fuselage: …of fuselage structures are the monocoque (i.e., kind of construction in which the outer skin bears a major part or all of the stresses) and semimonocoque. These structures provide better strength-to-weight ratios for the fuselage covering than the truss-type construction used in earlier planes.

clavichord, stringed keyboard musical instrument, developed from the medieval monochord. It flourished from about 1400 to 1800 and was revived in the 20th century. It is usually rectangular in shape, and its case and lid were usually highly decorated, painted, and inlaid. The right, or treble, end

monocotyledon, one of the two great groups of flowering plants, or angiosperms, the other being the eudicotyledons (eudicots). There are approximately 60,000 species of monocots, including the most economically important of all plant families, Poaceae (true grasses), and the largest of all plant

monocotyledon, one of the two great groups of flowering plants, or angiosperms, the other being the eudicotyledons (eudicots). There are approximately 60,000 species of monocots, including the most economically important of all plant families, Poaceae (true grasses), and the largest of all plant

monocotyledon, one of the two great groups of flowering plants, or angiosperms, the other being the eudicotyledons (eudicots). There are approximately 60,000 species of monocots, including the most economically important of all plant families, Poaceae (true grasses), and the largest of all plant

political system: Dictatorship: …government in the modern world, monocracy—a term that comprehends the rule of non-Western royal absolutists, of generals and strongmen in Latin America and Asia, of a number of leaders in postcolonial Africa, and of the totalitarian heads of communist states—still flourished. Indeed, the 20th century, which witnessed the careers of…

binoculars: …a single telescope, called a monocular, may be employed. It is essentially one-half of a pair of binoculars and usually incorporates prisms in the light path.

double vision: Monocular diplopia differs from binocular diplopia in that the double vision remains present when the nonaffected eye is covered. Monocular diplopia is due to abnormalities in the structure of the eyeball itself, most notably the lens and cornea. Treatment is directed at correcting the abnormality.

monoculture, in agriculture, the practice of growing a single crop on a given acreage. While monoculture crops are sometimes rotated year to year, continuous monoculture, or mono-cropping, in which the same crop is grown year after year, has become one of the dominant paradigms in modern industrial

monocyte, type of white blood cell that is a critical part of the innate immune system, which is present from birth and provides rapid nonspecific defense against foreign agents. Monocytes account for between 2 and 8 percent of the total number of white blood cells in the body. Although they

blood disease: Leukemia: …the least common variety, acute monocytic leukemia, the immature cells appear to be precursors of the monocytes of the blood. Myelogenous and monocytic leukemia occur more commonly in adults and adolescents than in young children. In general, acute leukemia occurs in young persons, but no age group is exempt. The…

blood disease: Leukocytosis: Monocytosis, an increase in the number of monocytes in the blood, occurs in association with certain infectious processes, especially subacute bacterial endocarditis—inflammation of the lining of the heart—and malaria. Monocytosis also occurs when the bone marrow is recovering from a toxic injury.

Adolphe-Théodore Monod was a Reformed pastor and theologian, considered the foremost Protestant preacher in 19th-century France. Born into a Swiss bourgeois family that was noted for successive generations of ministers and preachers, Monod studied theology at Geneva from 1820 to 1824. Following a

Adolphe-Théodore Monod was a Reformed pastor and theologian, considered the foremost Protestant preacher in 19th-century France. Born into a Swiss bourgeois family that was noted for successive generations of ministers and preachers, Monod studied theology at Geneva from 1820 to 1824. Following a

Gabriel Monod was a historian who helped introduce German historical methodology to France. One of the most scholarly and stimulating teachers of history, he also greatly improved the seminar system. Monod studied at the universities of Göttingen and Berlin, where he was influenced by Georg Waitz,

Jacques Monod was a French biochemist who, with François Jacob, did much to elucidate how genes regulate cell metabolism by directing the biosynthesis of enzymes. The pair shared, along with André Lwoff, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1965. In 1961 Jacob and Monod proposed the

Jacques Monod was a French biochemist who, with François Jacob, did much to elucidate how genes regulate cell metabolism by directing the biosynthesis of enzymes. The pair shared, along with André Lwoff, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1965. In 1961 Jacob and Monod proposed the

