen or set apart to read Holy Scripture in the church services. In the Eastern Orthodox churches lector is one of the minor orders in preparation for the priesthood. Although formerly a minor order in the Roman Catholic Church, the office was named a ministry by

technology of photography: Microfilming and microreproduction: Readers and reader printers are desk-top projectors that display the frames reenlarged to about natural size on a back projection screen. In a reader printer the image may also be projected on sensitized paper for full-size enlargements. Advanced readers have elaborate retrieval systems based on frame coding…

Reader’s Digest, U.S.-based monthly magazine, having probably the largest circulation of any periodical in the world. It was first published in 1922 as a digest of condensed articles of topical interest and entertainment value taken from other periodicals. Founded on a low budget by DeWitt Wallace

history of publishing: Reader’s Digest magazine: …and a liberal slant, was Reader’s Scope (1943–48). The most successful book digest was probably Omnibook (1938–57), each issue of which contained abridgments of several popular works of fiction and nonfiction. The digests originally carried no advertising, but after World War II they were gradually driven to it by rising…

dramatic literature: The range of dramatic forms and styles: …dramatic writing is the so-called readers’ theatre, in which actors read or recite without decor before an audience. (This is not to be confused with “closet drama,” often a dramatic poem that assumes dialogue form; e.g., Milton’s Samson Agonistes, 1671, written without the intention of stage performance.) The essential discipline…

Stephen Daldry: …to the big screen with The Reader (2008), which was adapted by Hare from German author Bernhard Schlink’s novel. The film peers at the spectre of the Holocaust in post-World War II Germany through the lens of an affair between an illiterate woman (played by Kate Winslet) and a teenage…

Stanley Fish: …literary critic particularly associated with reader-response criticism, according to which the meaning of a text is created, rather than discovered, by the reader; with neopragmatism, where critical practice is advanced over theory; and with the interpretive relationships between literature and law.

readerly and writerly, opposite types of literary text, as defined by the French critic Roland Barthes in his book S/Z (1970). Barthes used the terms lisible (“readerly”) and scriptible (“writerly”) to distinguish, respectively, between texts that are straightforward and demand no special effort to

computer science: Parallel and distributed computing: The reader and writer must be synchronized so that the writer does not overwrite existing data until the reader has processed it. Similarly, the reader should not start to read until data has been written in the area.

pedagogy: Foreknowledge about students and objectives: …the idea of the student’s readiness at various ages to grasp concepts of concrete and formal thought. Numerous agencies produce test material for those purposes, and in many countries the idea has been widely applied to selection for entry to secondary and higher schools; one of the purposes of so-called…

Reading, town and unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Berkshire, southern England, 38 miles (61 km) west of London. It is an important junction of railways running west from London and south from the Midlands, and the Kennet and Avon Canal (to Bath and Bristol) and the River Thames

Berthe Morisot: , Reading, 1873; and The Artist’s Sister Edma and Their Mother, 1870). Delicate and subtle, exquisite in color—often with a subdued emerald glow—they won her the admiration of her Impressionist colleagues. Like that of the other Impressionists, her work was ridiculed by many critics. Never commercially…

Reading, city, seat (1752) of Berks county, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Schuylkill River, 51 miles (82 km) northwest of Philadelphia. Laid out in 1748 by Nicholas Scull and William Parsons on land owned by Thomas and Richard Penn (sons of William Penn, Pennsylvania’s founder), it was

dyslexia: Primary symptoms include extremely poor reading skills owing to no apparent cause, a tendency to read and write words and letters in reversed sequences, similar reversals of words and letters in the person’s speech, and illegible handwriting.

