Pale ale, collective designation for a genre of beers known for their copper or amber color, hoppy flavor, and bitterness. The term originated in 18th-century England to refer to top-fermented beers that were not dark. Until late in the 18th century, the default color of English beers (such as

Christian Bale: …other credits from 2022 include The Pale Blue Eye, about a retired detective who investigates a murder at West Point in 1830 with the help of a young cadet, the poet Edgar Allan Poe.

Rubiaceae: Major genera and species: …the roots of Carapichea ipecacuanha; gambier, a substance that is used in tanning, from Uncaria gambir; and kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), which is used in traditional medicine and recreationally as a stimulant. Some trees in the family provide useful timber. Common madder (Rubia tinctorum) was formerly cultivated for the red dye…

corydalis: Major species: …American species include pale or pink corydalis, or Roman wormwood (C. sempervirens), a 60-cm- (24-inch-) tall annual with pink yellow-tipped flowers; and golden corydalis (C. aurea), a 15-cm (6-inch) annual. Southern corydalis (C. micranthra) is found throughout the southern United States and has small yellow flowers.

ginger ale: Pale dry ginger ales tend to be less sweet, more acid, lighter, milder, and highly carbonated. Golden, or aromatic, ginger ales tend to be sweeter, less acid, darker, and generally more pungent.

Pale Fire, novel in English by Vladimir Nabokov, published in 1962. It consists of a long poem and a commentary on it by an insane pedant. This brilliant parody of literary scholarship is also an experimental synthesis of Nabokov’s talents for both poetry and prose. It extends and completes his

fox: Classification: pallida (pale fox) 1.5–3.5-kg fox inhabiting the Sahel savannas and southern desert margin of northern Africa; coat yellow to brown; similar in form to the red fox but with longer legs and ears. V. rueppelli (sand fox) Big-eared fox of the deserts of northern Africa southward…

Pale Horse, Pale Rider, a collection of three novellas by Katherine Anne Porter, published in 1939. The collection consists of “Noon Wine,” “Old Mortality,” and the title story. For their stylistic grace and sense of life’s ambiguity, these stories are considered some of the best Porter

kangaroo mouse: …and entire tail of the pale kangaroo mouse (M. pallidus) are creamy buff and the underparts are white. Kangaroo mice weigh 10 to 17 grams (0.4 to 0.6 ounce) and have a body length of 7 to 8 cm (about 3 inches) and a tail 6 to 10 cm long.…

David Foster Wallace: Death and posthumous works: …after Wallace’s death, another novel, The Pale King (2011), which the author had left unfinished, was released. The book was assembled by Michael Pietsch, who had long been Wallace’s editor. It is set in an Internal Revenue Service office in Peoria, Illinois, during the late 20th century. Most of its…

kalmia: …pale laurel, bog laurel, or bog kalmia.

Pale of Settlement, the area of territory in the Russian Empire—ultimately including nearly 500,000 square miles (1.2 million square km) and either large parts or the whole of modern Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Moldova—in which Jewish people could legally reside. The immediate catalyst

Christology: Film: …Shane (1953), and Clint Eastwood’s Pale Rider (1985), for example, a figure sacrifices himself (Sanctuary) or joins the side of good in a fight between good and evil (Shane, Pale Rider).

Impatiens: capensis) and pale touch-me-not (or pale snapweed, I. pallida) are common weeds native to extensive regions of eastern North America. Spotted jewelweed grows up to 150 cm (59 inches) tall and bears orange flowers spotted with red or brown, while pale touch-me-not has larger, yellower flowers. The…

Impatiens: capensis) and pale touch-me-not (or pale snapweed, I. pallida) are common weeds native to extensive regions of eastern North America. Spotted jewelweed grows up to 150 cm (59 inches) tall and bears orange flowers spotted with red or brown, while pale touch-me-not has larger, yellower flowers. The…

Kazuo Ishiguro: Ishiguro’s first novel, A Pale View of Hills (1982), details the postwar memories of Etsuko, a Japanese woman trying to deal with the suicide of her daughter Keiko. Set in an increasingly Westernized Japan following World War II, An Artist of the Floating World (1986) chronicles the life…

blue-eyed grass: Another South American species, the pale yellow-eyed grass, or Argentine blue-eyed grass (S. striatum), bears a spike up to 90 cm (35 inches) tall with clusters of creamy white blooms.

