Bill Paxton was an American actor who was an exceptionally versatile artist; he played a wide variety of roles in films and on television, conveying in each part an essential and believable humanity. Paxton moved to Los Angeles when he was 18 years old and entered the film industry as a set dresser

comparable worth, in economics, the principle that men and women should be compensated equally for work requiring comparable skills, responsibilities, and effort. In the United States the concept of comparable worth was introduced in the 1970s by reformers seeking to correct inequities in pay for

gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. As more women

Kevin Spacey: Later credits and House of Cards: … and Haley Joel Osment in Pay It Forward (2000) and appeared as a newspaper reporter in The Shipping News (2001), a film adaptation of E. Annie Proulx’s award-winning novel. In 2003 Spacey was appointed artistic director of the Old Vic in London. He was the first American to serve as…

A mortgage is a big expense, but it’s only one part of your family’s budget. Decisions about it need to be made in the context of your entire situation. For some of us, it makes sense to pay down the mortgage as soon as possible and live debt free. For others, that mortgage is an efficient use of

Ural Mountains: …to the low, severely eroded Pay-Khoy Ridge, which forms a 250-mile (400-km) fingerlike extension to the northern tip of the Urals proper, the mountains constitute the major portion of the Uralian orogenic belt, which stretches 2,175 miles (3,500 km) from the Aral Sea to the northernmost tip of Novaya Zemlya.

Ireland: Health and welfare: Pay-related social insurance is paid by most employees age 16 and over. Benefits include widows’ and orphans’ pensions, unemployment and disability benefits, deserted wives’ allowances, and old-age pensions. The indigent receive certain benefits on a noncontributory basis. These include widows’ and orphans’ pensions, old-age pensions,…

Central American and northern Andean Indian: Modern developments: …and the Jicaque, Miskito (Mosquito), Paya, and Sumo Indians, as well as many former and runaway African slaves, collaborated with them. These groups, however, at the end of the 20th century, were again relegated to an economically and politically marginal position.

Mesoamerican Indian languages: The classification and status of Mesoamerican languages:

Taksin was a Thai general, conqueror, and later king (1767–82) who reunited Thailand, or Siam, after its defeat at the hands of the Myanmar (Burmese) in 1767. Of Chinese-Thai parentage, Taksin became the protégé of a Thai nobleman who enrolled him in the royal service. In 1764 he gained the rank of

gaucho literature: …poetic genre that imitates the payadas (“ballads”) traditionally sung to guitar accompaniment by the wandering gaucho minstrels of Argentina and Uruguay. By extension, the term includes the body of South American literature that treats the way of life and philosophy of the itinerant gauchos. Long a part of South American…

Uruguay: The arts: …a popular contest called the payada, two singers, each with a guitar, take turns improvising verses to the same tune. Numerous radio stations and musical events reflect the popularity of rock music (mainly imported from the United States and Europe, though some Uruguayan bands enjoy wide followings) and Caribbean genres…

Muhammad Iqbal: Early life and career: Payām-e Mashriq (1923; “Message of the East”), written in response to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s West-östlicher Divan (1819; “Divan of West and East”), affirmed the universal validity of Islam. In 1927 Zabūr-e ʿAjam (“Persian Psalms”) appeared, about which A.J. Arberry, its translator into English, wrote…

Phayao, town, northern Thailand, lying in a mountainous region on the watershed between the Mekong and Chao Phraya river systems. Phayao is located on a scenic mountain lake that empties into the Ing River, a Mekong tributary. The town was the capital of a principality in the 13th and 14th

kheer, a chilled South Asian dessert made from slow-cooked rice, milk, and sugar, much like a rice pudding. It is typically flavoured with saffron, cardamom, raisins, and/or various nuts, notably pistachios, cashews, and almonds. The dish can also be made by using cracked wheat, tapioca, or

Mary Gordon: …Your Heart Lies (2017), and Payback (2020). The Rest of Life (1993) and The Liar’s Wife (2014) are collections of novellas. Among Gordon’s works of nonfiction are Spiritual Quests: The Art and Craft of Religious Writing (1988) and Good Boys and Dead Girls and Other Essays (1991). She also wrote…

Margaret Atwood: Other fiction and nonfiction works: …at the University of Cambridge; Payback (2008; film 2012), an impassioned essay that treats debt—both personal and governmental—as a cultural issue rather than as a political or an economic one; In Other Worlds: SF and the Human Imagination (2011), in which she illuminates her relationship to science fiction; and Burning…

thin-film solar cell: Types of thin-film solar cells: smallest carbon footprint and quickest payback time of any thin-film solar cell technology on the market (payback time being the time it takes for the solar panel’s electricity generation to cover the cost of purchase and installation).

