The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) is a valuation measure that compares a company’s share price with its earnings per share (EPS). It is one of the most widely used ways to judge whether a stock looks expensive or cheap relative to its profits. P/E = price per share ÷ earnings per share Suppose a

The price-to-sales ratio (P/S) compares a company’s stock price with its sales—called revenue on the company income statement and in analyst reports. P/S = price per share ÷ revenue per share For example, if a company generates $10 billion in annual revenue and has 1 billion shares outstanding, its

The price/earnings-to-growth ratio (PEG) refines the price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) by adjusting for expected earnings growth (expressed as a whole number, e.g., 10 for 10%). PEG = P/E ratio ÷ earnings growth rate For example, a company trading at 20 times earnings with an expected annual growth

priceite, an earthy, white borate mineral, hydrated calcium borate (Ca4B10O19·7H2O). It has been found as masses and nodules in a hot-spring deposit near Chetco, Ore., U.S.; as nodules in shale in Death Valley, Calif., U.S.; and as very large masses (weighing up to a ton) underlying gypsum and clay

Audrey Tautou: …comedies Hors de prix (2006; Priceless) and Ensemble, c’est tout (2007; Hunting and Gathering). In 2009 she portrayed Coco Chanel in the biopic Coco avant Chanel (Coco Before Chanel). She evinced a widow who is drawn out of mourning by an oafish coworker in La Délicatesse (2011; Delicacy) and played…

F.A. Hayek: Life and major works: …attacked Hayek’s own recent book, Prices and Production (1931). Both economists were criticized by other economists, and this caused each to rethink his framework. Keynes finished first, publishing in 1936 what would become perhaps the most famous economics book of the century, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.…

Prichard, city, Mobile county, southwestern Alabama, U.S., a northern industrial suburb of Mobile. It was named for Cleveland Prichard, who purchased a tract of land (1879) on the east side of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad track and developed it into a vegetable-shipping point for markets in the

H.A. Prichard was an English philosopher, one of the leading members of the Oxford intuitionist school of moral philosophy, which held that moral values are ultimate and irreducible and can be ascertained only through the use of intuition. Prichard spent most of his life teaching at the University

H.A. Prichard was an English philosopher, one of the leading members of the Oxford intuitionist school of moral philosophy, which held that moral values are ultimate and irreducible and can be ascertained only through the use of intuition. Prichard spent most of his life teaching at the University

James Cowles Prichard was an English physician and ethnologist who was among the first to assign all the human races and ethnic groups to a single species. He was also responsible for the conception of moral insanity (psychopathic personality) as a distinct disease. Prichard received his early

Katharine Susannah Prichard was an Australian novelist and writer of short stories, plays, and verse, best known for Coonardoo (1929). Prichard’s father was editor of the Fiji Times, and she grew up mostly in Australia. She first worked as a newspaper journalist in Melbourne and Sydney and then as

Celtic literature: Welsh literature in the 17th century: …version of the Psalms and Rhys Prichard’s Canwyll y Cymry (1646–72; “The Welshman’s Candle”), both written in so-called free meters. Prys’s Psalter contained the first Welsh metrical hymns. Prichard’s work consisted of moral verses in the meters of the old folk songs (penillion telyn). Many other poets wrote in these…

Price refers to the amount of money required to purchase a product or service. Price can also be seen as a measure of a product’s value, insofar as people are willing to pay a certain monetary amount to buy it. (Read Milton Friedman’s Britannica entry on money.) Price plays an essential role in the

Stephen Frears: …continued to garner praise with Prick Up Your Ears (1987), a biographical movie about British playwright Joe Orton, and the American films Dangerous Liaisons (1988) and The Grifters (1990), for which he received an Academy Award nomination. He subsequently directed the comedies The Snapper (1993) and

angiosperm: Dermal tissue: Prickles, such as those found in roses, are an outgrowth of the epidermis and are an effective deterrent against herbivores.

