organohalogen compound: Nucleophilic substitution: Nucleophilic substitution, which can be represented by the following general equation, permits the halogen to be replaced by oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or another carbon.

nucleophile, in chemistry, an atom or molecule that in chemical reaction seeks a positive centre, such as the nucleus of an atom, because the nucleophile contains an electron pair available for bonding. Examples of nucleophiles are the halogen anions (I-, Cl-, Br-), the hydroxide ion (OH-), the

nucleus: …and out of the nucleus Nucleoplasm: The gel-like interior matrix Chromatin: The DNA-protein complex that organizes the cell’s genetic material Nucleolus: Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly Nuclear lamina: Protein network that provides structural

Günter Blobel: …up mostly of proteins called nucleoporins. The team also identified and described a number of NPC transport factors that recognize the signal sequences in proteins and enable the passage of these proteins into the nucleus. Blobel also studied lamins, which are proteins involved in providing structural support to the nucleus.

nucleoprotein, molecule consisting of a protein linked to a nucleic acid, either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleoproteins serve important functions in living organisms, owing to their involvement in essential processes, particularly replication, transcription, and

nucleoside, a structural subunit of nucleic acids, the heredity-controlling components of all living cells, consisting of a sugar molecule linked to a nitrogen-containing organic ring compound. In the most important nucleosides, the sugar is either ribose or deoxyribose, and the nitrogen-containing

kinase: For example, an enzyme called nucleoside phosphorylase serves this role when cells switch to synthesizing nucleotides from recycled purines instead of from new starting materials. Mutations in the gene encoding nucleoside phosphorylase can cause a severe form of immune deficiency.

reverse transcriptase: Reverse transcriptase: discovery and impacts: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) such as AZT (zidovudine)—the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to prolong the lives of AIDS patients—act by terminating the proviral DNA chain before the enzyme can finish transcription. NRTIs are often given in combination with…

cell: Nucleosomes: the subunits of chromatin: …beadlike structure is called the nucleosome. The DNA enters and leaves a series of nucleosomes, linking them like beads along a string in lengths that vary between species of organism or even between different types of cell within a species. A string of nucleosomes is then coiled into a solenoid…

nucleosynthesis, production on a cosmic scale of all the species of chemical elements from perhaps one or two simple types of atomic nuclei, a process that entails large-scale nuclear reactions including those in progress in the Sun and other stars. Chemical elements differ from one another on the

nucleotide, any member of a class of organic compounds in which the molecular structure comprises a nitrogen-containing unit (base) linked to a sugar and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are of great importance to living organisms, as they are the building blocks of nucleic acids, the substances

DNA repair: In nucleotide excision repair, the repair machinery recognizes a wide array of distortions in the double helix caused by mismatched bases; in this form of repair, the entire distorted region is excised. Postreplication repair occurs downstream of the lesion, because replication is blocked at the actual…

heredity: DNA replication: …not a random polymer; its nucleotide sequence has been directed by the nucleotide sequence of the template strand. It is this templating process that enables hereditary information to be replicated accurately and passed down through the generations. In a very real way, human DNA has been replicated in a direct…

inflammatory bowel disease: Variation of a gene called NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2) also has been linked to Crohn disease, and variation of a gene called ECM1 (extracellular matrix protein 1) has been linked to ulcerative colitis.

nucleus, in biology, a specialized structure occurring in most cells (except bacteria and blue-green algae) and separated from the rest of the cell by a double layer, the nuclear membrane. The primary function of the nucleus is to store and protect the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and regulate

road: The Roman roads: …inches in size, (3) the nucleus layer, about 12 inches thick, using concrete made from small gravel and coarse sand, and, for very important roads, (4) the summum dorsum, a wearing surface of large stone slabs at least 6 inches deep. The total thickness thus varied from 3 to 6…

atom: The nucleus: The primary constituents of the nucleus are the proton and the neutron, which have approximately equal mass and are much more massive than the electron. For reference, the accepted mass of the proton is 1.672621777 × 10−24 gram, while that of the…

planetary nebula: Forms and structure: Most planetaries show a central star, called the nucleus, which provides the ultraviolet radiation required for ionizing the gas in the ring or shell surrounding it. Those stars are among the hottest known and are in a state of comparatively rapid evolution.

