Zygophyllales: Zygophyllaceae: In Kallstroemia the petals and stamens spread horizontally from the pistil when the flower opens in the morning. The stigma is receptive to pollen carried in by insects (bees, wasps, butterflies, and flies) visiting the open flower for its nectar. By early afternoon the flowers begin…

kalma, in Finno-Ugric religion, Finnish term referring to the dead and used in compound words with concepts associated with the dead. Related words are similarly used in other Uralic languages, such as kalmo (“grave”) among the Mordvin and halmer (“corpse”) among the Samoyed. In Finnish, kalmanväki

Frisian literature: In 1915 Douwe Kalma launched the Young Frisian Movement, which challenged younger writers to break radically with the provincialism and didacticism of past Frisian literature. This break had been anticipated in the lyrical poetry and fiction of Simke Kloosterman and in the psychological narratives of Reinder Brolsma.…

Typhoon Kalmaegi, late-season tropical cyclone whose strong winds and heavy rains brought widespread damage to several islands in the central Philippines, as well as to Vietnam and Thailand. The typhoon’s maximum sustained wind speed was measured at 114 miles (183 km) per hour, with peak gusts

dead reckoning: …reckoning is also embedded in Kalman filtering techniques, which mathematically combine a sequence of navigation solutions to obtain the best estimate of the navigator’s current position, velocity, attitude angles, and so forth.

Emmerich Kálmán was a Hungarian composer, one of the leading exponents of the last era of Viennese operetta. Kálmán was born to a lower middle-class Jewish family. He studied composition at the Academy of Music in Budapest under János Koessler; for a time his fellow students included Béla Bartók

Emmerich Kálmán was a Hungarian composer, one of the leading exponents of the last era of Viennese operetta. Kálmán was born to a lower middle-class Jewish family. He studied composition at the Academy of Music in Budapest under János Koessler; for a time his fellow students included Béla Bartók

Coloman was the king of Hungary from 1095 who pursued expansionist policies and stabilized and improved the internal order of Hungary. Coloman was the natural son of King Géza I by a Greek concubine. King Ladislas (László), his uncle, would have made him a monk, but Coloman refused and eventually

kalma: In Finnish, kalmanväki means both the spirits of the dead and the collective power inherent in them that can be used by a shaman to work sorcery against other people. Kalmanväki are believed to be ruled by the ghost of the first person buried in a cemetery,…

Kalmar, city, port, and capital of the län (county) of Kalmar, southeastern Sweden. Built partly on two small islands, it lies on Kalmar Sound, which separates mainland Sweden from the island of Öland. Founded in the 12th century in a strategic coastal position, the city gave its name in 1397 to

Kalmar, län (county) of southeastern Sweden, in Götaland region, on the Baltic Sea. It has two distinct parts: the mainland, forming the eastern part of the traditional landskap (province) of Småland, and the island landskap of Öland (q.v.). Between Öland and the mainland is the long, narrow Kalmar

Kalmar: The 13th-century Kalmar Castle has served as fortress, distillery, granary, and prison and now houses the county museum.

Kalmar Union, Scandinavian union formed at Kalmar, Sweden, in June 1397 that brought the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark together under a single monarch until 1523. When Margaret I became ruler of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (1387–88), it was understood that she should, at the first

Kalmar War, (1611–13), the war between Denmark and Sweden for control of the northern Norwegian coast and hinterland, which resulted in Sweden’s acceptance of Denmark-Norway’s sovereignty over the area. Denmark’s king Christian IV declared war on Sweden in April 1611 after the Swedish king Charles

kalmia, any of about seven species of evergreen shrubs constituting a genus (Kalmia) in the heath family (Ericaceae). All the species occur in North America and the West Indies, and one species is more widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The leaves, which are borne on short stalks, are

kalmia, any of about seven species of evergreen shrubs constituting a genus (Kalmia) in the heath family (Ericaceae). All the species occur in North America and the West Indies, and one species is more widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The leaves, which are borne on short stalks, are

lambkill, (species Kalmia angustifolia), an open upright woody shrub of the heath family (Ericaceae). Lambkill is 0.3–1.2 m (1–4 feet) tall and has glossy, leathery, evergreen leaves and showy pink to rose flowers. It contains andromedotoxin, a poison also common to other Kalmia species (including