John Woo: …War II starring Cage, and Paycheck (2003), a science-fiction thriller, were less successful.

Faron Young: …went on to fame included Johnny Paycheck, the Wilburn Brothers, Roger Miller, Lloyd Green, and Darrell McCall.

Saeed Jalili: Presidential ambitions: …enjoyed the support of the Paydari Front, a nascent fundamentalist faction that had arisen in Ahmadinejad’s second term to back its hard-line foreign policy and the crackdowns on domestic dissent against the Islamic Republic. But, when the election was held, Jalili came in third place with 11.3 percent of the…

Anselme Payen was a French chemist who made important contributions to industrial chemistry and discovered cellulose, a basic constituent of plant cells. Payen, the son of an industrialist, was put in charge of a borax-refining plant in 1815. He broke the Dutch monopoly on borax—most of which was

10 Conservationists of India: Jadav Payeng: Jadav Payeng is on a mission to fight climate change by planting one forest at a time. Beginning in 1979, when he was hired as a laborer in an Assam state-sponsored afforestation drive, Payeng planted and tended a forest on a barren sandbar of the…

Arctic: Conquest of the Northeast Passage: …command of Karl Weyprecht and Julius Payer mounted an attempt on the passage from the west, intending to winter at either Cape Chelyuskin or the New Siberian Islands. Instead, the ship was beset in the Barents Sea, and as it drifted north it came within sight of Franz Josef Land.…

Ural Mountains: Physiography: …level, although the highest peak, Mount Payer, reaches 4,829 feet (1,472 metres). The next stretch, the Nether-Polar Urals, extends for more than 140 miles (225 km) south to the Shchugor River. This section contains the highest peaks of the entire range, including Mount Narodnaya (6,217 feet [1,895 metres]) and Mount…

Payette River, watercourse, southwestern Idaho, U.S., formed by the confluence of the North Fork Payette River and South Fork Payette River in Boise National Forest near the village of Banks. The North Fork originates in Payette Lake, a popular recreation site near McCall. The Payette flows south

Julie Payette is a Canadian astronaut and engineer who was named the 29th governor-general of Canada (2017–21). Payette received a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from McGill University in Montreal in 1986 and a master’s degree in computer engineering from the University of Toronto in

You’ve heard all the jokes and tropes about taxes. They say nothing is certain in life except death and taxes; that people have giant boxes of receipts in their closets just waiting for the tax preparer; that there’s a mad scramble in April to get those returns filed. But understanding the ins and

ARCHIVED TOPIC: In light of the rise of Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) deals among college athletes, this topic was archived on Mar. 22, 2024, and will no longer be updated. The NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) is a nonprofit organization formed in 1906 that regulates college

ProCon Debates: Should Prisons Be Privatized?; Should the Federal Minimum Wage Be Increased? ProCon Issue in the News: A federal appeals court is considering rehearing a case about whether private prisons have to pay immigrant detainees the minimum wage of the state in which they work. On behalf of

rocket and missile system: Design principles: …of the missile (called the payload) coasts in the midcourse phase, usually beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. The payload contains the warhead (or warheads), the guidance system, and such penetration aids as decoys, electronic jammers, and chaff to help elude enemy defenses. The weight of this payload constitutes the missile’s throw…

astronaut: Astronaut training: …aboard the space shuttle as payload specialists, and teacher Christa McAuliffe was a “teacher in space” payload specialist on the doomed Challenger mission. The first U.S. astronaut to orbit Earth, John Glenn, returned to space as a shuttle payload specialist in October 1998. Most payload specialists made only one spaceflight.

payment, the performance of an obligation to pay money. A person under such an obligation is called a debtor, and a person to whom the obligation is owed is called a creditor. The obligation may arise in various ways, but it is most commonly the result of a commercial transaction or contract

