Heinrich Heine: Later life and works: …he reedited and published as Lutezia, the ancient Roman name for Paris, in 1854.

Uzbek literature: The classical period: …outstanding poets of this period, Luṭfī was the great master of the ghazal (lyric love poem) and tuyugh (a Turkic quatrain, similar to the robāʾī), and he exerted a wide influence on poets of his time. In his sole narrative poem, Gul wa Nawruz (written in 1411; “Gul and Nawruz”),…

Aḥmad Luṭfī al-Sayyid was a journalist and lawyer, a leading spokesman for Egyptian modernism in the first half of the 20th century. Throughout his career he held a number of political and nonpolitical positions, including several academic posts. Luṭfī completed his law degree in 1894 and accepted

Daniel Greysolon, Sieur DuLhut was a French soldier and explorer who was largely responsible for establishing French control over the country north and west of Lake Superior. The city of Duluth, Minn., was named for him. DuLhut became an ensign in the regiment at Lyon in 1657, and about 1665 he

Luther, drama in three acts by John Osborne, performed and published in 1961. The play is a psychological study of the religious reformer Martin Luther, who is portrayed as an angry man struggling with self-doubts and his desire to believe. The drama highlights his work as a scholar, his defiance

Idris Elba: Stardom: The Wire, Luther, and Thor: …Luther in the crime series Luther (2010–19). His interpretation of the brilliant but self-destructive Luther earned him a Golden Globe Award (2012) as well as four Emmy Award nominations and a BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts) Award nod. Elba’s later TV credits included the miniseries Guerrilla (2017),…

SZA: Rise to musical fame: EPs, collaborations, Ctrl, and SOS: …best R&B song, and “Luther” (2024), a duet with Lamar that earned her two more Grammys, including record of the year.

Luther v. Borden, (1849), U.S. Supreme Court decision growing out of the 1842 conflict in Rhode Island called the “Dorr Rebellion.” In the spring of 1842, Rhode Island had two governors and two legislatures. One government was committed to retaining the old colonial charter, which severely limited

Hans Luther was a German statesman who was twice chancellor (1925, 1926) of the Weimar Republic and who helped bring Germany’s disastrous post-World War I inflation under control. After studying law at Berlin, Kiel, and Geneva, Luther joined the local civil service in Berlin. From 1907 to 1913 he

Irene Rich was an American actress who abandoned her career as a successful real estate agent to become a popular star of the silent screen, appearing in scores of melodramas in the 1920s. Rich first appeared in motion pictures as an extra in 1918 and later played opposite such stars as Lon Chaney,

Did Martin Luther Marry a Nun?: …a former Augustinian hermit, married Katharina von Bora, a former Cistercian nun. Their love story began in 1523, when Katharina and eight other nuns dramatically fled their convent, smuggled out in a fish cart, after being inspired by Luther’s writings. The other women returned to their families or found husbands,…

Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer who was the catalyst of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. Through his words and actions, Luther precipitated a movement that reformulated certain basic tenets of Christian belief and resulted in the division of Western Christendom

Luther Vandross: Legacy: In 2024 the documentary film Luther: Never Too Much, directed by Dawn Porter, premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. Two years later Vandross was selected for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. That same year the song “Luther” by rapper Kendrick Lamar and SZA—which is named for

Idris Elba: The Suicide Squad and Hijack: …John Luther in the film Luther: The Fallen Sun. During this time Elba lent his voice to Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2022) and the 2024 sequel.

Lutheran blood group system: …the presence of substances called Lutheran antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells. There are 19 known Lutheran antigens, all of which arise from variations in a gene called BCAM (basal cell adhesion molecule). The system is based on the expression of two codominant alleles, designated Lu

Lutheran blood group system, classification of human blood based on the presence of substances called Lutheran antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells. There are 19 known Lutheran antigens, all of which arise from variations in a gene called BCAM (basal cell adhesion molecule). The system is

Liturgical Movement: …United States published its revised Lutheran Book of Worship, offering more individual choices in liturgy and also an expanded variety of musical styles. In 1979 the Episcopal Church adopted a revised Book of Common Prayer, which offered a choice of texts, one preserving the traditional language.