Jacques Monod was a French biochemist who, with François Jacob, did much to elucidate how genes regulate cell metabolism by directing the biosynthesis of enzymes. The pair shared, along with André Lwoff, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1965. In 1961 Jacob and Monod proposed the

fingerfish, any of the half dozen species of fishes in the family Monodactylidae (order Perciformes), found from the Atlantic coast of western Africa to the Indo-Pacific region and usually inhabiting inshore or estuarine waters. They are extremely compressed and deep-bodied and are often greater in

fingerfish: The moonfish, or mono (species Monodactylus argenteus), a popular aquarium fingerfish found from eastern Africa to Malaysia, attains lengths of 20 cm (8 inches) and has two black bands extending vertically down its head. The striped fingerfish (M. sebae), of western Africa, is also a popular aquarium fish.

short-tailed opossum, (genus Monodelphis), any of more than 20 species of small, mouse- and shrew-sized, insectivorous and carnivorous, terrestrial opossums (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae, tribe Marmosini). Total length varies from about 11 cm (4.5 inches) in the smaller species to over

short-tailed opossum: …few species are long-lived (a gray short-tailed opossum [Monodelphis domestica] lived 49 months in captivity); others live only long enough for the female to bear and wean a single litter (semelparous).

Immanuel Kant: Tutor and Privatdozent: Continet Monadologiam Physicam (1756; The Employment in Natural Philosophy of Metaphysics Combined with Geometry, of Which Sample I Contains the Physical Monadology)—also known as the Monodologia Physica—contrasted the Newtonian methods of thinking with those employed in the philosophy then prevailing in German universities. This was the philosophy of Gottfried…

narwhal, (Monodon monoceros), a small toothed whale found along coasts and in rivers throughout the Arctic. Males possess a long straight tusk that projects forward from above the mouth. Narwhals lack a dorsal fin, and in adults the flippers are turned upward at the tips. Their mottled gray bodies

okapi: …may succumb to infection from Monodontella giraffae, a parasitic nematode that damages their bile ducts.

cetacean: Annotated taxonomy: Family Monodontidae (narwhal and beluga) 2 species in 2 genera. Dorsal fin lacking. Neck vertebrae free. Flippers broad, rounded at tips. Teeth reduced to 8 or 10 in Delphinapterus (beluga); all teeth vestigial in Monodon (narwhal) except for 1 left tooth of male, which grows into…

monodrama, a drama acted or designed to be acted by a single person. A number of plays by Samuel Beckett, including Krapp’s Last Tape (first performed 1958) and Happy Days (1961), are monodramas. The term may also refer to a dramatic representation of what passes in an individual mind, as well as

monody, style of accompanied solo song consisting of a vocal line, which is frequently embellished, and simple, often expressive, harmonies. It arose about 1600, particularly in Italy, as a response to the contrapuntal style (based on the combination of simultaneous melodic lines) of 16th-century

hermaphroditism, the condition of having both male and female reproductive organs. Hermaphroditic plants—most flowering plants, or angiosperms—are called monoecious, or bisexual. Hermaphroditic animals—mostly invertebrates such as worms, bryozoans (moss animals), trematodes (flukes), snails, slugs,

Indian gooseberry: Plant description and habitat: The species is usually monoecious, meaning that it produces male and female flowers on the same plant, although some plants bear only one sex. The flowers are small and greenish and are borne in leaf axils, the points where leaves join the stem. Flowering generally occurs in late winter…

Sergius I: …recognition for his theory of monoenergism (that though Christ had two natures, there was but one operation or energy) from Heraclius, who then ordered that doctrine propagated throughout the Byzantine Empire. Further support came about 633 from Cyrus, patriarch of Alexandria, Egypt. Though at first tolerated by Pope Honorius I…

reproductive behaviour: Sexual selection: Therefore, monogamy is favoured over polygamy only when some environmental resource (food, for example) is limited and when the maximum survival of young requires the care of both parents. As in all other aspects of reproductive behaviour, the type of mating system that is employed by…

monogamy, the custom that allows a person to be legally married to only one spouse at one time. Appearing in two general forms, monogamy may imply a lifelong contract between two individuals that may be broken only under penalty—as prevails in the Roman Catholic and Hindu prescriptions for

monogatari, Japanese works of fiction, especially those written from the Heian to the Muromachi periods (794–1573). Monogatari developed from the storytelling of women at court. During the Heian period (794–1185) men wrote in Chinese, and it was women who developed this form of Japanese prose. Some

flatworm: Development: …parasitic platyhelminths occurs in the Monogenea, which have no intermediate hosts. The majority of the Monogenea are ectoparasitic (externally parasitic) on fish. The eggs hatch in water. The larva, known as an oncomiracidium, is heavily ciliated (has actively moving hairlike projections) and bears numerous posterior hooks. It must attach to…

baking: Staling: Monoglycerides of fatty acids have been widely used as dough additives to retard staling in the finished loaf.