There’s a relatively new thing in the retail trading world called zero-commission trading. As far as what it offers, the name says it all—you can place trades commission-free. Still, brokerages need to make money for the services they provide. So if they’re not getting compensated through

Curtis Bernhardt: 1950s and ’60s: Payment on Demand (1951) was a well-mounted drama about the marital problems of a couple (played by Davis and Barry Sullivan), with elaborate flashbacks building suspense. Sirocco (1951), a solid period action film, featured Bogart as a gunrunner, while The Blue Veil (1951) was a…

Peter Payne was an English theologian, diplomat, and follower of the early religious Reformer John Wycliffe. He was a leading figure in securing Bohemia for the Hussites. About the time Payne was principal of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford (1410–12), he joined the Lollards, and when the influential

Second Seminole War: Gadsden then negotiated the Treaty of Payne’s Landing (1832) with various Seminole leaders. It called for the Seminoles to move within three years to the land assigned to Creek Indians west of the Mississippi if Seminole leaders found the land to be suitable and for the Seminoles to be…

Alexander Payne is an American director, screenwriter, and producer noted for creating films that mix sardonic humor with humanistic character-driven drama in prosaic contemporary settings. Payne grew up in Omaha, where his mother was a professor of Romance languages and his father ran a

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was a British-born American astronomer who discovered that stars are made mainly of hydrogen and helium and established that stars could be classified according to their temperatures. Payne entered the University of Cambridge in 1919. A lecture by astronomer Sir Arthur

Alexander Payne is an American director, screenwriter, and producer noted for creating films that mix sardonic humor with humanistic character-driven drama in prosaic contemporary settings. Payne grew up in Omaha, where his mother was a professor of Romance languages and his father ran a

Dolley Madison was an American first lady (1809–17), the wife of James Madison, fourth president of the United States. Raised in the plain style of her Quaker family, she was renowned for her charm, warmth, and ingenuity. Her popularity as manager of the White House made that task a responsibility

Holland-Dozier-Holland: …company, Invictus/Hot Wax, for which Freda Payne, Honey Cone, and the Chairmen of the Board recorded. Holland-Dozier-Holland were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990. A memoir, Come and Get These Memories, written by Brian and Eddie Holland with Dave Thompson, was published in 2019.

Humfry Payne was an English archaeologist noted for the publication Necrocorinthia (1931), in which a vast body of important information on archaic vase painting and other arts practiced at Corinth was gathered and classified. Payne was educated at Christ Church College, Oxford, where he studied

Humfry Payne was an English archaeologist noted for the publication Necrocorinthia (1931), in which a vast body of important information on archaic vase painting and other arts practiced at Corinth was gathered and classified. Payne was educated at Christ Church College, Oxford, where he studied

John Payne was an American actor, a popular leading man during the 1940s who appeared opposite Alice Faye and Betty Grable in a succession of Twentieth Century-Fox musicals. Payne attended the University of Virginia and Columbia University in New York and made his motion-picture debut in Dodsworth

John Howard Payne was an American-born playwright and actor, who followed the techniques and themes of the European Romantic blank-verse dramatists. A precocious actor and writer, Payne wrote his first play, Julia, or, The Wanderer, when he was 15. Its success caused him to be sent to Union

Mary Surratt: Mary Surratt was arrested with Lewis Payne (who had wounded William Seward, the secretary of state), George Atzerodt (who had failed to murder Vice President Andrew Johnson), David Herold (who had accompanied Atzerodt), and two other alleged conspirators. She stood trial on May 12, 1865, before a nine-man military commission.…

One Direction: West Yorkshire, England) Liam Payne (born August 29, 1993, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England—died October 16, 2024, Buenos Aires, Argentina) Harry Styles (born February 1, 1994, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire, England)

One Direction: West Yorkshire, England) Liam Payne (born August 29, 1993, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England—died October 16, 2024, Buenos Aires, Argentina) Harry Styles (born February 1, 1994, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire, England)

Peter Payne was an English theologian, diplomat, and follower of the early religious Reformer John Wycliffe. He was a leading figure in securing Bohemia for the Hussites. About the time Payne was principal of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford (1410–12), he joined the Lollards, and when the influential

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act: …began writing the legislation, and Sereno Payne of New York, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee,introduced a bill that called for reductions. However, other members of the House revised the law to increase rates favoured by businesses within their districts. In the Senate, Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island,…