Louis Althusser: Marx (1818–83), For Marx and Reading Capital (both published in 1965), Althusser sought to counter the prevalent interpretation of Marxism as an essentially “humanistic” and “individualist” philosophy in which history is a goal-directed process aimed at the realization and fulfillment of human nature under communism. Althusser asserted that this “Hegelian”…

cockfighting chair, chair with broad armrests that form a yoke with the back rail, to which a reading desk is attached. Broad in front but curving inward toward the back, the seat was shaped so that a reader could easily sit astride, facing the desk at the back of the chair and resting his arms on

Reading Company, American railroad in Pennsylvania, New York, and Delaware, absorbed into the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) in 1976. At its peak in the first half of the 20th century, it was the largest American carrier of anthracite coal. It began as the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad

Evelyn Wood: …her system, which she called Reading Dynamics, was the use of the hand as a pacer as the eyes followed its rapid zigzag motion down each page. In 1959 she opened the first Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics Institute, in Washington, D.C. It was followed by many more such learning centres.…

heredity: Mechanisms of mutation: …termination codon is called the reading frame. If a nucleotide pair is added to or subtracted from this sequence, the reading frame from that point will be shifted by one nucleotide pair, and all of the codons downstream will be altered. The result will be a protein whose first section…

Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books, memoir by Iranian-American writer Azar Nafisi. Published in 2003, it is an account of her life teaching literature in Iran between 1979 and 1997. Born in Tehrān and educated in England, Switzerland, and the United States, Nafisi returned to Iran, where

Traders like to “follow the money,” and in the futures markets, two clues can help: trading volume and open interest. Picture the market as a bathtub with a flowing spigot and an open drain. The spigot is volume. The drain is day traders and those closing positions. What about the water that’s

LeVar Burton: Reading Rainbow and Star Trek: The Next Generation: …of the new PBS show Reading Rainbow. Each episode featured a children’s book read by a narrator, who over the years included such celebrities as actor James Earl Jones and singer Lou Rawls. Then Burton explored the theme of the book through interviews and visits to different locations. At the…

canon: …icumen in (also called the Reading Rota; “rota” was a medieval term for round). This unique six-part composition is based on a four-voice canon that can be derived from a single notated part according to verbal instructions, or canones (“rules”). Two canonic supporting voices forming a ground bass (repeated bass…

Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st marquess of Reading was a politician, lord chief justice of England, and diplomat. Called to the bar in 1887, Isaacs built a prosperous practice, representing trade unions as well as large corporations. In 1904 he was elected to the House of Commons as a Liberal. Appointed

Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st marquess of Reading was a politician, lord chief justice of England, and diplomat. Called to the bar in 1887, Isaacs built a prosperous practice, representing trade unions as well as large corporations. In 1904 he was elected to the House of Commons as a Liberal. Appointed

William Mahone: …the Confederacy who led Virginia’s “Readjuster” reform movement from 1879 to 1882.

Christianity: The readjustment: The goal of the mystic is not simply a transient ecstasy; it is a permanent state of being in which the person’s nature is transformed or deified. This state is frequently spoken of as a spiritual marriage involving God and the soul. This unitive…

Chelsea Manning: …2022 she released the memoir README.txt.

English literature: Milton: …the republic with his tract The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth (1660), a courageous but desperate program for a permanent oligarchy of the Puritan elect, the only device he could suggest to prevent the return to royal slavery.

Adam Brody: Stardom: From The O.C. to movies: …also appeared in the thriller Ready or Not (2019). In 2020 Brody played the lead role in The Kid Detective, on which he also served as an executive producer. Although both the movie and Brody’s performance were lauded by critics, the film struggled at the box office. Brody played bit…

Steven Spielberg: The 2010s and beyond: …after a 13-year absence with Ready Player One (2018). The film takes place in a dystopian 2045 when the inhabitants of a declining Earth find refuge in the exciting virtual world of OASIS. It follows Wade Watts, a 1980s-loving teen, as his avatar competes with other users to find the…

metaverse: …sequels and Ernest Cline’s novel Ready Player One (2011; film 2018).

