Jesuit, member of the Society of Jesus (S.J.), a Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 and officially established by papal approval in 1540. Noted for their educational, missionary, and charitable works, the Jesuits are regarded by many as having been the

Jan Gossart: Other early works, such as Jesus, the Virgin, and the Baptist, reflect his interest in the works of Jan van Eyck and Albrecht Dürer. Another early work, famous for its sense of mood, is the Agony in the Garden.

Portuguese literature: The novel and other prose: …religious and other topics; and Tomé de Jesus with his mystic and devotional treatise Trabalhos de Jesus (1602–09; “Deeds of Jesus”). The work of scientists included that of a cosmographer and mathematician, Pedro Nunes, and of a botanist, Garcia da Orta, whose Colóquios dos simples e drogas (1563; Colloquies on…

James Martin: Editor at America and first books: Jesus: A Pilgrimage (2014) is about the life of Christ and Martin’s visits to sites in the Holy Land.

jet, a dense, fine-grained, compact variety of subbituminous coal, or lignite. It is coal-black in colour and has a hardness of 2+ and a specific gravity of 1.1 to 1.4. Unlike lignite, it is not laminated and so has little tendency to split but breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It can be worked

ketamine, general anesthetic agent related structurally to the hallucinogen phencyclidine (PCP). Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 at Parke Davis Laboratories by American scientist Calvin Stevens, who was searching for a new anesthetic to replace PCP, which was not suitable for use in humans

plasma: Applications of plasmas: …machine called the JET (Joint European Torus) was able to generate 1.7 million watts of fusion power for almost 2 seconds after researchers injected titrium into the JET’s magnetically confined plasma. It was the first successful controlled production of fusion power in such a confined medium.

Ebony: The circulation of Jet, another Johnson magazine with an emphasis on news as well as entertainment, was about 900,000.

military aircraft: The jet age: Beginning in the 1920s, steady advances in aircraft performance had been produced by improved structures and drag-reduction technologies and by more powerful, supercharged engines, but by the early 1930s it had become apparent to a handful of farsighted engineers that speeds would soon…

military aircraft: The jet age: Beginning in the 1920s, steady advances in aircraft performance had been produced by improved structures and drag-reduction technologies and by more powerful, supercharged engines, but by the early 1930s it had become apparent to a handful of farsighted engineers that speeds would soon…

Puffy AmiYumi: Their albums Jet CD (1998) and Fever Fever (1999) were regarded as J-pop classics.

pump: Electromagnetic pumps.: In the jet ejector pump, fluid passes through a venturi nozzle (see venturi tube) and develops a suction that causes a second stream of fluid to be entrained. In the aspirator pump, water flows through a venturi nozzle and develops a suction for drawing in air. Steam…

jet engine, any of a class of internal-combustion engines that propel aircraft by means of the rearward discharge of a jet of fluid, usually hot exhaust gases generated by burning fuel with air drawn in from the atmosphere. The prime mover of virtually all jet engines is a gas turbine. Variously

kerosene: Standard commercial jet fuel is essentially a high-quality straight-run kerosene, and many military jet fuels are blends based on kerosene.

jet lag, physiological desynchronization caused by transmeridian (east-west) travel between different time zones. The severity and extent of jet lag vary according to the number of time zones crossed as well as the direction of travel—most people find it difficult to travel eastward (i.e., to adapt

cephalopod: Locomotion: …move by crawling, swimming, or jet propulsion, mainly the latter. The mantle, which has a passive role in the majority of mollusks, has become involved in locomotion in cephalopods, having almost entirely lost its rigid shell and become highly muscular. Its expansion and contraction produce a locomotory water current by…

Mario Molina: Molina worked in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena from 1982 to 1989, when he became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. In 2004 he moved to the University of California, San Diego. Molina was awarded the U.S. Presidential…

Charles Wilfred Butler: …army helicopter (1961) into the Bell Jet Ranger (1965). He and his designers restyled the machine inside and out in the manner of automotive design, creating in the process one of the world’s most successful and beautiful helicopters.