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1909 in response to a call from Republican Pres. William Howard Taft for lower tariffs. His acceptance of a bill that failed to significantly decrease rates caused him to lose the support of the progressive wing of his party. The

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was a British-born American astronomer who discovered that stars are made mainly of hydrogen and helium and established that stars could be classified according to their temperatures. Payne entered the University of Cambridge in 1919. A lecture by astronomer Sir Arthur

Chetumal, city, capital of Quintana Roo estado (state), southeastern Mexico. It is situated in the eastern Yucatán Peninsula, just north of the Belizean border. Chetumal lies at the mouth of the Hondo River on the Bay of Chetumal (an extension of the Caribbean Sea), at an elevation of 20 feet (6

statistics: Decision analysis: …is referred to as the payoff.

game theory: Cooperative versus noncooperative games: …impossible to deduce one player’s payoff from the payoff of the other; consequently, both players’ payoffs must be given.) The first number in each entry is the payoff to the row player (player A), and the second number is the payoff to the column player (player B).

disc jockey: …or gifts (commonly known as payola). This widespread practice of commercial bribery was given national exposure by a federal investigation in 1959. As a result, payola faded for a while, but in the mid-1980s new exposés revealed that the practice continued to exist in many quarters.

PayPal is an American e-commerce company formed in March 2000 that specializes in making money transfers over the Internet. The company enables users to link their PayPal accounts to their own bank accounts and credit cards, making transfers and payments faster than analog ways of moving money.

payroll tax, levy imposed on wages and salaries. In contrast to income taxes, payroll taxes do not include income from capital sources such as dividends and interest. Taxes on payrolls are seldom used as a source of general revenues, although in some developing countries the income tax base may

geography: Geography’s early research agenda in Europe: …regions, or what he called pays—relatively small homogeneous areas—whose distinctive genres de vie (“modes of life”) resulted from the interactions of people with their physical milieux. Unlike some of his German contemporaries, notably Ratzel, he did not see those interactions as predominantly determined by the physical environment. Instead, he promoted…

France: Military and financial organization: …areas of central France, the pays d’élection, the provincial assemblies, ceded their right to approve taxation and disappeared altogether. But, in those provinces where the provincial Estates survived (the pays d’état), the right to vote the amount of royal taxation also survived. During the Italian wars, meetings of the Estates…

history of Europe: Sovereigns and estates: …smaller assemblies of provinces (pays d’états) lately incorporated into the realm, such as Languedoc and Brittany. They met regularly and had a permanent staff for raising taxes on property. With respect to the other provinces (pays d’élection), the crown had enjoyed the crucial advantage of an annual tax since…

Germanic law: Rise of feudal and monarchial states: In the south, the so-called pays de droit écrit (“land of written law”), where Gallo-Romans had been far more numerous than Franks, the custom of each district was based mainly on the vulgar law of the Lex Romana Visigothorum. In Italy this law existed side by side with Lombard law.…

Pays de la Loire, région of France encompassing the western départements of Mayenne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, Vendée, and Loire-Atlantique. Pays de la Loire is bounded by the régions of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the northwest, Normandy to the north, Centre to the east, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the

Pierre Marivaux: Le Paysan parvenu (1734–35; “The Fortunate Peasant”) is the story of a handsome opportunistic young peasant who uses his attractiveness to older women to advance in the world. Both works concern struggles to arrive in society and reflect the author’s rejection of authority and religious…

Paysandú, city, western Uruguay, on the Uruguay River. The city was founded in 1772 by a priest, Policarpo Sandú, and 12 families of Christianized Indians, who translated the Spanish word padre (“father”) into the Guaraní Indian word pay, from which stems the name Paysandú. Now Uruguay’s third

farm management: Democratic Republic of the Congo: A land-settlement plan, called the paysannat system, in which strips of cultivated land were alternated with bush and grassland, was introduced in the 1930s to increase production. This system, however, has disintegrated since independence due to the lack of management personnel and government extension services and disruption of marketing channels.…

Georges Lefebvre: Lefebvre’s major work, Les Paysans du Nord pendant la Révolution française (1924; “The Peasants of the North During the French Revolution”), was the result of 20 years of research into the role of the peasantry during the Revolution, during which time he supported himself as a secondary school…