integument: Skin structure: …the prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum), in which they are knit together by plaquelike structures called desmosomes. Next they move through a granular layer (stratum granulosum), in which they become laden with keratohyalin, a granular component of keratin. Finally the cells flatten, lose their nuclei, and form the stratum…

prickleback, any of numerous fishes constituting the family Stichaeidae (order Perciformes). All of the approximately 60 species are marine, and most are restricted to the northern Pacific Ocean; a few species occur in the North Atlantic. Members of the family are characteristically elongate, with

angelica tree, (species Aralia spinosa), prickly-stemmed shrub or tree, of the ginseng family (Araliaceae), that can reach a height of 15 m (about 50 feet). Its leaves are large, with leaflets arranged feather-fashion and often prickly. The angelica tree is native to low-lying areas from Delaware

prickly ash, (genus Zanthoxylum), genus of about 200 species of aromatic trees and shrubs of the rue family (Rutaceae), native to the middle latitudes of North America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Several species are cultivated as ornamentals or for their attractive wood, and some

miliaria: Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, the most common form of sweat retention, results from the escape of sweat into the epidermis, where it produces discrete, densely packed, pinhead vesicles or red papules (solid, usually conical elevations); these lesions occur chiefly on the trunk and extremities,…

weed: Examples are prickly lettuce (Lactuca scariola) and sow thistle (Sonchus species) that serve as hosts for downy mildew; wild mustards (Brassica species) that host clubroot of cabbage; and saltbrush (Atriplex species) and Russian thistle, in which curly top virus

prickly pear, any of several species of flat-stemmed spiny cacti of the genus Opuntia (family Cactaceae) and their edible fruits. Prickly pear cacti are native to the Western Hemisphere. Several are cultivated, especially the Indian fig (O. ficus-indica), which is an important food for many peoples

prickly poppy, (genus Argemone), genus of approximately 30 species of North American and West Indian plants (one species is endemic to Hawaii) belonging to the poppy family (Papaveraceae). Prickly poppies are cultivated as garden ornamentals but frequently become troublesome weeds when growing

buffalo bur, (Solanum rostratum), plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), native to high plains east of the Rocky Mountains from North Dakota to Mexico. Buffalo bur, named for its prickly berries that were commonly entangled in the fur of American bison (Bison bison), is an aggressive weed in

desert: Flora: (One notable exception is the prickly saltwort [Salsola kali], which occurs in deserts in Central Asia, North Africa, California, and Australia, as well as in many saline coastal areas.) Floristic similarities among desert regions are particularly obvious where no wide barriers of ocean or humid vegetation exist to restrict plant…

Robert Coover: Books: Coover’s short-story collection Pricksongs & Descants (1969) established him as a major figure in postwar American writing, and several of his stories were adapted for theatrical performance, including “The Babysitter” (film 1995), which is his most-anthologized work, and “Spanking the Maid.” In 2002 he published The Grand Hotels…

Romania: Relief: …feet (467 meters) in the Pricopan Hills.

Bernie Mac: Film career and memoirs: …Howard, in the sports drama Pride in 2007, followed by the third film in the Ocean’s franchise, Ocean’s Thirteen (2007). That same year he announced his retirement from stand-up comedy and his plans to focus on acting and producing.

pride, in human psychology, a feeling of pleasure related to self-worth and often derived from personal achievements or talents, desirable possessions, or membership in an ethnic, religious, gender, social, political, or professional community or organization, among other associations. Pride can be

Pride Month is an annual celebration, usually in June in the United States and at other times in some countries, of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) identity. Pride Month commemorates the Stonewall riots, which began in the early hours of June 28, 1969, after police raided the

lion: Prides: Lions are unique among cats in that they live in a group, or pride. The members of a pride typically spend the day in several scattered groups that may unite to hunt or share a meal. A pride consists of several generations of lionesses,…

pride, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins, considered by some to be the gravest of all sins. In the theological sense, pride is defined as an excessive love of one’s own excellence. As a deadly sin, pride is believed to generate other sins and further immoral behaviour and is

Pride and Prejudice: Movies and other adaptations: …and Colin Firth, and the 2005 movie featuring Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen. Bride & Prejudice (2004) is a Bollywood version of the novel starring Aishwarya Rai Bachchan and Martin Henderson.