Darlington: Kalmia Gardens, the Coker College arboretum, contains a virtually complete cross section of South Carolina terrain, along with hundreds of varieties of flora native to the Atlantic seaboard. H.B. Robinson Unit 2, the state’s oldest operating nuclear power plant, is located near Hartsville. Darlington is…

mountain laurel, (Kalmia latifolia), Flowering evergreen shrub of the heath family, occurring in most mountainous regions of eastern North America. It grows to about 3–18 feet (1–6 metres) in height and has oval leaves. The rosy, pink, or white flowers appear in large clusters above the foliage.

kalmia: …pale laurel, bog laurel, or bog kalmia.

Neustadt an der Weinstrasse: …setting at the foot of Mount Kalmit (2,208 feet [673 m]) make it a favourite tourist base. Its other economic activities include food processing and light manufacturing. Pop. (2005) 53,628.

Mariupol, city, southeastern Ukraine. It lies along the estuary of the Kalmius and Kalchik rivers, 6 miles (10 km) from the Sea of Azov. The city was founded in 1778 as Pavlovsk, on the site of a former Cossack encampment. It was renamed Mariupol in 1779 to honour Maria Fyodorovna, the second wife

Kalmyk, Mongol people residing chiefly in Kalmykiya republic, in southwestern Russia. Their language belongs to the Oirat, or western, branch of the Mongolian language group. The Oirat dialects are also spoken in western Mongolia, and in Xinjiang and neighbouring provinces of China. The home of the

Kalmyk, Mongol people residing chiefly in Kalmykiya republic, in southwestern Russia. Their language belongs to the Oirat, or western, branch of the Mongolian language group. The Oirat dialects are also spoken in western Mongolia, and in Xinjiang and neighbouring provinces of China. The home of the

Kalmykiya, republic in southwestern Russia, lying northwest of the Caspian Sea and west of the lower Volga River. On the east it reaches the Caspian shore, and in the northeast it touches the Volga. Most of the republic lies in the vast lowland of the northern Caspian Depression, the greater part

Altaic languages: The Mongolian languages: Buryat and Kalmyk are also literary languages written in Cyrillic script. As the result of divergent spelling conventions and differences in vocabulary, written Khalkha and Buryat differ from one another much more than do the closely related spoken dialects on which they are based. That condition also…

Kalmykiya, republic in southwestern Russia, lying northwest of the Caspian Sea and west of the lower Volga River. On the east it reaches the Caspian shore, and in the northeast it touches the Volga. Most of the republic lies in the vast lowland of the northern Caspian Depression, the greater part

Kalmykiya, republic in southwestern Russia, lying northwest of the Caspian Sea and west of the lower Volga River. On the east it reaches the Caspian shore, and in the northeast it touches the Volga. Most of the republic lies in the vast lowland of the northern Caspian Depression, the greater part

Gusztav Siegmund, Graf Kálnoky von Köröspatak was an Austro-Hungarian statesman who was minister of foreign affairs from 1881 to 1895. At first a professional soldier, Kálnoky entered the Austrian diplomatic service in 1854 without giving up his connection with the army, in which he attained the

Uzun Ḥasan: …marrying Catherine, the daughter of Kalo-Ioannes, the Christian emperor of Trebizond (in northeastern Anatolia). He also strengthened diplomatic ties with Venice, Muscovy, Burgundy, Poland, and Egypt and with the Karamanid dynasty of south-central Anatolia.

Kalocsa, town, Bács-Kiskun megye (county), central Hungary, located just east of the Danube River. It was one of the bishoprics founded by the first king of Hungary, Stephen I, and its status was raised to archbishopric in the 11th century. It was a thriving medieval town until it was sacked by the

Maria Callas was an American-born Greek operatic soprano who revived classical coloratura roles in the mid-20th century with her lyrical and dramatic versatility. She is considered one of opera’s most iconic and influential singers. She was born in New York City, the daughter of Greek immigrants

Kaloyan was the tsar of Bulgaria (1197–1207). The younger brother of the founders of the Second Bulgarian empire, Kaloyan sought to maintain Bulgarian independence. Although he recognized papal authority and was crowned by papal legates in 1204, Kaloyan reverted to Orthodoxy not long after his

black cumin, (Nigella sativa), annual plant of the ranunculus family (Ranunculaceae) grown for its pungent seeds, which are used as a spice and in herbal medicine. The black cumin plant is found in southwestern Asia and parts of the Mediterranean region and Africa, where it has a long history of