astronomy: Observations of the galactic centre: The central region of the Milky Way Galaxy is so heavily obscured by dust that direct observation has become possible only with the development of astronomy at nonvisual wavelengths—namely, radio, infrared, and, more recently, X-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths. Together, these observations have

comet: Cometary nuclei: Telescopic observations from Earth and spacecraft missions to comets have revealed much about their nuclei. Cometary nuclei are small solid bodies, typically only a few kilometres in diameter and composed of roughly equal parts of volatile ices, fine silicate dust, and

human nervous system: Parasympathetic nervous system: …the ventral medulla called the nucleus ambiguus, while those that control functions of the gastrointestinal tract arise from the dorsal vagal nucleus. After exiting the medulla in the vagus nerve and traveling to their respective organs, the fibers synapse on ganglion cells embedded in the organs themselves. The vagus nerve…

human nervous system: Brain: Electrical stimulation of the nucleus ceruleus, a small nucleus with widely ranging axons, and the nucleus raphe magnus, a nucleus in the central reticular formation of the medulla oblongata, inhibits input from noxious stimulation of the skin, and it also inhibits activities of dorsal-horn neurons receiving mechanoreceptive input. Since…

history of Europe: The term and concept before the 18th century: …did the popular historical textbook The Nucleus of Middle History Between Ancient and Modern (1688), by the German historian Christoph Keller—although Keller observed that in naming the period he was simply following the terminology of earlier and contemporary scholars. By the late 17th century the most commonly used term for…

human nervous system: Parasympathetic nervous system: …in the medulla called the solitary tract nucleus.

joint: Symphyses: …parts: a soft centre (nucleus pulposus) and a tough flexible ring (anulus fibrosus) around it. The centre is a jellylike (mucoid) material containing a few cells derived from the precursor of the spine (notochord) of the embryo. The ring consists of collagen fibres arranged in concentric layers like those…

human nervous system: Brain: …widely ranging axons, and the nucleus raphe magnus, a nucleus in the central reticular formation of the medulla oblongata, inhibits input from noxious stimulation of the skin, and it also inhibits activities of dorsal-horn neurons receiving mechanoreceptive input. Since it was discovered that pain could be obliterated in this manner,…

nuclide, species of atom as characterized by the number of protons, the number of neutrons, and the energy state of the nucleus. A nuclide is thus characterized by the mass number (A) and the atomic number (Z). To be regarded as distinct a nuclide must have an energy content sufficient for a m

bivalve: Internal features: Nucula, from the subclass Protobranchia, reflects the primitive bivalve ancestor. Burrowing close to the sediment surface, Nucula is equivalve, anteriorly and posteriorly symmetrical, and isomyarian. The medial foot is wide. There are no mantle fusions ventrally, and the aerating water current passes through the mantle…

bivalve: Reproduction and life cycles: …the shell of the palaeotaxodont Nucula delphinodonta; and in members of the Carditidae the female shell is modified into a brood pouch.

Nuculana, very long-lived genus of mollusks (clams) that first appeared during the Silurian Period (443.7 million to 416 million years ago) and may still be found along beaches today. Nuculana is typical of a group of clams characterized by a small, teardrop-shaped shell that is globous anteriorly

bivalve: Annotated classification: Order Nuculoida Equal shell valves with taxodont hinge teeth; isomyarian; posterior protobranch ctenidia; large labial palps usually with palp proboscides, which effect feeding; foot with flat sole; marine; unattached; infaunal. About 450 living species. Subclass Cryptodonta Hinge either weakly taxodont or edentulous; distinctive shell structure

Nuculopsis, extinct genus of clams found as fossils in rocks of the Pennsylvanian Subperiod (318 million to 299 million years ago). Nuculopsis was small, almost spherical, and ornamented with fine growth lines. Because Nuculopsis is similar to the longer lived and commoner genus Nuculana, it has

Mannerism: …the portrayal of the human nude, the standards of formal complexity had been set by Michelangelo, and the norm of idealized beauty by Raphael. But in the work of these artists’ Mannerist successors, an obsession with style and technique in figural composition often outweighed the importance and meaning of the…

Nude (1917), oil painting created in 1917 by Italian painter and sculptor Amedeo Modigliani, one of dozens of nudes that he painted between 1916 and 1919. These nudes are among the most important portraits of the 20th century. Modigliani was born in Livorno, Italy. He briefly attended art classes