Lutheranism, branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Martin Luther and the 16th-century movements that issued from his reforms. Along with Anglicanism, the Reformed and Presbyterian (Calvinist) churches, Methodism, and the Baptist

Lutheran Church in America, Lutheran church in North America that in 1988 merged with two other Lutheran churches to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

Lutheran Church in Württemberg, independent Lutheran church established in the duchy of Württemberg in 1534 during the Protestant Reformation in Germany. A strong Lutheran church throughout the centuries, it was influenced in the 17th and 18th centuries by Pietism, the Lutheran-based movement that

Lutheran Church of Oldenburg, independent Lutheran church in Oldenburg, Ger. Pastors who had accepted the Lutheran faith were established in Oldenburg during the Protestant Reformation in Germany, and in 1573 an order for church government and the Lutheran confessions were accepted for the church.

Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod: …1994 a related body, the Lutheran Church—Canada, reported more than 75,000 members and 329 congregations. Its headquarters are in Winnipeg, Man.

Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, conservative Lutheran church in the United States, organized in Chicago in 1847 by German immigrants from Saxony (settled in Missouri) and Bavaria (settled in Michigan and Indiana) as the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and Other States. C.F.W.

Lutheran Council in the United States of America (LCUSA), cooperative agency for four Lutheran churches whose membership included about 95 percent of all Lutherans in the U.S., established Jan. 1, 1967, as a successor to the National Lutheran Council (NLC). The member churches were the Lutheran

Lutheranism, branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Martin Luther and the 16th-century movements that issued from his reforms. Along with Anglicanism, the Reformed and Presbyterian (Calvinist) churches, Methodism, and the Baptist

Lutheran Synodical Conference, cooperative agency organized in 1872 by several conservative U.S. Lutheran groups. Its members accepted strict conservative interpretations of the Bible and the Lutheran confessions and insisted that fellowship among Lutheran groups could take place only after

Lutheran World Federation (LWF), international cooperative agency of Lutheran churches, organized at Lund, Swed., in 1947. It developed from the Lutheran World Convention, which held conventions in 1923, 1929, and 1935. The effectiveness of the Lutheran World Convention during the war years was

Lutheranism, branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Martin Luther and the 16th-century movements that issued from his reforms. Along with Anglicanism, the Reformed and Presbyterian (Calvinist) churches, Methodism, and the Baptist

Philip James de Loutherbourg was an early Romantic painter, illustrator, printmaker, and scenographer, especially known for his paintings of landscapes and battles and for his innovative scenery designs and special effects for the theatre. First trained under his father, a miniature painter from

Albert John Luthuli was a Zulu chief, teacher and religious leader, and president of the African National Congress (1952–67) in South Africa. He was the first African to be awarded a Nobel Prize for Peace (1960), in recognition of his nonviolent struggle against racial discrimination. The

Albert John Luthuli was a Zulu chief, teacher and religious leader, and president of the African National Congress (1952–67) in South Africa. He was the first African to be awarded a Nobel Prize for Peace (1960), in recognition of his nonviolent struggle against racial discrimination. The

Western painting: Late Baroque and Rococo: …18th-century style by his pupil Benedetto Luti, while Francesco Trevisani abandoned the dramatic lighting of his early paintings in favor of a glossy Rococo classicism. In the early 18th century, Neapolitan painting under Francesco Solimena developed from the brilliant synthesis of Pietro da Cortona’s grand manner and Venetian color that…

lutite, any fine-grained sedimentary rock consisting of clay- or silt-sized particles (less than 0.063 mm [0.0025 inch] in diameter) that are derived principally from nonmarine (continental) rocks. Laminated lutites and lutites that are fissile—i.e., easily split into thin layers—are called shales.

snapper, any of about 105 species of fishes of the family Lutjanidae (order Perciformes). Snappers are found, often in abundance, throughout the tropics. Active, schooling fishes with elongated bodies, large mouths, sharp canine teeth, and blunt or forked tails, snappers are usually rather large,

snapper: …wholly yellow tail; and the red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), a bright-red fish (one of several red-coloured snappers) famed as food and found in rather deep Atlantic waters.