List of Jane Austen Film and TV Adaptations: Pride and Prejudice (published 1813): …and Peter Cushing, and a 1980 miniseries starring Elizabeth Garvie and David Rintoul. Netflix is producing a limited series starring Emma Corrin as Lizzy, Jack Lowden as Darcy, and Olivia Colman as Mrs. Bennet, a woman of little sense who is obsessed with marrying off her daughters.

Pride and Prejudice: Movies and other adaptations: …Olivier as Darcy, the BBC’s 1995 TV miniseries starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth, and the 2005 movie featuring Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen. Bride & Prejudice (2004) is a Bollywood version of the novel starring Aishwarya Rai Bachchan and Martin Henderson.

Pride and Prejudice, romantic novel of manners by English author Jane Austen, published anonymously in three volumes in 1813. A classic of English literature, written with incisive wit and superb character delineation, it follows Elizabeth Bennet, the daughter of a country gentleman, as she

Jane Austen: Notable adaptations: … was notably adapted into a 1940 movie starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier and a 1995 BBC miniseries with Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth. Other film adaptations of Pride and Prejudice include Bride & Prejudice (2004), directed by Gurinder Chadha and starring Aishwarya Rai Bachchan; a 2005 film featuring

Lily James: Breakout in Downton Abbey and subsequent lead roles: …in the comedic monster movie Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016); and Natasha Rostova in a BBC miniseries adaptation (2016) of Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace. In 2016 she also reteamed with Cinderella director Branagh and costar Richard Madden in a stage production of Romeo and Juliet at the Garrick…

Stanley Kramer: Directing: The historical drama The Pride and the Passion (1957), however, was better received, in part because of a cast that featured Sinatra, Cary Grant, and Sophia Loren. Kramer’s success continued with The Defiant Ones (1958), the first of his notable “message” pictures. The drama starred Sidney Poitier and…

Pride Month is an annual celebration, usually in June in the United States and at other times in some countries, of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) identity. Pride Month commemorates the Stonewall riots, which began in the early hours of June 28, 1969, after police raided the

graphic novel: The graphic novel grows up: …The Last Man (2002–08) and Pride of Baghdad (2006) by Brian K. Vaughan, with artwork by Pia Guerra and Niko Henrichon, respectively. These comics, along with a host of other artful and literate publications, have gained recognition and awards well beyond the sometimes insular world of comic fandom. They have…

Dolf Luque was a Cuban professional baseball player and manager who was the first player from Latin America to become a star in the U.S. major leagues. Luque, a right-handed pitcher, made his major league debut in 1914 with the Boston Braves but spent most of his career in the United States with

John Sayles: …he published his first novel, The Pride of the Bimbos, about a cross-dressing barnstorming softball team. A year later he won an O. Henry Award for his short story “I-80 Nebraska, m.490–m.205,” and he earned another in 1977 for “Breed.” Sayles’s second novel, Union Dues (1977), which follows a West…

Delmer Daves: Early work: Pride of the Marines (1945) was more serious fare. The biopic chronicles a marine’s difficulties in adjusting to civilian life after he was blinded at the Battle of Guadalcanal. Featuring a strong performance by Garfield in the lead role of Al Schmid, the film was…

The Pride of the Yankees, American biographical film, released in 1942, about New York Yankees All-Star and baseball legend Lou Gehrig. With notable performances—especially by Gary Cooper in the title role—and an inspiring story, it is considered one of the best American sports films. (Read Martin

Long Parliament: …the army had done at Pride’s Purge. The surviving group, known to historians as the Rump, brought Charles I to trial and execution in January 1649; it was forcibly ejected in 1653. After the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, the Rump was restored in May 1659 and expelled in October. It…

Charley Pride was an American country music singer who broke new ground in the 1960s by becoming the most successful African American star that the field had known to date and a significant next-generation standard bearer for the hard-core honky-tonk country music sound. The son of poor,

Charley Pride was an American country music singer who broke new ground in the 1960s by becoming the most successful African American star that the field had known to date and a significant next-generation standard bearer for the hard-core honky-tonk country music sound. The son of poor,

Sir Thomas Pride was a Parliamentary soldier during the English Civil Wars (1642–51), remembered chiefly for his expulsion of the Presbyterians and other members who opposed the Parliamentary army from the House of Commons in 1648. “Pride’s Purge,” as the incident is called, put the Independents in

goldenrain tree, (Koelreuteria paniculata), flowering tree of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native to East Asia and widely cultivated in temperate regions for its handsome foliage and curious bladderlike seedpods. The dome-shaped tree grows to about 9 metres (30 feet) tall. The yellow

Ma Rainey was an American singer who was known as the “mother of the blues” and who was recognized as the first great professional blues vocalist. While most sources state that she was born on April 26, 1886, in Columbus, Georgia, some suggest that her birth occurred in September 1882 in Alabama.