Eleazar ben Judah Of Worms: …a member of the eminent Kalonymos family, which gave medieval Germany many of its spiritual leaders and mystics; another member of that family, the semilegendary pietist Judah ben Samuel the Ḥasid of Regensburg, was his teacher and spiritual master. Eleazar’s wife conducted a business so that he could devote himself…

Caloocan, city on Dagatdagatan Lagoon (Manila Bay), central Luzon, Philippines, adjacent to northern Manila. Founded in 1762, it became a municipality in 1815. Caloocan suffered much damage during World War II. Now part of Greater Manila, it is a growing center of industrialization as well as a

termite: Importance: Dry-wood termites nest in the wood on which they feed and do not invade a structure from the soil. Because their colonies are within the structure, they are difficult to control. Preventive measures include the use of chemically treated wood in building construction and the…

Guinea: Settlement patterns: …a colonial town, while the Camayenne Peninsula community has only a few buildings of the colonial period. From the tip of the peninsula, an industrial zone has expanded northward.

Kaloyan was the tsar of Bulgaria (1197–1207). The younger brother of the founders of the Second Bulgarian empire, Kaloyan sought to maintain Bulgarian independence. Although he recognized papal authority and was crowned by papal legates in 1204, Kaloyan reverted to Orthodoxy not long after his

eschatology: Religions of Asia: …characterized by great cycles (kalpas) of rise and decline, creation and destruction. The kalpa comprises 2,000 mahayugas, which in turn are each made up of four ages, or yugas, of diminishing length. The current age is the fourth yuga, the kaliyuga, of a mahayuga and is to last 1,200…

Hinduism: The Vedangas: …times for rituals, and (6) kalpa (mode of performance), which studies the correct ways of performing the ritual.

Kalpa-sutra, manual of Hindu religious practice, a number of which emerged within the different schools of the Veda, the earliest sacred literature of India. Each manual explains the procedures (kalpa) of its school as it applies to three different categories: the sacrificial ritual

Kalpa-sūtra, a text held in great honour by the Śvetāmbara sect of Jainism, a religion of India. It deals with the lives of the 24 Jaina saviours, the Tīrthaṅkaras; the succession of pontiffs; and the rules for monks during the Paryuṣaṇa festival. The text records the five auspicious events (the

Uday Shankar: Style and Kalpana: …made the semi-autobiographical dance-based film Kalpana (1948; “Imagination”), starring himself, his wife (Amala Shankar), and a cast of young dancers including Padmini, who would later star opposite Raj Kapoor in films such as Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai (1960; “The Country Where the Ganges Flows”) and Mera Naam Joker…

Vanuatu: History of Vanuatu: …and as prime minister by Donald Kalpokas. For the December 1991 general election, Lini and his supporters formed the National United Party (NUP), which won enough seats to form a coalition government with the former opposition, the Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), under the francophone prime minister Maxime Carlot Korman.

Kotri: …also involved the formation of Kalri Lake (41 square miles [106 square km]) just north of Tatta town, providing fisheries and water for Karachi. The Kotri thermal-power station was commissioned in 1978. Pop. (1998 prelim.) 61,130.

Kalshi is a New York–based prediction market founded in 2018 by Tarek Mansour and Luana Lopes Lara, who met while studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It operates as an exchange, regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), where participants can trade contracts

nepheline: … is the high-temperature form of kalsilite, the potassium-rich variety of nepheline. Kaliophilite is unstable at normal temperatures and rarely occurs in nature.

Carl Zuckmayer: …in the Fiery Furnace”), and Das kalte Licht (1955; “The Cold Light”), based on the treason case of the atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs.