gulper: The members of one family, Monognathidae, have mouths of normal proportions, but the other gulpers (Eurypharyngidae and Saccopharyngidae) are noted for their enormous mouths. In the Eurypharyngidae, the mouth is longer than the body. In the Saccopharyngidae, it is somewhat smaller but still huge. Gulpers are soft-bodied fish with tapered…

monogram, originally a cipher consisting of a single letter, later a design or mark consisting of two or more letters intertwined. The letters thus interlaced may be either all the letters of a name or the initial letters of the given names and surname of a person for use upon writing paper, seals,

John Gould: …Birds of Europe (1832–37) and Monograph of the Ramphastidae (Toucans) (1834) were so successful that the Goulds were able to spend two years (1838–40) in Australia, where they made a large collection of birds and mammals. The collection resulted in Gould’s most famous work, The Birds of Australia, 7 vol.…

Sarah Wambaugh: Wambaugh’s Monograph on Plebiscites, with a Collection of Official Documents (1920), first prepared for use at the Versailles Peace Conference of 1919, established its author as the leading authority in the field. From 1920 to 1921, while studying at the London University School of Economics and…

Monograptus, extinct genus of graptolites (small aquatic colonial animals related to primitive chordates) found as fossils in Silurian marine rocks (formed about 444 million to 416 million years ago). The most common Silurian graptolite genus, Monograptus is characterized by a single branch, or

Pridoli Series: …occurrence of the graptolite species Monograptus parultimus in rock exposures at the entrance to the Pozary Quarries, which lie about 1.5 km (about 1 mile) east of Reporyje, outside of southwestern Prague. The M. parultimus biozone, in short, constitutes the global stratotype section and point (GSSP) for the base of…

Silurian Period: Silurian-Devonian boundary: …fixing the base of the Monograptus uniformis biozone (a single graptolite taxon but reinforced by associated conodont and trilobite taxa) as the base of the Devonian System. The top of the Silurian System is constrained by this golden spike, which has its stratotype at a designated horizon in a cliff…

carbolic acid, simplest member of the phenol family of organic compounds. See

polytheism: The nature of polytheism: The term monolatry has a connected but different sense; it refers to the worship of one god as supreme and sole object of the worship of a group while not denying the existence of deities belonging to other groups. The term henotheism is also used to cover…

megalith, huge, often undressed stone used in various types of Neolithic (New Stone Age) and Early Bronze Age monuments. Although some aspects of the spread and development of megalithic monuments are still under debate, in Spain, Portugal, and the Mediterranean coast the most ancient of the

African architecture: Influences of Islam and Christianity: …the exception of the remarkable rock churches of Lalībela, Ethiopia. Following the Islamization of Egypt, the Ethiopian church was isolated for many centuries, but, during the reign of the ascetic Zagwe king Lalībela in the 13th century, 11 churches were carved out of the red tufa, including the cruciform church…

monolithic filter, a complete frequency-selective filter constructed on a single piezoelectric crystal plate. A piezoelectric crystal is one in which a physical deformation or movement takes place when a voltage is applied to its surfaces. A series of six properly spaced platings (electrodes) on a

integrated circuit: Monolithic microwave ICs: A special type of RFIC is known as a monolithic microwave IC (MMIC; also called microwave monolithic IC). These circuits usually run in the 2- to 100-GHz range, or microwave frequencies, and are used in radar systems, in satellite communications, and as…

Friedrich Schleiermacher: Early career: The Monologen (1800; Soliloquies), written in a somewhat artificial rhythmic prose, presented a parallel to religion in the view of ethics as the intuition and action of the self in its individuality. The individuality of each human being is here seen as a unique “organ and symbol” of…