Ready Steady Go! and Top of the Pops: The beat group boom that reinvigorated British pop music in the 1960s reached the nation’s television screens in February 1963, when the Beatles appeared on Independent Television’s (ITV’s) Thank Your Lucky Stars, followed in July by the Rolling Stones. However, it was ITV’s Ready Steady…

The beat group boom that reinvigorated British pop music in the 1960s reached the nation’s television screens in February 1963, when the Beatles appeared on Independent Television’s (ITV’s) Thank Your Lucky Stars, followed in July by the Rolling Stones. However, it was ITV’s Ready Steady Go!,

The Notorious B.I.G.: …year, and his first album, Ready to Die, was released in 1994 under the name The Notorious B.I.G. Popular singles from that album include “Juicy” and “Big Poppa”—the latter earning him a Grammy nomination for best rap solo performance. Both before and after the release of the album, he collaborated…

Iggy and the Stooges: …the band, which subsequently issued Ready to Die (2013). The 2014 death of Scott Asheton, however, seemed to mark a definitive end to the band. Iggy subsequently released the well-received Post Pop Depression (2016) and the more atmospheric Free (2019). The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall…

So, you’re ready to invest—but how do you choose (and manage) your investments? That’s where portfolio management comes in. It’s about more than just picking a few good stocks or bonds; it’s the art and science of combining different investments to balance risk and reward over time. Good portfolio

If you have auto insurance or home insurance, you know those contracts typically expire every 12 months. Just before the expiration date comes up each year, you’ll receive a renewal notice from your insurance broker. If you accept the terms and renew the contract, you’re essentially “rolling” your

ready-made, everyday object selected and designated as art; the name was coined by the French artist Marcel Duchamp. Duchamp created the first ready-made, Bicycle Wheel (1913), which consisted of a wheel mounted on a stool, as a protest against the excessive importance attached to works of art.

Pierre Cardin: …created one of the first ready-to-wear collections for women presented by a “name” designer and in 1960 introduced the first designer ready-to-wear collection for men. In the mid-1960s his stark, short tunics and his use of vinyl, helmets, and goggles helped launch the so-called Space Age look. Cardin later became…

Dennis Quaid: Comeback: The Parent Trap, The Rookie, and Reagan: …he starred in another biopic, Reagan, portraying the 40th U.S. president. That year he also appeared with Demi Moore and Margaret Qualley in The Substance. The body horror film centers on an aging actress who discovers a medical treatment that will make her look younger, though at a great cost.

Ronald Reagan: The Middle East and Central America: …which became known as the Reagan Doctrine, was applied with particular zeal in Latin America. During the 1980s the United States supported military-dominated governments in El Salvador in a bloody civil war with the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional; FMLN), providing the country…

John Henninger Reagan was an American congressman who was postmaster general of the Confederate States of America and later coauthor of the bill creating the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission. Reagan went to Texas in 1839 and fought against the Cherokees. He worked as a surveyor and studied law,

Nancy Reagan was an American first lady (1981–89)—the wife of Ronald Reagan, 40th president of the United States—and actress, noted for her efforts to discourage drug use by American youths. Christened Anne Frances, she was quickly nicknamed Nancy by her mother and used that name throughout her

Nancy Reagan was an American first lady (1981–89)—the wife of Ronald Reagan, 40th president of the United States—and actress, noted for her efforts to discourage drug use by American youths. Christened Anne Frances, she was quickly nicknamed Nancy by her mother and used that name throughout her

Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the United States (1981–89), noted for his conservative Republicanism, his fervent anticommunism, and his appealing personal style, characterized by a jaunty affability and folksy charm. The only movie actor ever to become president, he had a remarkable skill

Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the United States (1981–89), noted for his conservative Republicanism, his fervent anticommunism, and his appealing personal style, characterized by a jaunty affability and folksy charm. The only movie actor ever to become president, he had a remarkable skill

Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the United States (1981–89), noted for his conservative Republicanism, his fervent anticommunism, and his appealing personal style, characterized by a jaunty affability and folksy charm. The only movie actor ever to become president, he had a remarkable skill