Pridi Phanomyong was a Thai political leader who was one of the instigators of the June 1932 constitutional revolution and was made prime minister in 1946. After studies at the Royal Law School, Pridi won a government scholarship to study law in France; he earned a doctorate in law from Paris in

Pridi Phanomyong was a Thai political leader who was one of the instigators of the June 1932 constitutional revolution and was made prime minister in 1946. After studies at the Royal Law School, Pridi won a government scholarship to study law in France; he earned a doctorate in law from Paris in

Ukraine: Resources and power: …brown coal found in the Dnieper River basin (north of Kryvyy Rih) and the bituminous coal deposits of the Lviv-Volyn basin. The coal mines of Ukraine are among the deepest in Europe. Many of them are considered dangerous because their depth contributes to increased levels of methane; methane-related explosions have…

Transdniestria, separatist enclave in Moldova, located on the east bank of the Dniester River. Loosely occupying some 1,350 square miles (3,500 square km), the self-proclaimed (1990) Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Republic is not recognized by any state. It has a national bank, national currency (the

Transdniestria, separatist enclave in Moldova, located on the east bank of the Dniester River. Loosely occupying some 1,350 square miles (3,500 square km), the self-proclaimed (1990) Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Republic is not recognized by any state. It has a national bank, national currency (the

Pridoli Series, uppermost of four main divisions of the Silurian System, representing those rocks deposited worldwide during the Pridoli Epoch (423 million to 419.2 million years ago). The series name is derived from the Pridoli area of the Daleje Valley on the outskirts of Prague in the Czech

Pridoli Series, uppermost of four main divisions of the Silurian System, representing those rocks deposited worldwide during the Pridoli Epoch (423 million to 419.2 million years ago). The series name is derived from the Pridoli area of the Daleje Valley on the outskirts of Prague in the Czech

Pridoli Series, uppermost of four main divisions of the Silurian System, representing those rocks deposited worldwide during the Pridoli Epoch (423 million to 419.2 million years ago). The series name is derived from the Pridoli area of the Daleje Valley on the outskirts of Prague in the Czech

Pridoli Series, uppermost of four main divisions of the Silurian System, representing those rocks deposited worldwide during the Pridoli Epoch (423 million to 419.2 million years ago). The series name is derived from the Pridoli area of the Daleje Valley on the outskirts of Prague in the Czech

Demyan Bedny was a Soviet poet known both for his verses glorifying the Revolution of 1917 and for his satirical fables. The natural son of a grand duke, Pridvorov began contributing to the socialist press before the Revolution, adopting the name Demyan Bedny (“Demyan the Poor”). In 1912 his

Jeanne-Agnes Berthelot de Pleneuf, marquise de Prie was a French adventuress during the reign of Louis XV. The daughter of an unscrupulous financier, Étienne Berthelot, she was married at age 15 to Louis, marquess de Prie, and went with him to the court of Savoy at Turin, where he was ambassador.

prie-dieu, praying desk for one individual with a knee bench close to the floor and a vertical panel supporting an armrest, below which there is usually a shelf for prayer books and the like. The knee rest and arm support are often upholstered. First used by the higher clergy during religious

Reince Priebus is an American lawyer and politician who was chief of staff (2017) in the administration of U.S. Pres. Donald Trump. He had previously served as chairman of the Republican National Committee (2011–17). Priebus grew up in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He attended the University of Wisconsin at

Reince Priebus is an American lawyer and politician who was chief of staff (2017) in the administration of U.S. Pres. Donald Trump. He had previously served as chairman of the Republican National Committee (2011–17). Priebus grew up in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He attended the University of Wisconsin at