The decision to use the atomic bomb: End game: The influential radio commentator H.V. Kaltenborn declared that “For all we know, we have created a Frankenstein,” and Norman Cousins, the editor of the Saturday Review of Literature, wrote a widely-cited editorial declaring that modern man was obsolete. In an article for the New Yorker (later published separately as…

Ernst Kaltenbrunner was an Austrian Nazi, leader of the Austrian SS and subsequently head of all police forces in Nazi Germany. Kaltenbrunner attended public schools at Linz and studied at the University of Prague. He joined the Austrian Nazi Party in 1932 and became leader of the SS (elite guards)

Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner is an Austrian mountain climber, one of the first women to climb all 14 of the world’s “eight-thousanders”—peaks 26,250 feet (8,000 metres) and higher—and the first woman to do so without using supplemental oxygen-breathing apparatus. Kaltenbrunner grew up in the small resort

repeating rifle: …period, the faster and safer Kalthoff system—designed by a family of German gunmakers—introduced a ball magazine located under the barrel and a powder magazine in the butt. By the 18th century the Cookson repeating rifle was in use in North America, having separate tubular magazines in the stock for balls…

chondrostean: Distribution: The genus Huso contains the kaluga (H. dauricus), which inhabits the Amur River basin in Asia, and the beluga (H. huso), which is found in the Caspian Sea and Black Sea basins. The source of the world’s prime caviar, the beluga is listed by the International Union

Kaluga, oblast (region), western Russia. It occupies an area in the upper Oka River basin southwest of Moscow oblast. Broad, often swampy valleys alternate with rolling hills of the Central Russian Upland. The natural vegetation—mixed forest of oak, spruce, pine, and birch—survives over only

Kaluga, city and administrative centre of Kaluga oblast (region), western Russia, west of Moscow on the Oka River. Founded in the 14th century as a stronghold against the Tatars on the southern borders of Muscovy, it later became a seat of provincial administration. In the early 17th century it was

Sugar Ray Leonard: Professional matches: …with a ninth-round knockout of Ayub Kalule.

Oceanic music and dance: Musical style and cultural context: For the Kaluli, a group of rain-forest dwellers in the Southern Highlands province of Papua New Guinea, the American anthropologist Steven Feld has demonstrated the integration of diverse musical structures and natural sounds under one aesthetic ideology. The concept of “lift-up-over sounding,” which calls for a continuity…

Kalulushi, town, north-central Zambia, south-central Africa. Kalulushi is located near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) and is about 175 miles (280 km) north of Lusaka, with which it is connected by road. Main roads connect it with other mining centres such as Kitwe,

Kalundborg, city, northwestern Sjælland (Zealand), Denmark, situated on Kalundborg Fjord. A favourite royal seat in the European Middle Ages (chartered 1485), its castle was a frequent meeting place for the Danehof (national assembly). The castle in later times became a state prison, where

Kalush, city, southwestern Ukraine. It is approximately 56 miles (90 km) southeast of Lviv and is on the Ivano-Frankivsk–Stryy rail line. The existence of Kalush was first mentioned in the 13th century. It grew for a time in the 19th century as a result of salt mining and expanded in the 20th

Kalutara, town, southwestern Sri Lanka. The town, situated on the coast, at the estuary of the Kalu River, is a fishing and trade centre. The local craft is making rope, baskets, and other articles from the fibre of the coconut palm. A Portuguese fort in Kalutara surrendered to the Dutch in 1655

Daniel Kaluuya is a British actor who is known for the arresting authenticity of his performances in a variety of roles. Kaluuya was born in London to Ugandan parents, and he grew up in a council estate (public housing project) in Camden living with his mother. He wrote a play when he was nine

brane: German mathematician Theodor Kaluza in 1919 and Swedish physicist Oskar Klein in 1925 proposed a four-dimensional spatial theory, after Einstein’s discovery of general relativity in 1916. In general relativity, gravity arises from the shape of spacetime. Kaluza and Klein showed that with additional dimensions, other forces such…

brane: … cm as in the original Kaluza-Klein theory, they might be around a size of 10−16 cm, large enough to be seen by particle accelerators, and if they were even larger, they could be visible in other laboratory experiments or astrophysical observations.

Kalvis, in Baltic religion, the heavenly smith, usually associated with a huge iron hammer. A smith in the tradition of the Greek Hephaistos and the Vedic Tvaṣṭṛ, Kalvis also seems to have been a dragon killer, a function in which he was superseded by the Christian St. George. Every morning Kalvis

India: Southern Indian kingdoms: …at the hands of the Kalvar, or Kalabras, who came from the border to the north of Tamilakam and were described as evil rulers, but they were overthrown in the 5th century ce with the rise of the Chalukya and Pallava dynasties.