Payson, city, Utah county, northern Utah, U.S. Nestled in the foothills of the southern Wasatch Range, the city was founded as an agricultural colony in 1850 and was named after pioneer James Pace. A centre of grain and food-crop production, Payson later hosted several manufacturing plants

Elizabeth Payson Prentiss was an American writer of popular children’s books of a pious and homely character. Elizabeth Payson was the daughter of a well-known minister and revivalist. At age 19 she opened a short-lived school, but ill health made it difficult for her to establish herself. In 1845

Hebrew literature: Piyyuṭim: The authors were called payṭanim (from Greek poiētēs, “poet”), their poems piyyuṭim. The keynote was messianic fervour and religious exuberance. Besides employing the entire biblical, Mishnaic, and Aramaic vocabularies, the payṭanim coined thousands of new words. Such poems, presupposing a highly educated audience, abound in recondite allusions and contain…

Gary Payton is an American basketball player who is regarded as one of the most tenacious defenders in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA). When Payton went into the NBA in 1990, he was part of a new generation of players: they were brash, flashy, unafraid to speak their minds,

Gary Payton is an American basketball player who is regarded as one of the most tenacious defenders in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA). When Payton went into the NBA in 1990, he was part of a new generation of players: they were brash, flashy, unafraid to speak their minds,

New Orleans Saints: …record under first-year head coach Sean Payton. Featuring a potent offense led by quarterback Drew Brees, the Saints became national media darlings as they rebounded from the previous season’s adversity and defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in the postseason en route to their first NFC championship game, which they lost to…

Walter Payton was an American professional gridiron football player whose productivity and durability made him one of the game’s greatest running backs. He retired in 1987 as the leading rusher in the history of the National Football League (NFL), a title he held until 2002, when he was surpassed

Walter Payton was an American professional gridiron football player whose productivity and durability made him one of the game’s greatest running backs. He retired in 1987 as the leading rusher in the history of the National Football League (NFL), a title he held until 2002, when he was surpassed

Walter Payton was an American professional gridiron football player whose productivity and durability made him one of the game’s greatest running backs. He retired in 1987 as the leading rusher in the history of the National Football League (NFL), a title he held until 2002, when he was surpassed

caviar: This payusnaya caviar is preferred by some because of its more intense flavor. The red roe of salmon and that of other fishes is sometimes sold under the name caviar. The roes of whitefish and lumpfish are dyed black with cuttlefish ink to resemble sturgeon eggs.

Slavic religion: Folk conceptions: These forms are: bog (“god”); sporysh, anciently an edible herb, today a stalk of grain with two ears, a symbol of abundance; ray (“paradise”); and dobro (“the good”). The word bog is an Indo-Iranian word signifying riches, abundance, and good fortune. Sporysh symbolizes the same concept. In Iranian…

Víctor Paz Estenssoro was a Bolivian statesman, founder and principal leader of the left-wing Bolivian political party National Revolutionary Movement (MNR). He served three times as president of Bolivia (1952–56, 1960–64, 1985–89). Paz Estenssoro began his career as professor of economics at the

Manuel de Godoy was a Spanish royal favourite and twice prime minister, whose disastrous foreign policy contributed to a series of misfortunes and defeats that culminated in the abdication of King Charles IV and the occupation of Spain by the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte. Born into an old but poor

Octavio Paz was a Mexican poet, writer, and diplomat, recognized as one of the major Latin American writers of the 20th century. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990. (See Nobel Lecture: “In Search of the Present.”) Paz’s family was ruined financially by the Mexican Civil War, and he

Pazardzhik, town, west-central Bulgaria. It lies along the upper Maritsa River, between the Rhodope Mountains to the south and the Sredna Mountains to the north. It is a rail junction and an industrial centre, specializing in textiles, rubber, furniture, engineering, and the processing of

Pazardzhik, town, west-central Bulgaria. It lies along the upper Maritsa River, between the Rhodope Mountains to the south and the Sredna Mountains to the north. It is a rail junction and an industrial centre, specializing in textiles, rubber, furniture, engineering, and the processing of

Pazardzhik, town, west-central Bulgaria. It lies along the upper Maritsa River, between the Rhodope Mountains to the south and the Sredna Mountains to the north. It is a rail junction and an industrial centre, specializing in textiles, rubber, furniture, engineering, and the processing of