Pierre Bonnard: A picture such as Nude Against the Light (1908) was painted not only on a bigger scale but also with broader and more colouristic effects. Because of his increasing interest in landscape painting, he had begun painting scenes in northern France. In 1910 he discovered the south of France,…

Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2), oil painting created in 1912 by French artist Marcel Duchamp. The painting created a sensation, but Duchamp painted only a few more works, notably The Large Glass. Despite his ambivalence toward art, Duchamp came to be regarded as a master and precursor of

Venus of Willendorf, Upper Paleolithic female figurine found in 1908 at Willendorf, Austria, that is perhaps the most familiar of some 40 small portable human figures (mostly female) that had been found intact or nearly so by the early 21st century. (Roughly 80 more exist as fragments or partial

nudibranch, any of the marine gastropods that constitute the order Nudibranchia (subclass Opisthobranchia of the class Gastropoda). Nudibranchs possess a radular feeding organ, but they characteristically lack a shell, gills, and mantle cavity typical of other mollusks. The delicately coloured body

nudibranch, any of the marine gastropods that constitute the order Nudibranchia (subclass Opisthobranchia of the class Gastropoda). Nudibranchs possess a radular feeding organ, but they characteristically lack a shell, gills, and mantle cavity typical of other mollusks. The delicately coloured body

nudism, the practice of going without clothes, generally for reasons of health or comfort. Nudism is a social practice in which the sexes interact freely but commonly without engaging in sexual activities. The origin of the practice in Germany in the early 20th century coincided with a rebellion

ancient Olympic Games: Events: …the athletes participated in the nude. Through the centuries, scholars have sought to explain this practice. Theories have ranged from the eccentric (to be nude in public without an erection demonstrated self-control) to the usual anthropological, religious, and social explanations, including the following: (1) nudity bespeaks a rite of passage,…

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: From this knot (nudo), two lofty and narrow chains emerge northward, the Cordilleras de Carabaya and Vilcanota, separated by a deep gorge; a third range, the Cordillera de Vilcabamba, appears to the west of these and northwest of the city of Cuzco. The three ranges are products of…

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: From this knot (nudo), two lofty and narrow chains emerge northward, the Cordilleras de Carabaya and Vilcanota, separated by a deep gorge; a third range, the Cordillera de Vilcabamba, appears to the west of these and northwest of the city of Cuzco. The three ranges are products of…

Mexico: The age of Santa Anna: Texas and the Mexican-American War: …boundary had always been the Nueces River. Shortly after his election in March 1845, U.S. President James K. Polk tried to secure an agreement on the Rio Grande boundary and to purchase California, but the Mexican government refused to discuss either matter. Polk ordered U.S. troops to occupy the disputed…

nuée ardente, highly destructive, fast-moving, incandescent mass of gas-enveloped particles that is associated with certain types of volcanic eruptions. See pyroclastic

Nuer, people who live in the marsh and savanna country on both banks of the Nile River in South Sudan. They speak an Eastern Sudanic language of the Nilo-Saharan language family. The Nuer are a cattle-raising people devoted to their herds, although milk and meat must be supplemented by the

E.E. Evans-Pritchard: Major works: …Among the Azande (1937) and The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People (1940), made his reputation.

Our Lady of Guadalupe, in Roman Catholicism, the Virgin Mary in her appearance before St. Juan Diego in four visions in 1531. The name also refers to the Marian apparition itself. Our Lady of Guadalupe holds a special place in the religious life of Mexico and is one of the most popular religious

Ponce, major city and principal port of southern Puerto Rico. The third most populous urban centre of the island, after San Juan and Bayamón, the city is situated 3 miles (5 km) north of its port, Playa de Ponce. Founded in either 1670 or 1680 as Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Ponce, it was raised

Basilica of Guadalupe, Roman Catholic church that is the chief religious center of Mexico, located in Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo, a northern neighborhood of Mexico City. The church was erected near the spot where four apparitions of the Virgin Mary are said to have been received by an Indigenous

Arequipa, city, southern Peru, in the Chili River valley of the Andes Mountains. Arequipa lies at more than 7,550 feet (2,300 metres) above sea level, at the foot of the dormant cone of Misti Volcano, which reaches an elevation of 19,098 feet (5,821 metres). Flanking Misti are Mounts Chachani and

Mayagüez, city, western Puerto Rico. Created in 1760 as Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Mayagüez, it was elevated to the royal status of villa in 1836 and to a city in 1877. In 1918 the city and port were ravaged by an earthquake and a tidal wave, but they were quickly rebuilt. Mayagüez has been