meat processing: PSE meat: Pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) meat is the result of a rapid postmortem pH decline while the muscle temperature is too high. This combination of low pH and high temperature adversely affects muscle proteins, reducing their ability to hold water (the meat drips and is…

pale: Other examples of pales include the English pales in Ireland and France. “The Pale” in Ireland (so named after the late 14th century) was established at the time of Henry II’s expedition (1171–72) and consisted of the territories conquered by England, where English settlements and rule were most…

saki: The male white-faced, or pale-headed, saki (Pithecia pithecia) is black with a whitish face surrounding the dark muzzle, but the female is grizzled gray with a gray face and a white line on either side of the muzzle. Several other species, including the monk saki (P. monachus), are grizzled…

sloth: Three-toed sloths: …Honduras to northern Argentina; the pale-throated three-toed sloth (B. tridactylus) is found in northern South America; the maned sloth (B. torquatus) is restricted to the small Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil; and the pygmy three-toed sloth (B. pygmaeus) inhabits the Isla Escudo de Veraguas, a small Caribbean island off the…

sloth: Three-toed sloths: …Honduras to northern Argentina; the pale-throated three-toed sloth (B. tridactylus) is found in northern South America; the maned sloth (B. torquatus) is restricted to the small Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil; and the pygmy three-toed sloth (B. pygmaeus) inhabits the Isla Escudo de Veraguas, a small Caribbean island off the…

Poaceae: Characteristic morphological features: …scales, the lemma and the palea, occur in pairs. Generally the lemma is larger than the palea, which is hidden between the lemma and the spikelet axis. The lemma and palea surround and protect the flower, and all three of these structures form the floret. Grass spikelets then simply consist…

fern: Surface structure: Scales (also known as paleae) are each defined as a cell plate two or more cell rows wide, at least at the base, whereas hairs each generally consist of a single row of cells. Transitional states are also known.

measuring worm: The spring cankerworm (species Paleacrita vernata) and the fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) attack fruit and shade trees, skeletonizing the leaves and spinning threads between the branches. Pupation usually occurs in the soil without a cocoon. Because of their distinctive larvae, the name measuring worm moth is…

Poaceae: Characteristic morphological features: …scales, the lemma and the palea, occur in pairs. Generally the lemma is larger than the palea, which is hidden between the lemma and the spikelet axis. The lemma and palea surround and protect the flower, and all three of these structures form the floret. Grass spikelets then simply consist…

fern: Surface structure: Scales (also known as paleae) are each defined as a cell plate two or more cell rows wide, at least at the base, whereas hairs each generally consist of a single row of cells. Transitional states are also known.

Asia: The Palearctic region: A distinction can be made between the animal life of the tundra in the north and that of the adjacent taiga farther south. The taiga in turn merges into the steppes, which have their own distinctive forms of animal life. Finally, the faunas…

Jan Hus: Leader of Czech reform movement: …Znojmo, and his fellow student, Štěpán Páleč.

Justas Paleckis was a Lithuanian politician who served as prime minister and president of Lithuania with the support of the U.S.S.R. Paleckis was appointed head of the government of Soviet Lithuania by Soviet High Commissar Vladimir G. Dekanozov in June 1940, three days after the Soviet army

Norman Z. McLeod: Danny Kaye and Bob Hope: …collaborated on the comedy western The Paleface (1948), with Jane Russell. After the Fred Astaire–Betty Hutton musical Let’s Dance (1950), McLeod reunited with Hope for My Favorite Spy (1951), a surprisingly nimble Cold War spoof, with Hedy Lamarr as the love interest.

Palembang, kota (city) and capital of South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) propinsi (or provinsi; province), Indonesia. It lies on both banks of the Musi River, there spanned by the Ampera Bridge, one of Indonesia’s longest bridges. Palembang is the second largest city on the island of Sumatra (after

Palencia, capital of Palencia provincia (province), in Castile-León comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), north-central Spain. It lies on the Campos Plain southwest of Burgos. Called the Pallantia by the ancient Greek geographers Strabo and Ptolemy, it was the chief town of the Vaccaei, an

Palencia, provincia (province) in the Castile-León comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It is bounded by the provinces of Cantabria to the north, Burgos to the east, Valladolid to the south and west, and León to the west. It was formed in 1833. The north is traversed by the