the Byrds, American band of the 1960s who popularized folk rock, particularly the songs of Bob Dylan, and whose changes in personnel created an extensive family tree of major country rock bands and pop supergroups. The principal members were Roger McGuinn, Gene Clark, David Crosby, Chris Hillman,

surfing: Tow-in surfing: The introduction of jet-skis, too, has radically redefined big-wave riding. First, it allowed surfers to handle waves that were more than 30 feet (9 meters) tall. (At that height the water flowing up the face of the wave pushes the surfer back, making it impossible to catch a…

jet stream, a region of long, narrow, high-speed winds that typically flow northeastward, eastward, and southeastward in the middle and upper troposphere or lower stratosphere. Jet streams are characterized by wind motions that generate strong vertical shearing action, which is thought to be

jet lag, physiological desynchronization caused by transmeridian (east-west) travel between different time zones. The severity and extent of jet lag vary according to the number of time zones crossed as well as the direction of travel—most people find it difficult to travel eastward (i.e., to adapt

radio jet, material spewing from the centres of some galaxies at close to the speed of light and emitting strong radio waves. The most powerful extragalactic sources of radio waves are double-lobed sources (or “dumbbells”) in which two large regions of radio emission are situated in a line on

South Asian arts: Sri Lankan architecture: …other sites; of these the Jetavana at Anurādhapura is the largest, though now largely ruined.

Buddhism: Theravada: …whom the third group, the Jetavanaviharavasi, was loosely associated—established the first monastery in Sri Lanka and preserved intact the original Theravadin teachings.

jeté, (French jeté: “thrown”), ballet leap in which the weight of the dancer is transferred from one foot to the other. The dancer “throws” one leg to the front, side, or back and holds the other leg in any desired position upon landing. Among the commonly seen forms of this step are the jeté

jeté: …of this step are the jeté battu, in which the legs are crossed in the air before the descent; the grand jeté, a broad, high leap with one leg stretched forward and the other back like a “split” in the air; and the jeté en tournant, or tour jeté (“flung…

jeté: …in the air; and the jeté en tournant, or tour jeté (“flung turn”), in which the dancer executes a half-turn in the air away from the forward leg before landing on it.

Derek Jeter is an American professional baseball player who, as a shortstop for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), was selected to multiple American League (AL) All-Star teams and was one of the most popular players of his time. Jeter grew up in Michigan and started playing Little

Derek Jeter is an American professional baseball player who, as a shortstop for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), was selected to multiple American League (AL) All-Star teams and was one of the most popular players of his time. Jeter grew up in Michigan and started playing Little

Loving v. Virginia: …Loving, a white man, and Mildred Jeter, a woman of mixed African American and Native American ancestry, traveled from their residences in Central Point, Virginia, to Washington, D.C., to be married on June 2, 1958. Having returned to Central Point, they lived in the home of Mildred’s parents while Richard,…

Jethro, in the Old Testament, priest of Midian of the Kenite clan, with whom Moses took refuge after he killed an Egyptian and whose daughter Moses married (Exodus 3:1). After the Exodus, Jethro visited the Hebrews encamped at the “mountain of God” and brought with him Moses’ wife and sons. There

art rock: … created by such groups as Jethro Tull and the Strawbs. In common, all these bands regularly employ complicated and conceptual approaches to their music. Moreover, there has been a relatively fluid movement of musicians between bands that fall under the most general definition of art rock. Among the musicians who…

Textron Inc.: …craft, including the commercial 206B JetRanger III, the AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopter, and the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior armed reconnaissance helicopter. With Boeing Company it produces the V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft as a military transport. Cessna, located in Wichita, Kansas, has built nearly half of the world’s general aviation aircraft in…

Cartoon Network: Development: Scooby-Doo, and The Jetsons.

Qantas: …Qantas launched the low-cost carrier Jetstar to compete in the budget market.

jetty, any of a variety of engineering structures connected with river, harbour, and coastal works designed to influence the current or tide or to protect a harbour or beach from waves (breakwater). The two principal kinds of jetties are those constructed at river mouths and other coastal entrances

French literature: Religious drama: …is the Jeu d’Adam (Adam: A Play). It is known from a copy in an Anglo-Norman manuscript, and it may have originated in England in the mid-12th century. With lively dialogue and the varied meters characteristic of the later mystères (all of which were based on biblical stories), it…

boules, French ball game, similar to bowls and boccie. It is thought to have originated about 1910, but it is based on the very old French game of jeu Provençal. Boules is played between two players or teams. Players take turns throwing or rolling a ball (boule) as close as possible to the target