La Paz, city, administrative capital of Bolivia, west-central Bolivia. It is situated some 42 miles (68 km) southeast of Lake Titicaca. La Paz, which lies between 10,650 and 13,250 feet (3,250 and 4,100 metres) above sea level, is the world’s highest national capital. Visitors, upon arrival, often

Antipolo: …home of the icon of Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje (“Our Lady of Peace and Safe Voyage”). The icon, after repeated safe journeys between New Spain (Mexico) and the Philippines early in the 17th century, became known as the heavenly protector of Spain’s galleons. After Franciscan priests…

Covadonga: The Basilica of Nuestra Señora de las Batallas was built between 1877 and 1901.

Port Angeles, city, seat (1890) of Clallam county, northwestern Washington, U.S., on Juan de Fuca Strait, linked by ferry to Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 18 miles (29 km) north across the strait. Located at the base of Ediz Hook (a 3.5-mile- [5.6-km-] long, curving sand bar), the site was

Eusebio Kino: …mission among rural Indian peoples, Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, in what is now Sonora. In 1691 he made the first of about 40 expeditions into Arizona. Introducing fruit trees and cattle, he helped the Pima Indians to diversify their agriculture. To the dismay of mine owners, he opposed the…

Las Vegas, city, seat (1862) of San Miguel county, north-central New Mexico, U.S. It lies along the Gallinas River, at an elevation of 6,435 feet (1,961 meters), in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The original settlement (1835) developed as the Mexican port of entry on the Santa Fe Trail. The city

Damián Forment: …altar in the church of El Pilar, in Saragossa. It is of mixed style, combining Gothic ornament with Renaissance figures. He retained the Gothic frame in his sculpture until about 1520, using it in the Mannerist altarpiece for Huesca cathedral (1520–34). The figures in his early altars are much indebted…

Buenos Aires, city and capital of Argentina. The city is coextensive with the Federal District (Distrito Federal) and is situated on the shore of the Río de la Plata, 150 miles (240 km) from the Atlantic Ocean. Buenos Aires is one of Latin America’s most important ports and most populous cities, as

Gabriel Miró: …Nuestro padre San Daniel (1921; Our Father, Saint Daniel) and El obispo leproso (1926; “The Leprous Bishop”), both of which are critical of religious customs. Among his nonfictional works are Figuras de la pasión del Señor (1916; Figures of the Passion of Our Lord) and a series of books describing…

Beagle Channel: …the channel’s eastern end, Picton, Nueva, and Lennox islands, were the subject of a territorial dispute between Chile and Argentina that began in the 1840s and which almost led to war between the two countries in 1978. The dispute officially ended on May 2, 1985, when a treaty awarding the…

Ernesto Cardenal: Later works, honors, and reinstated as priest: …later works of poetry include Nueva Antología poética (1978), Vuelos de victoria (1985; Flights of Victory), Cántico cósmico (1989; Cosmic Canticles), Pluriverse: New and Selected Poems (2009), and El Origen de las Especies, y Otros Poemas (2011; Origin of the Species, and Other Poems).

Naga, city, southeastern Luzon, Philippines. It is situated along the Bicol River, south of San Miguel Bay. Founded in 1573 as Nueva Caceres by the Spaniards, it is the site every September of a festival in honour of Nuestra Señora de (“Our Lady of”) Peñafrancia, the patroness of the Bicol

nueva canción, a genre of pan-Latin American popular music, best known for propelling a powerful populist political movement—especially in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Cuba—during the 1960s and ’70s. The music’s instrumentation, rhythmic character, melodic structure, and textual form and content

Nuevo Casas Grandes, city, northern Chihuahua estado (state), northern Mexico. It lies along the Casas Grandes River, about 130 miles (210 km) southwest of Ciudad Juárez. The city was established in 1886 by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and it remains a

Nueva San Salvador, city, west-central El Salvador. Founded in 1854 as Nueva Ciudad de San Salvador at the southern base of San Salvador Volcano, it briefly became the national capital when San Salvador (7 miles [11 km] east) was devastated by an earthquake. In 1859 the seat of government was moved

Cumaná, city, capital of Sucre estado (state), northeastern Venezuela. It lies on the Manzanares River 1 mile (1.6 km) inland from its port—Puerto Sucre, on the Caribbean Sea at the mouth of the river. In the language of the Cumanagoto people, who lived in the region until the 17th century, Cumaná

Viceroyalty of New Spain, the first of the four viceroyalties that Spain created to govern its conquered lands in the New World. Established in 1535, it initially included all land north of the Isthmus of Panama under Spanish control. This later came to include upper and lower California, the area

Nueva Esparta, island estado (state), northeastern Venezuela. It lies off the Araya Peninsula of the mainland. Nueva Esparta consists of Margarita, largest of the islands, and two small neighbors, Cubagua and Coche. There are numerous small islands in the area; most of them remain uninhabited.