Eisenstadt: …the Mount Calvary Church (Kalvarienbergkirche), with the tomb of the composer Joseph Haydn; the house where Haydn lived from 1766 to 1790, now a museum; the parish church (1450–1522); and the Franciscan church (1625–30), with the Esterházy family vault. The castle of Forchtenstein, former seat of the counts von…

Kalvis, in Baltic religion, the heavenly smith, usually associated with a huge iron hammer. A smith in the tradition of the Greek Hephaistos and the Vedic Tvaṣṭṛ, Kalvis also seems to have been a dragon killer, a function in which he was superseded by the Christian St. George. Every morning Kalvis

Kalvis, in Baltic religion, the heavenly smith, usually associated with a huge iron hammer. A smith in the tradition of the Greek Hephaistos and the Vedic Tvaṣṭṛ, Kalvis also seems to have been a dragon killer, a function in which he was superseded by the Christian St. George. Every morning Kalvis

Andréas Ioannídis Kálvos was a Greek poet who brought an Italian Neoclassical influence to the Ionian school of poets (the school of Romantics from the seven Ionian islands). Kálvos was brought up at Leghorn, Tuscany (1802–12), and lived most of his life in Italy and England. While in Italy he

Gita Press: The magazine Kalyāṇ, founded by Poddar in 1926, is perhaps one of Gita Press’s best-known publications. The most widely read religious periodical ever published in India, Kalyāṇ currently has over 230,000 subscribers and an estimated pass-on rate of 10 times that figure. As such, the magazine remains…

Kalyan, city, western Maharashtra state, western India. It is located on the Ulhas River northeast of Mumbai (Bombay) and is part of the Greater Mumbai urban agglomeration. Kalyan was a relatively unimportant trading centre in Roman times, but it was fortified by Shah Jahān during the Mughal

Bidar: Kalyani, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Bidar, was the capital of the second Chalukya dynasty (10th–12th century). Pop. (2001) 172,877; (2011) 214,373.

Kanchrapara: …governmental land-development area, which includes Kalyani, a planned modern town with a university (founded 1960) and a state tuberculosis hospital. Pop. (2001) 126,191; (2011) 120,345.

Kálymnos: The town of Kálymnos, located at the head of an inlet in the southeast, is the chief port and a prominent Aegean commercial centre with the bulk of the island’s population. As in Classical times, sponge fishing remains the chief industry, with the sponge fleet away to the…

Kálymnos, mountainous Greek island and dímos (municipality) in the Aegean Sea, part of the Dodecanese (Modern Greek: Dodekánisa) group, 42 square miles (111 square km) in area. Along with other islands, it constitutes the perifereiakí enótita (regional unit) of Kálymnos in the South Aegean (Nótio

Qalyūb, town at the apex of the Nile River delta, in Al-Qalyūbiyyah muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Lower Egypt. It lies just north of Cairo, near the right bank of the Nile and the Nile Delta Barrage, which controls the division of the Nile’s waters into the Rosetta and Damietta branches. Qalyūb was

Al-Qalyūbiyyah, small muḥāfaẓah (governorate), just north of Cairo at the apex of the Nile River delta, Lower Egypt. It is bounded on the northeast by Al-Sharqiyyah muḥāfaẓah and on the northwest by the Damietta Branch of the Nile. It is densely populated, and about three-fifths of its population

Dong, an ethnic minority of China found in southeastern Guizhou province and in neighbouring Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hunan province. According to most linguists the Dong speak a Kam-Sui language that is closely related to the Tai languages, and they call themselves Kam. The Dong

Kam’yanets-Podilskyy, city, western Ukraine, on the Smotrych River. The city is one of the largest and oldest in the Dniester River basin, dating to at least the 11th century. Lying at a superbly defensible site where the river forms a loop, it was long a frontier fortress and centre of the Podolia

Kama, in the mythology of India, the god of erotic love and pleasure. During the Vedic age (2nd millennium–7th century bce), he personified cosmic desire, or the creative impulse, and was called the firstborn of the primeval Chaos that makes all creation possible. In later classical Hinduism, he is