Pierre Marivaux: …l’amour et du hasard (1730; The Game of Love and Chance) display typical characteristics of his love comedies: romantic settings, an acute sense of nuance and the finer shades of feeling, and deft and witty wordplay. This verbal preciousness is still known as marivaudage and reflects the sensitivity and sophistication…

Adam De La Halle: Adam’s Jeu de la feuillée (“Play of the Greensward”) is a satirical fantasy based on his own life, written to amuse his friends in Arras upon his departure for Paris to pursue his studies. Le Congé (“The Leave Taking”) expresses his sorrow at leaving his wife…

real tennis, racket sport that is descended from and almost identical to the medieval tennis game jeu de paume (“game of the palm”). Real tennis has been played since the Middle Ages, but the game has become almost completely obscured by its own descendant, lawn tennis. Although real tennis

Jeu de Paume, museum in Paris devoted to photography, cinema, video, online work, and other forms of art from the 20th and 21st centuries. Originally constructed as a court on which to play a forerunner of tennis, the space has had a number of different functions over the decades, including as an

Adam De La Halle: Jeu de Robin et de Marion is a dramatization of the pastoral theme of a knight’s wooing of a pretty shepherdess, with dances and peasants’ dialogue. Jeu du pélérin (“Play of the Pilgrim”) mocks his friends for forgetting him.

Le Jeu de Saint Nicolas, miracle play by Jehan Bodel, performed in 1201. Le Jeu de Saint Nicolas treats a theme earlier presented in Latin, notably by Hilarius (flourished 1125), giving it new form and meaning by relating it to the Crusades. In Bodel’s play the saint’s image, to which the sole

Fifteen Puzzle, puzzle consisting of 15 squares, numbered 1 through 15, which can be slid horizontally or vertically within a four-by-four grid that has one empty space among its 16 locations. The object of the puzzle is to arrange the squares in numerical sequence using only the extra space in the

Adam De La Halle: Jeu du pélérin (“Play of the Pilgrim”) mocks his friends for forgetting him.

Juan-juan, Central Asian people of historical importance. Because of the titles of their rulers, khan and khagan, scholars believe that the Juan-juan were Mongols or Mongol-speaking peoples. The empire of the Juan-juan lasted from the beginning of the 5th century ad to the middle of the 6th

Jeune Afrique L’intelligent, weekly newsmagazine in the French language that presents news and interpretative and editorial commentary on Africa, especially French-speaking Africa. It is published in Paris and is the preeminent newsmagazine covering African affairs in French and perhaps in any

Jeune Afrique L’intelligent, weekly newsmagazine in the French language that presents news and interpretative and editorial commentary on Africa, especially French-speaking Africa. It is published in Paris and is the preeminent newsmagazine covering African affairs in French and perhaps in any

Dardenne brothers: For Le Jeune Ahmed (2019; Young Ahmed), the brothers were named best director at Cannes. The drama follows a radicalized Muslim teenager who attempts to kill his teacher.

Belgian literature: The Jeune Belgique movement: Impetus for the long-awaited literary renaissance came from Max Waller, founder in 1881 of an influential review, La Jeune Belgique (“Young Belgium”), which suggested a national literary consciousness; in reality, however, the review was the vehicle of expression of individual writers dedicated…

La Jeune Belgique, (“Young Belgium”), influential review (1881–97), edited by poet and novelist Max Waller; it gave its name to a literary movement (though never a formal “school”) that aimed to express a genuinely Belgian consciousness and to free the literature of Belgium from outworn

Robert Charbonneau: …his teens he had joined Jeune Canada (“Young Canada”), a Quebec nationalist organization, and by 1933–34, on its behalf, was broadcasting pleas for Quebec independence, the French language, and Roman Catholicism. In 1934, with friend Paul Beaulieu, he founded La Relève (later called La Nouvelle Relève, “The New Relief”), a…

André Jolivet: …La Spirale, later to become La Jeune France (the name originated with Hector Berlioz), dedicated to fostering modern nationalistic music. During his service in the French Army during World War II, Jolivet grew interested in primitive religion and magic—influences that may be detected in his style.