Guangzhou: Other districts: …the first phase of the Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center (Pazhou Complex) on Pazhou Island in the Pearl River. One of the largest such venues in the world, it hosts Guangzhou’s major trade shows (including the Guangzhou Trade Fair) and has spurred rapid development of Haizhu’s commerce and tourism-related…

Hungarian literature: Effects of the Counter-Reformation: A Jesuit cardinal, Péter Pázmány, a master of Hungarian prose, was outstanding as an orator and essayist. His writing was characterized by a vigorous and clear, though far from simple, style, use of popular expressions, and solid argument. His Isteni igazságra vezérlő kalauz (1613; “Guide to Divine Truth”)…

Emilia, condesa de Pardo Bazán: …and most representative novels are The House of Ulloa (originally in Spanish, Los pazos de Ulloa, 1886) and its sequel, La madre naturaleza (1887; “Mother Nature”)—studies of physical and moral ruin among the Galician squirearchy, set against a beautiful natural background and a moral background of corrupting power. Insolación (“Sunstroke”)…

Pazuzu, in Mesopotamian religion, the king of wind demons, son of Hanpa and brother of Humbaba (Huwawa). Adherents believed Pazuzu helped humans ward off other demons, and, thus, representations of his face served as popular apotropaic amulets in the 1st millennium bce in the Middle East. The

Pazyryk, Scythian burial site in a dry valley opening on the Bolshoy Ulagan River valley in Kazakhstan. The site, which consists of five large and nine smaller burial mounds and dates from about the 5th to the 3rd century bc, was excavated in 1929 and 1947–49. It is perhaps the richest source of

Desiderio da Settignano: …the tondi for Filippo Brunelleschi’s Pazzi Chapel in Florence sometime after 1451 and completed the marble Altar of the Sacrament in San Lorenzo, Florence (1461), which is considered to be one of the decorative masterpieces of the 15th century.

Pazzi conspiracy, (April 26, 1478), unsuccessful plot to overthrow the Medici rulers of Florence; the most dramatic of all political opposition to the Medici family. The conspiracy was led by the rival Pazzi family of Florence. In league with the Pazzi were Pope Sixtus IV and his nephew Girolamo

Filippo Brunelleschi: Architectural career: …and influential Florentine family, the Pazzi, commissioned Brunelleschi to design a chapel adjacent to the monastic Church of Santa Croce that was intended to be a chapter house (a place of assembly for monks to conduct business). Work probably did not begin before 1442; the building still was not complete…

Italian literature: Fiction at the turn of the 21st century: Conscientiously constructed are Roberto Pazzi’s pseudo-historical novels Cercando l’imperatore (1985; Searching for the Emperor) and La principessa e il drago (1986; The Princess and the Dragon).

Italy: Florence of Italy: Yet the “War of the Pazzi” (1478–80) that followed, with Florence pitted against a papacy allied to Naples, proved dangerous and expensive, and Lorenzo emerged from it only with great difficulty.

lead (Pb), a soft, silvery white or grayish metal in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. Lead is very malleable, ductile, and dense and is a poor conductor of electricity. Known in antiquity and believed by the alchemists to be the oldest of metals, lead is highly durable and resistant to

polybutylene terephthalate: Pipe made with PBT (so-called polybutylene pipe, or PB pipe) was formerly popular for residential plumbing as a low-cost and easily handled substitute for copper, but it was found to degrade after prolonged contact with oxidizing chemicals such as chlorine in municipal water supplies, so it is no longer used.…

peanut butter: Types and uses: …on toast or in a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, one of the earliest recipes for which was recorded in an article written by Julia Chandler Davis for a 1901 Boston culinary magazine. The marketing of the novel marshmallow creme in the early 1910s led to the creation of a…

Don Carter: …and first president of the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA; founded in 1958). He began bowling as a boy while working as a pinsetter. He built his own lane in the basement of the family home, and in 1953 he joined the St. Louis Budweiser team. Carter was bowler of the…

biomonitoring: Studies and surveillance programs: …that human milk levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), chemicals used as flame retardants in many consumer products, had doubled every five years. Other studies detected these chemicals in breast milk from women in Japan, Germany, the United States, and Canada, as well as in killer whales and polar bears…