snapper: …and white Indo-Pacific fish; the gray, or mangrove, snapper (L. griseus), a gray, reddish, or greenish Atlantic fish; the yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus), a swift-moving Atlantic species with a broad, yellow stripe from the nose to the wholly yellow tail; and the red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), a bright-red fish (one…

snapper: Some, however, such as the dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu) of the Atlantic, may contain a toxic substance and cause ciguatera, a form of poisoning. The better known species of snapper include the emperor snapper (L. sebae), a red and white Indo-Pacific fish; the gray, or mangrove, snapper (L. griseus), a…

snapper: …species of snapper include the emperor snapper (L. sebae), a red and white Indo-Pacific fish; the gray, or mangrove, snapper (L. griseus), a gray, reddish, or greenish Atlantic fish; the yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus), a swift-moving Atlantic species with a broad, yellow stripe from the nose to the wholly yellow…

Protestantism: Denmark-Norway: …whose royal chaplain, the German R.J. Lütkens, approved of the pietistic pastors and won Frederick’s support for missions in India. The king sought out missionaries in his kingdom but found none. He then turned to Germany, where, through Lütken’s contacts, he discovered two young Halle-trained Pietists, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg (1683–1719) and…

José Revueltas: …Human Mourning, also translated as The Stone Knife) is a powerful novel that uses flashbacks and interior monologues to present the plight of rural Mexicans from the pre-Columbian period up to the 1930s. In 1943 Revueltas was expelled from the Communist Party and took part in founding the Spartacus Leninist…

Luton, town and unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Bedfordshire, England. It lies along England’s chief superhighway (M1), 30 miles (48 km) northwest of London, and has an international airport. Long famous for the manufacture of straw hats, Luton developed into an industrial town

Witold Lutosławski was an outstanding Polish composer of the 20th century who attempted to create a new musical language by incorporating elements of folk songs, 12-tone serialism, atonal counterpoint, and controlled improvisations reminiscent of aleatory (chance, see aleatory music) compositions

otter: Conservation and classification: North American river otters (L. canadensis) are still taken as part of the commercial fur trade, but the primary threats to others are the destruction of wetland habitats and pollution. Heavy metals and contaminants such as mercury and PCBs

otter: Conservation and classification: …of North America, and the hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) of Asia—as endangered and two—the short-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) and smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)—as vulnerable.

Nicolas Boileau: …most successful of mock-heroic epics, Le Lutrin, dealing with a quarrel of two ecclesiastical dignitaries over where to place a lectern in a chapel.

otter, (subfamily Lutrinae), any of 13 species of semiaquatic mammals that belong to the weasel family (Mustelidae) and are noted for their playful behavior. The otter has a lithe and slender body with short legs, a strong neck, and a long flattened tail that helps propel the animal gracefully

thick-tailed opossum, (genus Lutreolina), any of three species of minklike, aggressive, and mainly carnivorous South American marsupials (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) adapted to live along rivers and streams in periodically flooded grassland habitats. One species (Lutreolina turneri)

thick-tailed opossum, (genus Lutreolina), any of three species of minklike, aggressive, and mainly carnivorous South American marsupials (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) adapted to live along rivers and streams in periodically flooded grassland habitats. One species (Lutreolina turneri)

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Family Lutrochidae (travertine beetles) 1 genus (Lutrochus); found near streams; distribution limited to New World. Family Psephenidae (water-penny beetles) Larvae flat, almost circular; a few species, mostly in India, North America. Family

otter: Conservation and classification: perspicillata(smooth-coated otter) Genus Pteronura 1 species found in South America. Species P. brasiliensis(giant otter)

Lutsk, city, northwestern Ukraine, on a defensive site at a bend in the Styr River. It was a tribal settlement, perhaps of the Luchanians, as early as the 10th century. The first known record of the settlement dates to 1085. Lutsk later became a part of the principality of Galicia-Volhynia and

Ukraine: The Yanukovych presidency: …February 2012 Tymoshenko’s interior minister, Yuri Lutsenko, also was convicted of abuse of power and sentenced to four years in prison. Many observers believed both trials were politically motivated. When Ukraine cohosted the UEFA European Championship football (soccer) tournament in summer 2012, a number of EU countries registered their concern…

Lutsk, city, northwestern Ukraine, on a defensive site at a bend in the Styr River. It was a tribal settlement, perhaps of the Luchanians, as early as the 10th century. The first known record of the settlement dates to 1085. Lutsk later became a part of the principality of Galicia-Volhynia and