Kama River, river in west-central Russia. Rising in the Upper Kama Upland of Udmurtia, it flows north, then east, south, and southwest for 1,122 miles (1,805 km) until it enters the Volga River below Kazan, in the Samara Reservoir. It drains a basin of 202,000 square miles (522,000 square km). The

Mount Everest: Drainage and climate: …and Rongbuk glaciers and the Kama River from the Kangshung Glacier: both flow into the Arun River, which cuts through the Himalayas into Nepal. The Rong, Dudh Kosi, and Kama river valleys form, respectively, the northern, southern, and eastern access routes to the summit.

kāma-loka, in Buddhism, the world of feeling. See

Shintō: Shintō religious arts: …called komainu (“Korean dogs”) or karajishi (“Chinese lions”) are placed in front of a shrine. Originally they served to protect the sacred buildings from evil and defilements. After the 9th century they were used for ornamental purposes on ceremonial occasions at the Imperial Court and later came to be used…

kāma-loka, in Buddhism, the world of feeling. See

Kamasutra, the oldest extant Indian prose treatise (sutra) on the subject of pleasure (kama)—sexual pleasure, desire, love, and the pleasures of good living generally conceived. Popularly known for its depiction of positions for sexual intercourse, the text is more broadly about the life of

fish processing: Surimi: …various fish gel products called kamaboko (fish cakes) were produced and sold as neriseihin (kneaded seafoods).

kamacite, mineral consisting of iron alloyed with 5–7 percent nickel by weight and found in almost all meteorites which contain nickel-iron metal. It has a body-centred cubic structure and is sometimes referred to as α iron, after one of the three temperature-dependent forms (allotropes) of pure

Kamaishi, city, eastern Iwate ken (prefecture), northern Honshu, Japan. It is situated about 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Sendai, Miyagi prefecture, facing Kamaishi Bay on the Pacific Ocean. Kamaishi was a small fishing village until magnetite (a type of iron ore) was discovered in the area in

Liliuokalani was the first and only reigning Hawaiian queen and the last Hawaiian sovereign to govern the islands, which were annexed by the United States in 1898. Lydia Kamakaeha was of a high-ranking family. Her mother, Keohokalole, was an adviser of King Kamehameha III. Reared in the missionary

Liliuokalani was the first and only reigning Hawaiian queen and the last Hawaiian sovereign to govern the islands, which were annexed by the United States in 1898. Lydia Kamakaeha was of a high-ranking family. Her mother, Keohokalole, was an adviser of King Kamehameha III. Reared in the missionary

Hawaii: The arts: Israel Kamakawiwo‘ole was a popular Hawaiian singer whose support of Hawaiian sovereignty made him a cultural hero in Hawaii.

Fujiwara Kamatari was the founder of the great Fujiwara family that dominated Japan from the 9th to the 12th centuries. In the early 7th century the powerful Soga family totally dominated the Japanese Imperial court. In 645, however, along with an Imperial prince who later reigned as the emperor

Kamakura, city, southern Kanagawa ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. It lies on Sagami Bay of the Pacific Ocean, just south of Yokohama. The city is situated at the western base of the Miura Peninsula, is enclosed on three sides by hills, and has fine sandy beaches to the south. Kamakura

Kamakura period, in Japanese history, the period from 1192 to 1333 during which the basis of feudalism was firmly established. It was named for the city where Minamoto Yoritomo set up the headquarters of his military government, commonly known as the Kamakura shogunate. After his decisive victory

Japanese art: Sculpture: …dynasty sculpture, the best of Kamakura period sculpture conveyed intense corporeal presence. The style is frequently referred to as “Kamakura realism” but should not be confused with the notion of “realistic” in the sense of faithful rendering of the natural. While, for example, there is reference to careful anatomic understanding,…

shogunate: Eventually the Kamakura shogunate came to possess military, administrative, and judicial functions, although the imperial government remained the recognized legal authority. The shogunate appointed its own military governors, or shugo, as heads of each province and named stewards to supervise the individual estates into which the provinces…

Kamakura-bori, (Japanese: “Kamakura carving”), in Japanese lacquerwork, technique in which designs are carved in wood and then coated with red or black lacquer. Originally, it was an imitation of a Chinese carved lacquer (tiao-ch’i, called tsuishu in Japanese) in which many layers of lacquer are