St. Anselm of Canterbury: Early life and career: …(1077), Anselm had written the Monologion (“Monologue”) at the request of some of his fellow monks. A theological treatise, the Monologion was both apologetic and religious in intent. It attempted to demonstrate the existence and attributes of God by an appeal to reason alone rather than by the customary appeal…

monologue, in literature and drama, an extended speech by one person. The term has several closely related meanings. A dramatic monologue (q.v.) is any speech of some duration addressed by a character to a second person. A soliloquy (q.v.) is a type of monologue in which a character directly

Monomakh’s Cap, oldest of the Russian crowns kept in the Kremlin, Moscow. It is a gold skullcap composed of eight sectors elaborately ornamented with a scrolled overlay of gold filigree and bordered with fur. The cap appears to be Oriental work of the late 13th or early 14th century, but in the

Vladimir II Monomakh was the grand prince of Kiev from 1113 to 1125. Vladimir was the son of Grand Prince Vsevolod I Yaroslavich (ruled Kiev 1078–93) and Irina, the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachus. He became active in the politics of Kievan Rus, helping his father and

Noh theatre: …Noh, which Zeami described as monomane, or the “imitation of things.” He advised on the selection of properly classical characters to be portrayed, from legend or life, and on the proper integration of the visual, the melodic, and the verbal to open the eye and ear of the mind to…

monomer, a molecule of any of a class of compounds, mostly organic, that can react with other molecules to form very large molecules, or polymers. The essential feature of a monomer is polyfunctionality, the capacity to form chemical bonds to at least two other monomer molecules. Bifunctional

money: Standards of value: …bimetallic standard degenerated into a monometallic standard. If, for example, the quantity of silver designated as the monetary equivalent of 1 ounce of gold (15 to 1) was less than the quantity that could be purchased in the market for 1 ounce of gold (say 16 to 1), no one…

monometer, a rare form of verse in which each line consists of a single metrical unit (a foot or dipody). The best-known example of an entire poem in monometer is Robert Herrick’s “Upon His Departure Hence”: Another example in light verse is Desmond Skirrow’s “Ode on a Grecian Urn

inland water ecosystem: Permanent bodies of standing fresh water: Other thermal patterns are monomixis, in which a single annual period of circulation alternates with a single thermal stratification event, and polymixis, in which frequent periods of stratification occur.

ant: Notable ant behaviors: …parasite in the nests of Monomorium salomonis, the most common ant of northern Africa.

homomorphism: … to H is called a monomorphism, and a homomorphism that is “onto,” or covers every element of H, is called an epimorphism. An especially important homomorphism is an isomorphism, in which the homomorphism from G to H is both one-to-one and onto. In this last case, G and H are…

Mwene Matapa, title borne by a line of kings ruling a southeast African territory between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, in what is now Zimbabwe and Mozambique, from the 14th to the 17th century. Their domain was often called the empire of the Mwene Matapa, or simply Matapa (or Mutapa), and is

bivalve: Internal features: …creates what is called the monomyarian condition. In bivalves with such a configuration, the anterior shell and mantle are confined to a small area; the foot, where present, is always greatly reduced and positioned anteriorly. The visceral mass and organs of the mantle cavity are arranged around the central posterior…

neuritis: …can affect one nerve (mononeuritis) or a plexus of nerves (plexitis). When several single nerves are affected simultaneously, the condition may be referred to as mononeuritis multiplex. When widely separated nerves are affected, it is known as polyneuritis. The symptoms of neuritis are usually confined to a specific portion…

neuritis: …may be referred to as mononeuritis multiplex. When widely separated nerves are affected, it is known as polyneuritis. The symptoms of neuritis are usually confined to a specific portion of the body served by the inflamed nerve or nerves.