Sir Thomas Littleton was a jurist, author of Littleton on Tenures (or Treatise on Tenures), the first important English legal text neither written in Latin nor significantly influenced by Roman (civil) law. An edition (1481 or 1482?) by John Lettou and William de Machlinia was doubtless the first

history of Europe: The triumph of the Catholics, 1619–29: …they were routed at the Battle of Lutter (August 26, 1626). The joint armies of Tilly and Wallenstein pursued the defeated forces: first they occupied the lands of North German rulers who had declared support for the invasion, then they conquered the Danish mainland itself. Christian made peace in 1629,…

William of Ockham: Treatise to John XXII: Ockham met John Lutterell again at Avignon; in a treatise addressed to Pope John XXII, the former chancellor of Oxford denounced Ockham’s teaching on the Sentences, extracting from it 56 propositions that he showed to be in serious error. Lutterell then became a member of a committee…

Harborough: The district contains two towns: Lutterworth, with its medieval church where the reformer John Wycliffe was parish priest in the 14th century, and Market Harborough. The latter is a busy market town with some small industries and good rail and road links with Leicester and London. It has a fine…

Liège, city, Walloon Region, eastern Belgium, on the Meuse River at its confluence with the Ourthe. (The grave accent in Liège was officially approved over the acute in 1946.) The site was inhabited in prehistoric times and was known to the Romans as Leodium. A chapel was built there to honor St.

Normandy Invasion: The German counterattack and the Falaise pocket: …westward, he issued orders for Operation Lüttich, designed to drive behind the point of the American spearhead and reach the sea at Avranches. However, Ultra interceptions of German cipher traffic alerted the Americans to the danger, and, when Lüttich opened on August 7, heavy antitank defenses were in place. The…

Henry Luttrell was an English poet of light verse and a London society wit. Luttrell was an illegitimate son of Henry Lawes Luttrell, 2nd earl of Carhampton, who in 1798 used his influence in securing his son a seat in the Irish Parliament and a post in the Irish government, which the young

Weimar Republic: Political disturbances at home: Walther von Lüttwitz, who commanded the troops in the Berlin area, and Wolfgang Kapp, an East Prussian official. With the help of the Ehrhardt Brigade, a Freikorps formation, they assumed power in Berlin for a few days. However, the Kapp Putsch failed to receive the…

Albert John Luthuli was a Zulu chief, teacher and religious leader, and president of the African National Congress (1952–67) in South Africa. He was the first African to be awarded a Nobel Prize for Peace (1960), in recognition of his nonviolent struggle against racial discrimination. The

Polab: …principalities, the Obodrites and the Lutycy, or Wilcy. The many Lutycy tribes, of which the Ratarowie and Stodoranie (Hawolanie) were the most important, were subdued by Lothar of Saxony and Albert the Bear of Brandenburg in the 12th century. The other Polab groups were also subjugated by the Germans in…

Sir Edwin Lutyens was an English architect noted for his versatility and range of invention along traditional lines. He is known especially for his planning of New Delhi and his design of the Viceroy’s House there. After studying at the Royal College of Art, London, he was articled in 1887 to a

Sir Edwin Lutyens was an English architect noted for his versatility and range of invention along traditional lines. He is known especially for his planning of New Delhi and his design of the Viceroy’s House there. After studying at the Royal College of Art, London, he was articled in 1887 to a

Common Figure Skating Jumps Explained: Lutz: …Lutz, who first performed the jump in 1913, this difficult maneuver is marked by a long backward arcing glide into the jump. The skater plants the toe pick and revolves in the air in the opposite direction of the arc used to begin the jump. The jump is landed on…

figure skating: Pioneers of the sport: Paulsen, Ulrich Salchow, and Alois Lutz. Each man created a jump that is now named after him. Paulsen, a Norwegian equally expert in figure and speed skating, introduced his jump in Vienna in 1882 at what is generally regarded as the first international championship. The “axel” was later perfected…

dance of death: …were engraved by the German Hans Lützelburger and published at Lyon in 1538. Holbein’s procession is divided into separate scenes depicting the skeletal figure of death surprising his victims in the midst of their daily life. Apart from a few isolated mural paintings in northern Italy, the theme did not…

Battle of Lützen, (November 16 [November 6, Old Style], 1632), military engagement of the Thirty Years’ War in which Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden lost his life; it was fought by the Swedes to help their North German allies against the forces of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II. Having received