Spain: Society, economy, and culture: …León founded the Universities of Palencia and Salamanca, respectively, for the study of theology, philosophy, and Roman and canon law. Although Palencia ceased instruction by the middle of the century, Salamanca eventually attained international renown. The appearance in the mid-12th century of the first great epic in the Castilian tongue,…

Palenque, Indian tribe of northern Venezuela at the time of the Spanish conquest (16th century). The Palenque were closely related to the neighbouring Cumanagoto (q.v.); their language probably belonged to the Arawakan family. They were a tropical-forest people known to eat human flesh, to be

Palenque, ruined ancient Mayan city of the Late Classic Period (c. 600–900 ce) in what is now Chiapas state, Mexico, about 80 miles (130 km) south of Ciudad del Carmen. Its original name is speculative; the site now shares the name the Spanish gave to a neighbouring village. The city’s ruins were

Paleo diet, dietary regime based on foods humans presumably would have consumed during the Paleolithic Period (2.6 million to 10,000 years ago). The Paleo diet focuses on meat (including wild game), fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables, eggs, seeds, and nuts. The diet excludes legumes, grains, most

Asia: Chronological summary: …the Paleo-Tethys Ocean (also called Paleo-Tethys Sea), a giant triangular eastward-opening embayment of Pangea. A strip of continental material was torn away from the southern margin of the Paleo-Tethys and migrated northward, rotating around the western apex of the Tethyan triangle much like the action of a windshield wiper. That…

Asia: Chronological summary: …the Paleo-Tethys Ocean (also called Paleo-Tethys Sea), a giant triangular eastward-opening embayment of Pangea. A strip of continental material was torn away from the southern margin of the Paleo-Tethys and migrated northward, rotating around the western apex of the Tethyan triangle much like the action of a windshield wiper. That…

Aleut: …people in this region, the Paleo-Aleuts, arrived in the Aleutian Islands from the Alaskan mainland about 2000 bce. Ancient Unangax̂ (Aleut) villages were situated on the seashore near fresh water, with a good landing for boats and in a position safe from surprise attack. Village placement in such locations persisted…

Paleo-Siberian, any member of those peoples of northeastern Siberia who are believed to be remnants of earlier and more extensive populations pushed into this area by later Neosiberians. The Paleo-Siberians include the Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen (Kamchadal), Nivkh (Gilyak), Yukaghir, and Ket (qq.v.).

Paleo-Siberian languages, languages spoken in Asian Russia (Siberia) that belong to four genetically unrelated groups—Yeniseian, Luorawetlan, Yukaghir, and Nivkh. The Yeniseian group is spoken in the Turukhansk region along the Yenisey River. Its only living members are Ket (formerly called

Early Christian art, architecture, painting, and sculpture from the beginnings of Christianity until about the early 6th century, particularly the art of Italy and the western Mediterranean. (Early Christian art in the eastern part of the Roman Empire is usually considered to be part of Byzantine

Native American: Paleo-Indian cultures: Asia and North America remained connected until about 12,000 years ago. Although most of the routes used by the Paleo-Indians are difficult to investigate because they are now under water or deeply buried or have been destroyed by erosion and other geological processes,…

Paleo-Siberian, any member of those peoples of northeastern Siberia who are believed to be remnants of earlier and more extensive populations pushed into this area by later Neosiberians. The Paleo-Siberians include the Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen (Kamchadal), Nivkh (Gilyak), Yukaghir, and Ket (qq.v.).

Paleo-Siberian languages, languages spoken in Asian Russia (Siberia) that belong to four genetically unrelated groups—Yeniseian, Luorawetlan, Yukaghir, and Nivkh. The Yeniseian group is spoken in the Turukhansk region along the Yenisey River. Its only living members are Ket (formerly called

paleoanthropology, interdisciplinary branch of anthropology concerned with the origins and development of early humans. Fossils are assessed by the techniques of physical anthropology, comparative anatomy, and the theory of evolution. Artifacts, such as bone and stone tools, are identified and

Paleo-Siberian, any member of those peoples of northeastern Siberia who are believed to be remnants of earlier and more extensive populations pushed into this area by later Neosiberians. The Paleo-Siberians include the Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen (Kamchadal), Nivkh (Gilyak), Yukaghir, and Ket (qq.v.).