Antoine Gérin-Lajoie: …French Canadian play, the tragedy Le Jeune Latour (1844; “The Young Latour”). While on the staff of the Montreal newspaper La Minerve, of which he soon became the editor, he studied law and, in 1848, was called to the Quebec bar. He later served as translator to the legislative assembly…

La Jeune Parque, poem by Paul Valéry, published in 1917. An enigmatic work noted for both its difficulty and its formal beauty, it presents in 500 lines the musings of Clotho, the youngest of the three Fates, as she stands at the seashore just before dawn. She stands uncertain whether to remain a

Claude Le Jeune was a French composer of the late Renaissance, known for his psalm settings and for his significant contributions to musique mesurée, a style reflecting the long and short syllables of Classical prosody. His works are noted for their skillful integration of lively rhythms with

Young Tunisians, political party formed in 1907 by young French-educated Tunisian intellectuals in opposition to the French protectorate established in 1881. The party, headed by Ali Bash Hamba and Bashir Sfar, demanded complete Tunisian control of the government and administration of the country

Paul Adam: …the form of a novel, Jeunesse et amours de Manuel Héricourt, appeared in 1913.

Audrey Tautou: The romantic fable, directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet, was an international hit, became the top-grossing French-language movie of all time in the United States, and scored an Oscar nomination for best foreign-language film. It also earned Tautou a BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts) nomination for best actress. In…

dance: Innovations in the 20th century: In Jeux (1913; “Games”), Nijinsky was one of the first choreographers to introduce a modern theme and modern design into ballet. Based on his own (rather erroneous) idea of a tennis match, the choreography incorporated sporting movements and dancers in modern dress. In The Rite of…

pelota: …can be classified as either jeux directs—games in which the players face each other and the pelota is hit freely between opponents—or jeux indirects—games in which the ball is hit off a wall. The second class has many variations, including bare-hand (main nue), the most popular. Pelota courts include the…

Canada Games, national sporting event held every two years in Canada, both the Winter and Summer Games being held at four-year intervals. The idea of the Canada Games was first suggested in 1924 by Norton Crow, secretary of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada, but received little support. The idea

pelota: …is hit freely between opponents—or jeux indirects—games in which the ball is hit off a wall. The second class has many variations, including bare-hand (main nue), the most popular. Pelota courts include the one-walled place libre, the two- or three-walled fronton, and the small, covered court, called the trinquet. The…

William Stanley Jevons was an English logician and economist whose book The Theory of Political Economy (1871) expounded the “final” (marginal) utility theory of value. Jevons’s work, along with similar discoveries made by Karl Menger in Vienna (1871) and by Léon Walras in Switzerland (1874),

Jew, any person whose religion is Judaism. In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Bible (Old

Max Apple: The Jew of Home Depot, and Other Stories (2007) is a collection of eclectic stories whose characters range from a disabled little girl who bonds with the mute characters of Disneyland to a teenage girl with a passion for shot put.

The Jew of Malta, five-act tragedy in blank verse by Christopher Marlowe, produced about 1590 and published in 1633. In order to raise tribute demanded by the Turks, the Christian governor of Malta seizes half the property of all Jews living on Malta. When Barabas, a wealthy Jewish merchant,

Lion Feuchtwanger: …Süss (1925; also published as Jew Süss and Power), set in 18th-century Germany, revealed a depth of psychological analysis that remained characteristic of his subsequent work—the Josephus-Trilogie (Der jüdische Krieg, 1932; Die Söhne, 1935; Der Tag wird kommen, 1945); Die Geschwister Oppenheim (1933; The Oppermanns), a novel of modern life;…

Annette, Freiin von Droste-Hülshoff: …a novella, Die Judenbuche (1842; The Jew’s Beech), is a psychological study of a Westphalian villager who murders a Jew. For the first time in German literature, the fate of the hero is portrayed as arising from his social environment; the crime becomes understandable within the context of the life…

Basidiomycota: The ear fungus (Auricularia auricula-judae) is a brown, gelatinous edible fungus found on dead tree trunks in moist weather in the autumn. One of 10 widespread Auricularia species, it is ear- or shell-shaped and sometimes acts as a parasite, especially on elder (Sambucus).

jew’s harp, musical instrument consisting of a thin wood or metal tongue fixed at one end to the base of a two-pronged frame. The player holds the frame to his mouth, which forms a resonance cavity, and activates the instrument’s tongue by either plucking it with the fingers or jerking a string

tossa jute, (Corchorus olitorius), annual herbaceous plant that is cultivated as a source of jute fiber and for its edible leaves. Tossa jute is grown throughout tropical Asia and Africa, and its mucilaginous leaves and young stems are commonly eaten as a vegetable similar to okra. The plant is

broom: Butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus) is a shrub of the family Asparagaceae with small whitish flowers and red berries.