Reaganomics, popular term for the economic policies of U.S. Pres. Ronald Reagan. The word is a portmanteau of Reagan and economics and was first attributed to radio broadcaster Paul Harvey. It has been used by both Reagan’s supporters and critics. The policies have also been referred to as

ether: Complexes of ethers with reagents: The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of…

reagin, type of antibody found in the serum and skin of allergically hypersensitive persons and in smaller amounts in the serum of normally sensitive persons. Most reaginic antibodies are the immunoglobulin E (IgE) fraction in the blood. Reagins are easily destroyed by heating, do not pass the

Bernice Johnson Reagon is an African American musician and historian whose work ranged from African spirituals to militant civil rights anthems. Reagon grew up surrounded by the sacred music of her father’s Baptist church. In 1959 she entered Albany State College, where she studied music and first

real, monetary unit of Brazil. Each real (plural: reais) is divided into 100 centavos. The Central Bank of Brazil (Banco Central do Brasil) has the exclusive authority to issue banknotes and coins in Brazil. Coins are issued in denominations ranging from 1 centavo to 1 real. Banknotes are valued

coin: The colonial period: …the escudo) and the silver real. The coins of Spanish America were specifically: in gold, the escudo (3.38 grams), two-escudos, four-escudos, eight-escudos, or onza (the famous gold ounce), and the half-escudo, or escudito; in silver, the real (3.43 and 3.38 grams), the half-real and the quarter-real, or cuartillo, and the…

academy: The Royal Spanish Academy was founded in 1713 to preserve the Spanish language, and it published a landmark Spanish dictionary for that purpose.

academy: The Royal Spanish Academy was founded in 1713 to preserve the Spanish language, and it published a landmark Spanish dictionary for that purpose.

analysis: Properties of the real numbers: …Archimedean property completely characterize the real number system.

real and personal property, a basic division of property in English common law, roughly corresponding to the division between immovables and movables in civil law. At common law most interests in land and fixtures (such as permanent buildings) were classified as real-property interests. Leasehold

fugue: Elements of the fugue: …new key, it is a real answer; often, however, the melody will be slightly manipulated to avoid a true change of key, in which case it is a tonal answer.

bank: Asset management: …theory known as the “real bills doctrine,” according to which there could be no risk of banks overextending themselves or generating inflation as long as they stuck to short-term lending, especially if they limited themselves to discounting commercial bills or promissory notes supposedly representing “real” goods in various stages…

economic forecasting: Forecasting the GNP and its elements: Capital investment by business (spending for new plants and equipment) is particularly important. The incomes generated in the process of manufacturing new equipment and building new plants play a major role in increasing consumer spending during periods of expansion. But when investment slumps, employment and…

Roman law: Delict and contract: A real contract was one requiring that something should be transferred from one party to the other and that the obligation arising should be for the return of that thing. Real contracts included loans of money, loans of goods, deposits, and pledges. Consensual contracts needed nothing…

restrictive covenant, in Anglo-American property law, an agreement limiting the use of property. Known to Roman law but little used in England or the United States until the 19th century, restrictive covenants are now widely used. To protect property values and provide neighbourhood stability,

Real Cuerpo de Minería, (Spanish: “Royal Mining Company”), guild of mine owners in the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The guild was set up by royal decree in 1777 in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) to reorganize and to provide capital for technological improvements in the mining industry.

epistemology: Plato: …designed to elicit a “real definition.” By a real definition Plato means a set of necessary and sufficient conditions that exactly determine the entities to which a given concept applies. The entities to which the concept “being a brother” applies, for example, are determined by the concepts “being male”…