paleogeography: Paleobiogeography: The past distribution of plants and animals can give important clues about the latitudinal position of the continents as well as their relative positions. Cold-water faunas can often be distinguished from warm-water faunas, and ancient floras reflect both paleotemperature and paleorainfall. The diversity of…

geology: Paleobotany: Paleobotany is the study of fossil plants. The oldest widely occurring fossils are various forms of calcareous algae that apparently lived in shallow seas, although some may have lived in freshwater. Their variety is so profuse that their study forms an important branch of…

Caucasian languages, group of languages indigenous to Transcaucasia and adjacent areas of the Caucasus region, between the Black and Caspian seas. As used in this article, the term excludes the Indo-European (Armenian, Ossetic, Talysh, Kurdish, Tat) and Turkic languages (Azerbaijani, Kumyk, Noghay,

paleoceanography, scientific study of Earth’s oceanographic history involving the analysis of the ocean’s sedimentary record, the history of tectonic plate motions, glacial changes, and established relationships between present sedimentation patterns and environmental factors. Prior to the breakup

Paleocene Epoch, first major worldwide division of rocks and time of the Paleogene Period, spanning the interval between 66 million and 56 million years ago. The Paleocene Epoch was preceded by the Cretaceous Period and was followed by the Eocene Epoch. The Paleocene is subdivided into three ages

Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a short interval of maximum temperature lasting approximately 100,000 years during the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs (roughly 55 million years ago). The interval was characterized by the highest global temperatures of the Cenozoic Era (65 million

nervous system: Encephalization: …of the cerebellum represents the paleocerebellum, an area that regulates equilibrium and muscle tone. It constitutes the main mass of the cerebellum in fish, reptiles, and birds. In mammals the development of the cerebral cortex and its connections with the cerebellum are correlated with the appearance of the large cerebellar…

paleoclimatology, scientific study of the climatic conditions of past geologic ages. Paleoclimatologists seek to explain climate variations for all parts of the Earth during any given geologic period, beginning with the time of the Earth’s formation. Many related fields contribute to the field of

paleoconservatism, movement within American conservatism that seeks, among other goals, to preserve the country’s Anglo-Saxon and Christian heritage; to drastically limit and decentralize the powers of the federal government; to promote respect for traditional regional cultures, especially that of

Silurian Period: Laurentia: …northeastern Russia belonged to the paleocontinent Laurentia (a name derived from Quebec’s portion of the Canadian Shield). With respect to the present-day Great Lakes and Hudson Bay, Laurentia was rotated clockwise during Wenlock time to fit fully between the latitudes 30° N and 30° S of the paleoequator. The present…

Silurian Period: Silurian life: Paleoecologists studying in Wales, Norway, Estonia, Siberia, South China, and North America have used very similar models to explain the geographic distribution of Silurian communities. Some of these communities were adapted to life under conditions of stronger sunlight and more vigorous wave energy in shallow…

Lepidoptera: Size range and distribution: …only in isolated colonies as relict (remnant) populations, cut off from relatives elsewhere by geologic or climatic changes. Australia and New Zealand have unusually diverse relict populations of the primitive mandibulate moths (family Micropterigidae) and swifts, or ghost moths (family Hepialidae). In North America, Europe, and Asia, many relict species…

inselberg: …several varieties of landform called paleoforms that can survive with little modification for tens of millions of years. In inselberg landscapes, the active erosional processes are confined to valley sides and valley floors.

amphipod: …recorded, the earliest of which, Paleogammarus, is found in Baltic amber of the Early Eocene epoch (55.8 to 48.6 million years ago); it closely resembles a recent genus, Crangonyx.

Paleogene Period, oldest of the three stratigraphic divisions of the Cenozoic Era spanning the interval between 66 million and 23 million years ago. Paleogene is Greek meaning “ancient-born” and includes the Paleocene (Palaeocene) Epoch (66 million to 56 million years ago), the Eocene Epoch (56

Svante Pääbo: …establish the modern discipline of paleogenomics, in which the genomes of living species and the preserved remains of their extinct ancestors are used to reconstruct how species and populations evolve across time.