Monongah mining disaster of 1907, deadly mining explosion on Dec. 6, 1907, in Monongah, W.Va., that killed more than 350 miners. The West Virginia coal mine that was the site of the disaster had an extensive maze of underground tunnels. About 10:00 am on December 6, an underground explosion

West Virginia: Agriculture and forestry: Monongahela National Forest, in the highland region, is one of the largest in the eastern United States. Wisely used, this renewable resource is a safeguard against floods, slope erosion, and air pollution. It is significant to the state’s tourist sector, to the thousands of workers…

Monongahela River, river formed by the confluence of the Tygart and West Fork rivers in Marion county, West Virginia, U.S. It flows 128 miles (206 km) in a northerly direction past Morgantown into Pennsylvania, past Brownsville and Charleroi, joining the Allegheny River at Pittsburgh to become a

Monongahela Series, division of Pennsylvanian rocks in the eastern and southeastern United States. (The Pennsylvanian Subperiod began about 318 million years ago and lasted about 19 million years.) It was named for exposures studied along the Monongahela River in Pennsylvania and is also recognized

Battle of the Monongahela, (July 9, 1755), in the last French and Indian War, thorough defeat of General Edward Braddock’s British army by a smaller force of French and Indians of several tribes led by Captain Daniel de Beaujeu and, after his death, by Captain Jean Dumas. After a slow march from

Japanese art: Asuka period: …of which were the Soga, Mononobe, and Nakatomi. Each of the clans was tied to the imperial line by providing wives for the emperors. They also provided increasingly specialized hereditary services to the court; for example, the Mononobe were warriors, the Soga tax administrators, and the Nakatomi masters of religious…

animation: Contemporary developments: …anime such as Miyazaki Hayao’s Princess Mononoke (1997) are the modern equivalent of the epic folk adventures once filmed by Mizoguchi Kenji (The 47 Ronin, 1941) and Kurosawa Akira (Yojimbo, 1961; “The Bodyguard”). Kon Satoshi’s Perfect Blue (1997) suggests the early Japanese New Wave films of director Oshima Nagisa with…

coordination compound: Mononuclear, monodentate: The simplest types of coordination compounds are those containing a single metal atom or ion (mononuclear compounds) surrounded by monodentate ligands. Most of the coordination compounds already cited belong to this class. Among the ligands forming such complexes are a wide variety of…

mononuclear phagocyte system, class of cells that occur in widely separated parts of the human body and that have in common the property of phagocytosis, whereby the cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances and ingest worn-out or abnormal body cells. German

mononucleosis, infection in humans, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), whose most common symptoms are fever, general malaise, and sore throat. The disease occurs predominantly in persons from 10 to 35 years old, but it is known to appear at any age. Infection of young children by the EBV

metabolism: Mononucleotides: Most organisms can synthesize the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides that serve as the building blocks of RNA (containing nucleotides in which the pentose sugar is ribose, called ribonucleotides) and DNA (containing nucleotides in which the pentose sugar is deoxyribose, called

motion-picture technology: Introduction of color: In 1941 Monopack Technicolor was introduced. This was a three-layer film from which separation negatives were made for the Technicolor dye-transfer printing process.

sleep: Developmental patterns of sleep and wakefulness: The trend toward monophasic sleep probably reflects some blend of the effects of maturing and of pressures from a culture geared to daytime activity and nocturnal rest. In many Western cultures, monophasic sleep may become disrupted, particularly during adolescence and young adulthood. During those stages of life, sleep…

African music: Monophonic systems: These tonal systems, based on octaves, fifths, and fourths (i.e., on the simple ratios 1:2, 2:3, and 3:4), are found in the western Sudanic belt. There are also many pentatonic systems of this kind in the Sahel zone and on the Guinea Coast…

monophony, musical texture made up of a single unaccompanied melodic line. It is a basic element of virtually all musical cultures. Byzantine and Gregorian chants (the music of the medieval Eastern and Western churches, respectively) constitute the oldest written examples of monophonic repertory.

phosphide: …greater than one, and (3) monophosphides, in which the metal-to-phosphorus ratio is exactly one. Phosphorus-rich phosphides tend to have lower thermal stabilities and lower melting points than phosphides of the other two categories. Examples of these compounds are phosphides formed with the later transition metals (e.g., RuP2, PdP3, and NiP3).