Pinar del Río, city, western Cuba. It is situated on the Guamá River, near the base of the Sierra de los Órganos. The city was founded in 1775. In 1800 it was officially named Nueva Filipina and was made capital of the western jurisdiction of Cuba. Its economic importance dates from about 1830,

Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche: …went to Paraguay and founded Nueva Germania, a supposedly pure Aryan colony, but the enterprise failed, and Förster committed suicide. Amid a major financial scandal, Elisabeth failed to make a national hero of her husband or to salvage the colony as an island of Teutonic Christianity. She next served as…

Nueva Gerona, city, capital of Isla de la Juventud municipio especial (special municipality), western Cuba, located on Juventud Island just south of the Cuban mainland in the Caribbean Sea. The city is on the western bank of the Las Casas River about 6 miles (10 km) above its mouth on the north

Colombia, country of northwestern South America. Its 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of coast to the north are bathed by the waters of the Caribbean Sea, and its 800 miles (1,300 km) of coast to the west are washed by the Pacific Ocean. The country is bordered by Panama, which divides the two bodies of

Viceroyalty of New Granada, in colonial Latin America, a Spanish viceroyalty—first established in 1717, suppressed in 1723, and reestablished in 1739—that included present-day Colombia, Panama (after 1751), Ecuador, and Venezuela and had its capital at Santa Fé (present-day Bogotá). The separation

Santo Domingo, capital of the Dominican Republic. It is situated on the southeast coast of the island of Hispaniola, at the mouth of the Ozama River, and is the oldest permanent city established by Europeans in the Western Hemisphere. The city is also the seat of the oldest Roman Catholic

Ocaña, city, Norte de Santander departamento, northern Colombia, in the Hacarí valley. Founded (c. 1570) as Nueva Madrid by Francisco Fernández, the city was renamed for Ocaña in New Castile, Spain. An independence convention that was held there in 1828 is commemorated by a triumphal arch. Barium

José Agustín: …Rock”); a collection of essays, La nueva música clásica (“The New Classical Music”); and the novels Ahí viene la plaga (“Here Comes the Plague”) and Furor matutino (“Morning Fury”). The novel Cerca del fuego (1986; “Near the Fire”) is a mordantly humorous indictment of life in Mexico City, told by…

Carlos Fuentes: …Fuentes’s works of nonfiction are La nueva novela hispanoamericana (1969; “The New Hispano-American Novel”), which is his chief work of literary criticism; Cervantes; o, la critica de la lectura (1976; “Cervantes; or, The Critique of Reading,” Eng. trans. Don Quixote; or, The Critique of Reading), an homage to the great…

Nueva Ocotepeque, town, western Honduras. It lies along the Lempa River at 2,641 feet (805 metres) above sea level. The town was originally situated just to the northeast, at the site of Ocotepeque, but it was relocated after the Marchala River, a tributary of the Lempa, overflowed in 1935. Nueva

Spain: The War of the Spanish Succession: By the Decree of Nueva Planta (1716), the fueros were abolished and Catalonia was integrated into Spain. Integration, widely criticized by later generations of Catalans as the destruction of Catalan “nationality,” was nevertheless a precondition for industrial revival; it gave Catalonia a domestic market in Spain and…

Nueva Rosita, city, north-central Coahuila estado (state), northeastern Mexico. It is situated on the Mexico-U.S. border 1,410 feet (430 metres) above sea level, just north of the Sabinas River and 65 miles (105 km) southwest of Piedras Negras. The city’s location in the Sabinas coal district led

Nueva San Salvador, city, west-central El Salvador. Founded in 1854 as Nueva Ciudad de San Salvador at the southern base of San Salvador Volcano, it briefly became the national capital when San Salvador (7 miles [11 km] east) was devastated by an earthquake. In 1859 the seat of government was moved