Pachuca: The Real del Monte mine, begun in 1739 and still in operation, is one of the most extensive mining properties in the world. The patio, or Mexican, process of separating silver from the ore by amalgamation with mercury was perfected in Pachuca by Bartolomé de Medina…

labour economics: Movement of the general level of pay: The rise of real earnings may be traced by comparing the movements of earnings in money with those of an index number of the prices of the articles on which pay is typically expended. Such comparisons indicate that between 1860 and 1960 the real earnings of manual workers…

real and personal property, a basic division of property in English common law, roughly corresponding to the division between immovables and movables in civil law. At common law most interests in land and fixtures (such as permanent buildings) were classified as real-property interests. Leasehold

agency: The variety of Anglo-American agents: …are the powers of the real estate agent, who may show the land and state the asking price to the potential buyer without ordinarily being empowered to make further representations. The store salesman is similarly restricted in his power to represent his principal and can usually do no more than…

When a home changes hands, money moves in more ways than one. Beyond the price tag, there’s the cost of paying the people who make the deal happen—the agents and brokers who market listings, guide offers, and close transactions. For decades, their pay has followed a familiar pattern: a percentage

There’s an old saying that goes, “Buy land, they’re not making it anymore.” But purchasing real estate often requires a lot of money, tying up capital in an asset that might not be easy to sell. Plus, there’s the hassle of maintaining a physical asset and being a landlord if you rent or lease it.

evidence: Real evidence: The remaining form of evidence is so-called real evidence, also known as demonstrative or objective evidence. This is naturally the most direct evidence, since the objects in question are inspected by the judge or jury themselves. Problems arise in this area over who…

money: After Bretton Woods: What matters is the so-called real exchange rate—the nominal exchange rate adjusted by prices at home and abroad. The buyer of Brazilian shoes in England cares only about the cost of the shoes in local currency—that is, British pounds. The Brazilian price of shoes is multiplied by the exchange rate…

tapestry: 17th and 18th centuries: …Alfombras de Santa Barbara (Royal Factory of Tapestries and Rugs of St. Barbara) in 1720 at Madrid, however, that important tapestry was produced in Spain. Initially, the weavers and director were Flemings. The first tapestries made at Santa Barbara were woven from the cartoons of such Flemish Baroque painters…

metalogic: Ultrafilters, ultraproducts, and ultrapowers: …of the field ℜ of real numbers, a real closed field that is elementarily equivalent to ℜ is obtained that is non-Archimedean—i.e., which permits numbers a and b such that no n can make na greater than b. This development supplies an unexpected exact foundation for the classical differential calculus…

Havana: City layout: …oldest fortification, La Fuerza (Castillo de la Fuerza), was begun in 1565 and completed in 1583. Its site at the Plaza de Armas was that of an even older fort erected by Hernando de Soto in 1538 and later destroyed by French pirates.

Martha Coolidge: …first major Hollywood studio movie, Real Genius. Her other feature films included Rambling Rose (1991); Lost in Yonkers (1993), based on Neil Simon’s award-winning play; Angie (1994), a feminist film that examines the friendship between two women as one of them faces single motherhood; Out to Sea (1997), starring Walter…

Henry Hathaway: Early work: With Cooper, Hathaway next made The Real Glory (1939), an action film set in the Philippines during the Moro Wars (1901–13). Johnny Apollo (1940) offered a less-exotic locale, but Hathaway turned this familiar saga of a good man (played by Tyrone Power) gone wrong into one of the year’s better…

camp: The reality of camp: The Real Housewives franchise, introduced on the cable TV network Bravo in 2006, was originally conceived as a documentary series set in Orange county, California, offering an “authentic look” behind the gates of one of the wealthiest communities in the United States. The series later…

optical image: In a real image the light rays actually are brought to a focus at the image position, and the real image may be made visible on a screen—e.g., a sheet of paper—whereas a virtual image cannot. Examples of real images are those made by a camera lens…

Real Irish Republican Army, a splinter group of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that continues to use violence to express its opposition to the terms of the peace laid out in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement that largely brought to an end the struggle between unionists and nationalists during the