paleogeography, the ancient geography of Earth’s surface. Earth’s geography is constantly changing: continents move as a result of plate tectonic interactions; mountain ranges are thrust up and erode; and sea levels rise and fall as the volume of the ocean basins change. These geographic changes

paleogeology, the geology of a region at any given time in the distant past. Paleogeologic reconstructions in map form show not only the ancient topography of a region but also the distribution of rocks beneath the surface and such structural features as faults and folds. Maps of this kind help

paleography, study of ancient and medieval handwriting. The term is derived from the Greek palaios (“old”) and graphein (“to write”). Precise boundaries for paleography are hard to define. For example, epigraphy, the study of inscriptions cut on immovable objects for permanent public inspection, is

paleohydrology, science concerned with hydrologic systems as they existed during previous periods of Earth history. Changing hydrologic conditions are inferred from the evidence of the alteration, deposition, and erosion in rocks from these periods. Paleohydrology also deals with the changes in the

playa: Paleolake chronologies: Modern geochronologic techniques, such as radiocarbon dating, permit the comparison of fluctuations in the paleolakes that were predecessors to many modern playas. In northern Africa lakes were at a moderately high level from 30,000 to 22,000 years ago. During the maximum cold, dry…

Paleo diet, dietary regime based on foods humans presumably would have consumed during the Paleolithic Period (2.6 million to 10,000 years ago). The Paleo diet focuses on meat (including wild game), fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables, eggs, seeds, and nuts. The diet excludes legumes, grains, most

Paleolithic Period, ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. The popular Paleo diet, or Stone Age diet, is based on foods humans presumably would have consumed during the Paleolithic Period. (See also Stone Age.) The onset

Maurice-Georges Paléologue was a French diplomat and writer who encouraged the Franco-Russian alliance before and during World War I. Paléologue entered the diplomatic service at an early age and went successively to Tangier, Rome, Germany, Korea, and Bulgaria. He became in 1909 deputy director and

remanent magnetism, the permanent magnetism in rocks, resulting from the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at the time of rock formation in a past geological age. It is the source of information for the paleomagnetic studies of polar wandering and continental drift. Remanent magnetism can

paleontology, scientific study of life of the geologic past that involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils, including those of microscopic size, preserved in rocks. It is concerned with all aspects of the biology of ancient life forms: their shape and structure, evolutionary patterns,

James Hall: His 13-volume The Palaeontology of New York (1847–94) contained the results of his exhaustive studies of the Silurian and Devonian (approximately 360 million to 415 million years old) fossils found in New York.

nervous system: Dominance of the cerebrum: …time, referred to as the paleopallium, is merely an olfactory lobe serving as an association area for olfactory impulses. The olfactory lobes are prominent in animals such as amphibians, but in birds and primates in which the sense of smell is less important the lobes are reduced in extent. In…

primate: Miocene: …probably the most fruitful for paleoprimatology. During this time, dramatic changes in geomorphology, climate, and vegetation took place. The Miocene was a period of volcanism and mountain building, during which the topography of the modern world was becoming established. Of particular relevance to the story of primate evolution are the…

Precambrian: Worldwide glaciations: …billion years ago during the early Proterozoic. It can be recognized from the rocks and structures that the glaciers and ice sheets left behind in parts of Western Australia, Finland, southern Africa, and North America. The most extensive occurrences are found in North America, in a belt nearly 3,000 km…

insect: Annotated classification: Infraclass Paleoptera Mostly extinct; wings held aloft over back or extended permanently on each side of the body, unable to fold back onto abdomen at rest. Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Soft-bodied with short setaceous (bristle-like) antennae and vestigial mouthparts; wings held vertically at rest, hind pair

Paleo-Siberian, any member of those peoples of northeastern Siberia who are believed to be remnants of earlier and more extensive populations pushed into this area by later Neosiberians. The Paleo-Siberians include the Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen (Kamchadal), Nivkh (Gilyak), Yukaghir, and Ket (qq.v.).

Paleo-Siberian languages, languages spoken in Asian Russia (Siberia) that belong to four genetically unrelated groups—Yeniseian, Luorawetlan, Yukaghir, and Nivkh. The Yeniseian group is spoken in the Turukhansk region along the Yenisey River. Its only living members are Ket (formerly called

geologic history of Earth: Formation of the secondary atmosphere: Paleosols also provide valuable clues, as they were in equilibrium with the prevailing atmosphere. From analyses of early Precambrian paleosols it has been determined that the oxygen content of the atmosphere 2.2 billion years ago was one hundredth of the present atmospheric level (PAL).

human nervous system: Basal ganglia: …(2) the putamen, (3) the globus pallidus, and (4) the amygdala. Phylogenetically, the amygdala is the oldest of the basal ganglia and is often referred to as the archistriatum; the globus pallidus is known as the paleostriatum, and the caudate nucleus and putamen are together known as the neostriatum, or…

caiman: palpebrosus) known as smooth-fronted caimans.