Barquisimeto, city, capital of Lara estado (state), northwestern Venezuela. It is situated on a wide terrace of the Turbio River at 1,856 feet (566 metres) above sea level. Barquisimeto is swept by the drying trade winds but has a warm climate (mean average temperature 75 °F [24 °C]). One of

La Nueva Televisora del Sur (known as teleSUR) is a Latin American TV news channel in Spanish. Since 2005, the channel has broadcast news and featured programs 24 hours a day, 7 days a week from its studios headquarters in Caracas, Venezuela. In addition, it features several digital platforms in

nueva canción, a genre of pan-Latin American popular music, best known for propelling a powerful populist political movement—especially in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Cuba—during the 1960s and ’70s. The music’s instrumentation, rhythmic character, melodic structure, and textual form and content

San Germán, town, western Puerto Rico, in the semiarid foothills of the Cordillera Central. The original San Germán, founded in 1511 on the western coast, was pillaged by French corsairs in 1528, 1538, and 1554, and in 1570 the residents moved to the hills. There they established Nueva Villa de

Maracaibo, city, capital of Zulia estado (state), northwestern Venezuela. Maracaibo is the country’s second largest city and one of its largest seaports. Located on the western shore of the channel connecting Lake Maracaibo with the Gulf of Venezuela, it is in a basin surrounded by higher land that

El Salvador: El Salvador in the 21st century: …2021 when New Ideas (Nuevas Ideas), the party Bukele had helped found in 2017, and allied members of GANA captured 56 seats in elections for the 84-seat legislature. That two-thirds majority meant that Bukele had the legislative support he needed to replace both the country’s attorney general and five…

Nuevitas, port city, east-central Cuba. It lies on a peninsula jutting into sheltered Nuevitas Bay, on the Atlantic Ocean coast, into which Christopher Columbus sailed to land in the area in 1492. Despite frequent pirate raids in the colonial era, the settlement prospered. Its economic base is now

Nuevo Casas Grandes, city, northern Chihuahua estado (state), northern Mexico. It lies along the Casas Grandes River, about 130 miles (210 km) southwest of Ciudad Juárez. The city was established in 1886 by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and it remains a

Nuevo Laredo, city and port of entry, northern Tamaulipas estado (state), northeastern Mexico. It lies along the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), across from Laredo, Texas. The city serves as a commercial centre for the regional cattle industry and as a natural gas production centre. It is the

Nuevo León, estado (state), northeastern Mexico. It is bounded by the United States (Texas) to the north and by the states of Tamaulipas to the east and southeast, San Luis Potosí to the south and southwest, and Zacatecas and Coahuila to the west. The state capital is Monterrey. Nuevo León is

nuevo sol, monetary unit of Peru. It is divided into 100 centimos. The sol was introduced as the currency of Peru in the 1860s, but it was replaced during Chile’s occupation of the country. It was reintroduced in the 1930s, but in the mid-1980s, when the country suffered severe inflation, it was

Nippur, ancient city of Mesopotamia, now in southeastern Iraq. It lies northeast of the town of Ad-Dīwānīyah. Although never a political capital, Nippur played a dominant role in the religious life of Mesopotamia. In Sumerian mythology Nippur was the home of Enlil, the storm god and representation

London Zoo: …of Comparative Physiology and the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine.

Jodrell Bank Observatory, location of one of the world’s largest fully steerable radio telescopes, which has a reflector that measures 76 metres (250 feet) in diameter. The telescope is located with other smaller radio telescopes at Jodrellbank (formerly Jodrell Bank), about 32 kilometres (20

William Richard Morris, Viscount Nuffield was a British industrialist and philanthropist whose automobile manufacturing firm introduced the Morris cars. The son of a farm labourer, Morris was obliged by his father’s illness to abandon plans to study medicine and go to work at age 15. Behind his

Nugaaleed Valley, river valley, northeastern Somalia. It is a shallow valley, long and broad, with an extensive network of seasonal watercourses. The valley’s principal watercourses, the Nugaaleed and the more westerly Dheere, fill briefly during and after rainstorms (April to June) and drain into

Nugaaleed Valley, river valley, northeastern Somalia. It is a shallow valley, long and broad, with an extensive network of seasonal watercourses. The valley’s principal watercourses, the Nugaaleed and the more westerly Dheere, fill briefly during and after rainstorms (April to June) and drain into