Priego de Córdoba, city, Córdoba provincia (province), in Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southern Spain. It lies about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Granada city. Originally a Roman settlement, it changed hands several times during the medieval Moorish-Christian wars and was

Priene, ancient city of Ionia about 6 miles (10 km) north of the Menderes (Maeander) River and 10 miles (16 km) inland from the Aegean Sea, in southwestern Turkey. Its well-preserved remains are a major source of information about ancient Greek town planning. By the 8th century bc Priene was a

Sally J. Priesand is an American rabbi who on June 3, 1972, became the first woman in the United States to be so ordained. Priesand, who grew up in a Jewish family in Cleveland, as a teenager aspired to become a rabbi. She earned a bachelor’s degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1968 and won

Sally J. Priesand is an American rabbi who on June 3, 1972, became the first woman in the United States to be so ordained. Priesand, who grew up in a Jewish family in Cleveland, as a teenager aspired to become a rabbi. She earned a bachelor’s degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1968 and won

hydropathy: …century through the efforts of Vinzenz Priessnitz (1799–1851), a Silesian farmer who believed in the medicinal value of water from the wells on his land. See also hydrotherapy; spa.

priest, (from Greek presbyteros, “elder”), in some Christian churches, an officer or minister who is intermediate between a bishop and a deacon. A priesthood developed gradually in the early Christian church as first bishops and then elders, or “presbyters,” began to exercise certain priestly

Italian literature: Social commitment and the new realism: The Priest Among the Pigeons). In contrast to the more topical appeal of these writings, the great virtue of Pavese’s narrative was the universality of its characters and themes. Among his finest works may be numbered La casa in collina (1949; The House on the…

Leszek Kolakowski: His 1959 essay “The Priest and the Jester,” in which Kolakowski explored the roles of dogmatism and skepticism in intellectual history, brought him to national prominence in Poland. In the 1950s and ’60s he published a series of books on the history of Western philosophy and a study…

Priest River: Priest Lake, with a 63-mile (101-km) shoreline and several recreational islands, is known for its giant-size trout (Mackinaw and Dolly Varden). Among the area’s scenic attractions are the Indian Rock pictographs and the Roosevelt Grove of Ancient Cedars, with 800-year-old trees, some more than 150…

Priest River, city, Bonner county, northwestern Idaho, U.S., at the junction of the Priest and Pend Oreille rivers. It is a gateway to a spectacular aquatic and forested mountain domain focusing on Priest Lake and Upper Priest Lake (north) and the Kaniksu and Coeur d’Alene national forests in the

Vernon, city, southern British Columbia, Canada. It lies in Okanagan Lake country, 274 miles (441 km) northeast of Vancouver. Pioneers called the early settlement Priest’s Valley because of a missionary outpost maintained there by Paul Durieu. It was also known as Forge Valley (for its

priesthood, the office of a priest, a ritual expert learned in a special knowledge of the technique of worship and accepted as a religious and spiritual leader. Throughout the long and varied history of religion, the priesthood has been the official institution that has mediated and maintained a

priesthood of all believers, cardinal doctrinal principle of the churches of the 16th-century Reformation, both Lutheran and Reformed, and the Protestant Free churches that arose from the Reformation churches. The doctrine asserts that all humans have access to God through Christ, the true high

J. B. Priestley was a British novelist, playwright, and essayist, noted for his varied output and his ability for shrewd characterization. Priestley served in the infantry in World War I (1914–19) and then studied English literature at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1922). He thereafter worked

J. B. Priestley was a British novelist, playwright, and essayist, noted for his varied output and his ability for shrewd characterization. Priestley served in the infantry in World War I (1914–19) and then studied English literature at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1922). He thereafter worked

Joseph Priestley was an English clergyman, political theorist, and physical scientist whose work contributed to advances in liberal political and religious thought and in experimental chemistry. He is best remembered for his contribution to the chemistry of gases. Priestley was born into a family

Priestly code, biblical source that, according to the document hypothesis, is one of the four original sources of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). The priestly writings are so named because they emphasize the priestly tradition or interest, giving detailed explanations

Priestly code, biblical source that, according to the document hypothesis, is one of the four original sources of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). The priestly writings are so named because they emphasize the priestly tradition or interest, giving detailed explanations

Marcel Lefebvre: Founding the Society of St. Pius X, schism, and excommunication: …seminary’s opening, he founded the Priestly Society of Saint Pius X, which received the approval of the local bishop. Soon the Vatican and Lefebvre exchanged vigorous criticisms, and in 1975 the Vatican withdrew approval of the order.

Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), breakaway Roman Catholic priestly society founded in 1970 in Ecône, Switzerland, by Marcel Lefebvre, a conservative French archbishop who had dissented from the reforms of the Second Vatican Council (commonly called Vatican II; 1962–65). Lefebvre was excommunicated in

Priestly code, biblical source that, according to the document hypothesis, is one of the four original sources of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). The priestly writings are so named because they emphasize the priestly tradition or interest, giving detailed explanations

Maurice Gee: Children’s books: …trilogy—The Halfmen of O (1982), The Priests of Ferris (1984), and Motherstone (1985)—concerns the efforts of two children to defeat evil forces that threaten an imaginary world. The dystopian series comprising Salt (2007), Gool (2008), and The Limping Man (2010) was lauded for its unsparing descriptions and careful characterizations. In…

Léon-Gustave Dehon: …Catholic priest who founded the Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, a congregation of priests and brothers dedicated to spreading the apostolate of the Sacred Heart.

Priests’ Charter, (October 1370), treaty that unified the legal system in all the Swiss cantons, particularly highlighting two features: safety on the highways for traders and nonintervention by foreign priests. Bruno Brun, a provost wanting to escape punishment, was the catalyst for an amendment

Chile: The conservative hegemony, 1830–61: …that brought Ovalle and later Joaquín Prieto to power. The new government was strengthened by a successful war against the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation (1836–39), during which it broadened its support by reinstating army officers ousted when the conservatives had seized power in 1829–30.

Pierre-Louis Prieur was a French political figure, a member of the Committee of Public Safety, which ruled Revolutionary France during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship (1793–94). He vigorously enforced the committee’s policies in the antirepublican coastal towns west of Paris. Prieur was a

Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois was a French military engineer who was a member of the Committee of Public Safety, which ruled Revolutionary France during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship (1793–94). He organized the manufacture and requisitioning of the weapons and munitions that were needed

Peter Vivian Daniel: In Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), for example, he argued that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional, claiming that the federal government could not restrict slavery in territories, and in the Dred Scott decision (1857) he joined the majority, arguing in a concurring opinion that freed…

Invitation to a Beheading, anti-utopian novel by Vladimir Nabokov, published serially in Russian as Priglasheniye na kazn from 1935 to 1936 and in book form in 1938. It is a stylistic tour de force. The novel is set in a mythical totalitarian country and presents the thoughts of Cincinnatus, a

Ilya Prigogine was a Russian-born Belgian physical chemist who received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1977 for contributions to nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Prigogine was taken to Belgium as a child. He received a doctorate in 1941 at the Free University in Brussels, where he accepted the

Yevgeny Prigozhin was a Russian oligarch, best known as the leader of the Wagner Group, a Russian mercenary outfit. In June 2023, he led a group of Wagner troops in an armed action, taking the Russian city of Rostov-on-Don but stopping short of moving on Moscow. Two months later Prighozin died in

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Mexican political party that dominated the country’s political institutions from its founding in 1929 until the end of the 20th century. Virtually all important figures in Mexican national and local politics belonged to the party, because the nomination of

priyayi, in traditional Javanese society, a class that comprised the elite in contrast to the masses, or “little people” (wong cilik). Until the 18th century the priyayi, under the royal families, were the rulers of the Javanese states. Like the knights in medieval Europe and the samurai of Japan,

Caspian Depression, flat lowland, Kazakhstan and Russia, much of it below sea level at the north end of the Caspian Sea. It is one of the largest such areas in Central Asia, occupying about 77,220 square miles (200,000 square km). Both the Ural and Volga rivers flow through the depression into the

Russia: Trends in the 17th century: In 1613 there were 22 prikazy, or departments; by mid-century there were 80. At the beginning of the period, the jurisdiction of the bureaucracy included primarily fiscal, juridical, and military matters; by the end of the century, it also covered industrial, religious, and cultural life. At the close of the…