Cuvier’s dwarf caiman, (Paleosuchus palpebrosus), small caiman species known for being the most diminutive living member of the alligator family (Alligatoridae) and the smallest crocodilian in the Americas. This caiman is found throughout the Amazon and Orinoco river basins in wet areas ranging

reptile: Fossil distribution: …earliest known reptiles, Hylonomus and Paleothyris, date from Late Carboniferous deposits of North America. These reptiles were small lizardlike animals that apparently lived in forested habitats. They are the Eureptilia (true reptiles), and their presence during this suggests that they were distinct from a more primitive group, the anapsids (or…

biogeographic region: Paleotropical kingdom: This kingdom extends from Africa, excluding strips along the northern and southern edges, through the Arabian peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia eastward into the Pacific (Figure 1). Plant families that extend over much of the region include the families Pandanaceae (screw pine) and…

biogeographic region: Paleotropical realm: The Paleotropical, or Afro-Tethyan, realm (Figure 2) is clearly divided into two regions, which are sometimes regarded as separate realms: the Afrotropical, which includes continental Africa south of the Sahara and southwestern Arabia, and the Oriental, which includes tropical southern and southeastern Asia,…

biogeographic region: Paleotropical kingdom: This kingdom extends from Africa, excluding strips along the northern and southern edges, through the Arabian peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia eastward into the Pacific (Figure 1). Plant families that extend over much of the region include the families Pandanaceae (screw pine) and…

valley: Paleovalleys: The southwestern desert of Egypt is one of the most arid places on Earth. The region lacks surficial traces of active fluvial processes and is dominated by eolian activity. In this region, a research team headed by John F. McCauley of the U.S. Geological…

Paleozoic Era, major interval of geologic time that began 538.8 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended about 252 million years ago with the end-Permian extinction, the greatest extinction event in Earth history. The major

North America: Paleozoic orogenic belts: Erosional remnants of ancient mountain ranges occur along the eastern, northern, and southern margins of the continent. The mountains were formed mainly between 400 and 300 million years ago, when North America collided with other continents to form the ancient supercontinent of…

Pamirs: Geology of Pamirs: The Paleozoic subzone of the northern Pamirs is a huge uplift with a complex internal structure. It is separated from the Trans-Alai subzone by the Karakul fracture, through which flows the Kyzylsu-Surkhob-Vakhsh river system. The Trans-Alai subzone is highly complex. Its western part is a fan-shaped…

Italian Place Names in the United States: What it means: Palermo, North Dakota, a tiny railway town, was named in honor of the Italians who worked on the local railroads. Valdese, North Carolina, stands out by its unusual nature: Its name refers to the Waldensians, members of an early (pre-Reformation) Protestant sect that originated in…

Palermo, city, capital of the island regione of Sicily in Italy. It lies on Sicily’s northwestern coast at the head of the Bay of Palermo, facing east. Inland the city is enclosed by a fertile plain known as the Conca d’Oro (Golden Shell), which is planted with citrus groves and backed by

Palermo Stone, one of the basic sources of information about the chronology and cultural history of ancient Egypt during the first five dynasties (c. 2900–c. 2306 bce). Named for the Sicilian city where it has been preserved since 1877, the black basalt stone is one of six existing fragments from a

Palermo: Palermo’s cathedral was founded in 1185 and contains additions from the 14th, 15th, and subsequent centuries. It houses the tombs of Roger II and the Holy Roman emperors Henry VI and Frederick II. From the same period date the Norman-Byzantine churches of San Cataldo (11th…

Boca Juniors: …including Juan Román Riquelme and Martín Palermo (who is the club’s all-time leading goal scorer).

Justo José de Urquiza: …April 1852 he issued the Protocol of Palermo, which authorized him to regulate relations between the provinces. As provisional dictator of Argentina, in August 1852 he summoned to Santa Fe a constitutional congress that in 1853 sanctioned a new constitution modeled on that of the United States. All provinces accepted…