Carrión disease: …sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia, which propagate in the Andes Mountains in parts of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. Oroya fever develops between 3 and 12 weeks following disease transmission. Diagnosis typically is through blood testing and antibody detection. The disease responds well to certain antibiotics. Control measures are directed…

Battle of Jutland: The clash of fleets: …3:48 pm Hipper’s flagship, the Lützow, opened fire, which was promptly returned, but during the next 20 minutes the British line suffered severely: the Lion, the Princess Royal, and the Tiger were hit repeatedly, and the Indefatigable, caught by two salvoes from the Von der Tann, capsized and sank. The…

Adolf, baron von Lützow was a Prussian major general and a famous, though largely ineffectual, guerrilla leader during the Napoleonic Wars of 1813–15. Lützow entered the Prussian Army in 1795 and was present at the decisive defeat of the Prussian forces by the French at Auerstädt (1806). He retired

Karl Leberecht Immermann: …he fell in love with Elisa von Lützow, the wife of the Prussian general Adolf, Freiherr von Lützow. Their passionate love affair ended 14 years after the Lützow divorce (1825) because Elisa unwaveringly refused to enter upon a second marriage. At the beginning of 1824, Immermann became judge in the…

Adolf, baron von Lützow: …mounted free corps (called the Lützowsche Freikorps), composed mainly of non-Prussian volunteers, to operate behind the French lines. The formation eventually numbered about 3,000 and became popularly known as the Schwarze Schar (“Black Band”) after its uniform, which was a symbol of mourning for enslaved Germany. The armistice of June…

Phan Boi Chau: In 1903 he wrote Luu cau huyet le tan thu (“Ryukyu’s Bitter Tears”), an allegory equating Japan’s bitterness at the loss of the Ryukyu Islands with the Vietnamese loss of independence. With fellow revolutionaries he formed the Duy Tan Hoi (“Reformation Society”; see Duy Tan) in 1904 and secured…

Jane Luu is a Vietnamese American astronomer who codiscovered the first Kuiper Belt object (KBO). The second of four children, Luu grew up in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), Vietnam. Her father worked as a clerk for the U.S. Army, and her mother was a homemaker. In April 1975, as the Vietnam War

José Luandino Vieira: …early collection of short stories, Luuanda (1963). The book, which received a Portuguese writers’ literary award in 1965, was banned until the overthrow of the colonial government in 1974. Although the stories are not overtly political, their realism makes clear the oppressiveness of Portuguese occupation. Many of Vieira’s stories follow…

Mike Nichols: Early life and stage work: …his next two stage productions, Luv (1964–67) and Simon’s The Odd Couple (1965–67), Nichols won another Tony.

Luvale, Bantu-speaking people of northwestern Zambia and southeastern Angola. In terms of history, language, material culture, and religion, the Luvale are closely related to the Lunda and Ndembu to the northeast, who extend northward into southern Congo (Kinshasa). They are also culturally similar

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Luvaridae (luvar) 1 species (Luvarus imperialis); rare; resembles a dolphinfish (family Coryphaenidae) in its very high forehead and its eye placed low almost on level with its mouth; mouth small, toothless; body deep, laterally compressed; a fleshy keel on each side of caudal peduncle; pelagic in…

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Luvaridae (luvar) 1 species (Luvarus imperialis); rare; resembles a dolphinfish (family Coryphaenidae) in its very high forehead and its eye placed low almost on level with its mouth; mouth small, toothless; body deep, laterally compressed; a fleshy keel on each side of caudal peduncle; pelagic in…

Luwian language, one of several ancient extinct Anatolian languages. The language is preserved in two closely related but distinct forms, one using cuneiform script and the other using hieroglyphic writing. Luwian influence on the vocabulary of the Hittite language began before the earliest

Ljubljana, capital city and economic, political, and cultural centre of Slovenia, located on the Ljubljanica River. The city lies in central Slovenia in a natural depression surrounded by high peaks of the Julian Alps. A walled Roman encampment was built there in the mid-1st century bce by Roman

Luvisol, one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The mixed mineralogy, high nutrient content, and good drainage of these soils make them suitable for a wide range of agriculture, from grains to orchards to vineyards. Luvisols form on