printing: First generation of phototypesetters: mechanical: …from the Linotype; and the Monophoto (1957), derived from the Monotype. Retaining the mechanical limitations of machines intended to shape lead, they could not achieve appreciably higher rates of performance. Photocomposition had to be rethought in functional terms. This approach was explored in Germany as early as the 1920s with…

vowel: …with so-called pure vowels, or monophthongs—i.e., unchanging, or steady-state, vowels. Though they are single speech sounds, diphthongs are usually represented, in a phonetic transcription of speech, by means of a pair of characters indicating the initial and final configurations of the vocal tract. Many of the vowel sounds in most…

phylogeny: Animal evolution: The monophyletic sequence suggests that four groups evolved from lower forms to higher: Ameria (unsegmented animals), which includes flatworms, cnidarians, ctenophores, and mollusks; Polymeria (segmented animals), which includes annelids and arthropods; Oligomeria (reduced segmentation), which includes insects and echinoderms; and

monophysite, in Christianity, one who believed that Jesus Christ’s nature remains altogether divine and not human even though he has taken on an earthly and human body with its cycle of birth, life, and death. Monophysitism asserted that the person of Jesus Christ has only one, divine nature rather

monoplacophoran, (class Tryblidia), any of a group of primitive marine mollusks characterized by a single, cap-shaped shell and bilateral symmetry. The term Tryblidia is preferred over Monoplacophoran and Galeroconcha, because both latter terms are taken to include several fossil groups of

monoplacophoran, (class Tryblidia), any of a group of primitive marine mollusks characterized by a single, cap-shaped shell and bilateral symmetry. The term Tryblidia is preferred over Monoplacophoran and Galeroconcha, because both latter terms are taken to include several fossil groups of

monoplane, type of aircraft with a single pair of wings. The monoplane design has been nearly universally adopted over multiplane configurations because airflow interference between adjacent wings reduces efficiency. The first monoplane was constructed by the Romanian inventor Trajan Vuia, who made

Monopleura, genus of extinct and unusual bivalves (clams) found as fossils dated to the Cretaceous Period (145.5 million to 65.5 million years ago) and representative of a group of aberrant clams known as the pachyodonts. The thick triangular shell in Monopleura is capped by a much smaller

angiosperm: Stems: Monopodial branching occurs when the terminal bud continues to grow as a central leader shoot and the lateral branches remain subordinate—e.g., beech trees (Fagus; Fagaceae). Sympodial branching occurs when the terminal bud ceases to grow (usually because a terminal flower has formed) and an axillary…

common law: Further growth of statute law: The Statute of Monopolies of 1623 confirmed that monopolies were contrary to common law but made exceptions for patentable inventions, and a statute of 1601 became the basis of the privileges enjoyed by charitable trusts. Additionally, the series of Poor Laws enacted in the late 16th…

monopolistic competition, market situation in which there may be many independent buyers and many independent sellers but competition is imperfect because of product differentiation, geographical fragmentation of the market, or some similar condition. The theory was developed almost simultaneously

Monopoly, real-estate board game for two to eight players, in which the player’s goal is to remain financially solvent while forcing opponents into bankruptcy by buying and developing pieces of property. Each side of the square board is divided into 10 small rectangles representing specific

monopoly and competition, basic factors in the structure of economic markets. In economics, monopoly and competition signify certain complex relations among firms in an industry. A monopoly implies an exclusive possession of a market by a supplier of a product or a service for which there is no

profit: …third type of profit is monopoly profit, which occurs when a firm restricts output so as to prevent prices from falling to the level of costs. The first two types of profit result from relaxing the usual theoretical assumptions of unchanging consumer tastes and states of technology. The third type…

propellant: …are various liquid rocket propellants: monopropellants, such as nitromethane, which contain both oxidizer and fuel and are ignited by some external means; bipropellants, consisting of an oxidizer such as liquid oxygen and a fuel such as liquid hydrogen, which are injected into a combustion chamber from separate containers; and multipropellants,…

monopsony, in economic theory, market situation in which there is only one buyer. An example of pure monopsony is a firm that is the only buyer of labour in an isolated town. Such a firm is able to pay lower wages than it would under competition. Although cases of pure monopsony are rare,

Robert Morris Page: He invented the monopulse tracking radar, which is still the preferred approach for precision tracking radars and for military applications. He also obtained the patent on the widely used plan position indicator (PPI) radar display, which provides the location and direction of a target on a maplike presentation…

monorail, railway that runs on a single rail. This rail may be located either above or beneath the railway cars. In systems that employ an overhead rail, the cars are supported by wheeled axles that run on the overhead rail. The system is gyroscopically stabilized. In those systems that use an

monorhyme, a strophe or poem in which all the lines have the same end rhyme. Monorhymes are rare in English but are a common feature in Latin, Welsh, and Arabic