Luvua River, tributary of the Lualaba River in southeastern Congo (Kinshasa). It issues from the northern end of Lake Mweru, on the Congo-Zambia border, and flows about 220 miles (350 km) northwest past Kiambi to its confluence with the Lualaba River opposite Ankoro. The river is navigable by

Luwian, member of an extinct people of ancient Anatolia. The Luwians were related to the Hittites and were the dominant group in the Late Hittite culture. Their language is known from cuneiform texts found at the Hittite capital, Boğazköy. (See Luwian language.) Luwiya is mentioned as a foreign

Luwian language, one of several ancient extinct Anatolian languages. The language is preserved in two closely related but distinct forms, one using cuneiform script and the other using hieroglyphic writing. Luwian influence on the vocabulary of the Hittite language began before the earliest

Anatolian religion: Religions of successor states: …in about 1180 bc, the Luwians moved eastward and southward into Cappadocia, Cilicia, and North Syria. Here they formed a number of small successor kingdoms. Shortly afterward the Phrygians crossed the Bosporus from Thrace and occupied the centre of the Anatolian plateau, cutting off in the extreme southwest a remnant…

Meade Lewis was an American musician, one of the leading exponents of boogie-woogie. Lewis’s first instrument was the violin, but by the late 1920s he was playing piano in Chicago nightclubs. His most famous recording, “Honky Tonk Train Blues,” was one of the most vibrant and exhilarating of all

lux, unit of illumination (see luminous intensity) in the International System of Units (SI). One lux (Latin for “light”) is the amount of illumination provided when one lumen is evenly distributed over an area of one square metre. This is also equivalent to the illumination that would exist on a

Björk: Solo albums and acting career: …dramatic “Berghain” from Rosalía’s album Lux (2025).

Charles Gore: This conviction found expression in Lux Mundi: A Series of Studies in the Religion of the Incarnation (1889), which Gore edited and which became a major text of liberal Anglo-Catholicism. He also wrote The Incarnation of the Son of God (1891), Reconstruction of Belief, 3 vol. (1921–24), Christ and Society…

radio: Film-based anthology shows: …intensified with the premiere of The Lux Radio Theatre in 1934. By 1936 the program was hosted by Paramount’s famous director-producer Cecil B. DeMille. From this point on, almost all the stories used on Lux were drawn from movies, and most of the shows employed the stars who had appeared…

Akita: Care and upkeep: …breed is also susceptible to patellar luxation (dislocated kneecap) and hypothyroidism. As with all large breeds prone to hip dysplasia, puppies should be fed a diet for large-breed puppies that slows their rate of growth. Regular eye examinations to detect progressive retinal atrophy are also recommended.

Belgium: Walloon Brabant, and Luxembourg), and Flemings, a Flemish- (Dutch-) speaking people (more than one-half of the total population), who are concentrated in the five northern and northeastern provinces (West Flanders, East Flanders [West-Vlaanderen, Oost-Vlaanderen],

Luxembourg, city, capital of Luxembourg, located in the south-central part of the country. Luxembourg city is situated on a sandstone plateau into which the Alzette River and its tributary, the Petrusse, have cut deep winding ravines. Within a loop of the Alzette, a rocky promontory called the Bock

Luxembourg, landlocked country in northwestern Europe. One of the world’s smallest countries, it is bordered by Belgium on the west and north, France on the south, and Germany on the northeast and east. Luxembourg has come under the control of many states and ruling houses in its long history, but

Luxembourg: Over a 400-year period, Luxembourg Castle was repeatedly attacked and rebuilt—by the Spaniards, Austrians, French, and Dutch, successively—to become the strongest fortress in Europe after Gibraltar. One such reinforcement was undertaken by the French military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who redesigned the city’s defensive fortifications after having…

France: The Second Republic, 1848–52: …and social council called the Luxembourg Commission was created to study programs of social reform; Blanc was named its president. The principle of universal manhood suffrage was proclaimed—a return to the precedent of 1792 that increased the electorate at a stroke from 200,000 to 9,000,000. In matters of foreign policy,…

Paris: Saint-Germain-des-Prés and the Latin Quarter: …the boulevard Saint-Michel skirts the Luxembourg Gardens, the remains of the park of Marie de Médicis’ Luxembourg Palace (1616–21), which now houses the French Senate. The gardens are planted with chestnuts and are enhanced with a pond for toy sailboats, a marionette theatre, and statuary.