Antônio José da Silva was a Portuguese writer whose comedies, farces, and operettas briefly revitalized the Portuguese theatre in a period of dramatic decadence. Silva was born in Brazil, the son of Jews. Though his parents professed Christianity, his mother was accused by the Inquisition of

gemstone, any of various minerals highly prized for beauty, durability, and rarity. A few noncrystalline materials of organic origin (e.g., pearl, red coral, and amber) also are classified as gemstones. Gemstones have attracted humankind since ancient times, and have long been used for jewelry. The

metallic wood-boring beetle, (family Buprestidae), any of some 15,000 species of beetles (insect order Coleoptera), mostly distributed in tropical regions, that are among the most brilliantly coloured insects. These beetles are long, narrow, and flat, with a tapering abdomen. The wing covers

Jewel Cave National Monument, limestone caverns in southwestern South Dakota, U.S., 15 miles (24 km) west of Custer. Established in 1908, the monument occupies a surface area of 2 square miles (5 square km) in the Black Hills. The caverns consist of a series of chambers joined by narrow passages.

Moshe Safdie: …Residential Development (2016) and the Jewel Changi Airport (2018), both in Singapore; the latter features a central waterfall. He also created high-density housing interspersed with gardens in Qinhuangdao (2017), China, and Toronto (2019). Safdie’s projects from the 2020s included the mixed-use complex Raffles City Chongqing (2020), China, which he described…

Jewel-Osco, American retail grocery and pharmacy chain operating as a subsidiary of the grocery distributor and retailer SuperValu Inc. The company originated in 1899, when Frank Vernon Skiff and Frank Ross founded the Jewel Tea Company to supply condiments to the Chicago area from horse-drawn

The Jewel in the Crown, acclaimed British television miniseries (1984) that was adapted by Ken Taylor from The Raj Quartet, a series of novels by Paul Scott about the last days of British rule in India. The story covers the period from 1942, in the midst of World War II, to the beginning of Indian

The Raj Quartet: The tetralogy, composed of The Jewel in the Crown (1966), The Day of the Scorpion (1968), The Towers of Silence (1971), and A Division of the Spoils (1975), is set in India during the years leading up to that country’s independence from the British raj (sovereignty). The story examines…

Michael Douglas: Noteworthy acting roles: …Stone (1984) and its sequel, The Jewel of the Nile (1985), and again teamed with the same costars for the popular dark comedy The War of the Roses (1989). One of Douglas’s most memorable roles was in Fatal Attraction (1987), in which he portrayed a family man terrorized by a…

jewel orchid, any member of several closely related genera of orchids (family Orchidaceae) cultivated for their striking leaf patterns. Downy rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera pubescens), native to eastern North America, has dark green leaves with silver and white veins. The Hawai’i jewel orchid

Kishore Kumar: Singing for Bollywood’s leading actors: … (1957; “Nine Two Eleven”), and Jewel Thief (1967). Several films starring Amitabh Bachchan, including Don (1978), Namak Halaal, and Satte Pe Satta (1982; “Seven on Seven”) also used Kumar’s voice.

John Jewel was an Anglican bishop of Salisbury and controversialist who defended Queen Elizabeth I’s religious policies opposing Roman Catholicism. The works Jewel produced during the 1560s defined and clarified points of difference between the churches of England and Rome, thus strengthening the

Samuel R. Delany: Delany’s works on writing include The Jewel-Hinged Jaw: Notes on the Language of Science Fiction (1977), a groundbreaking critical analysis of science fiction, and About Writing: Seven Essays, Four Letters, and Five Interviews (2005). When asked whether he considered himself a “genre writer,” Delany told The Paris Review in 2011…

Jewel-Osco, American retail grocery and pharmacy chain operating as a subsidiary of the grocery distributor and retailer SuperValu Inc. The company originated in 1899, when Frank Vernon Skiff and Frank Ross founded the Jewel Tea Company to supply condiments to the Chicago area from horse-drawn

microscope: Principles: …are generally referred to as eye loupes or jewelers’ lenses. The traditional simple microscope was made with a single magnifying lens, which was often of sufficient optical quality to allow the study of microscopical organisms including Hydra and protists.

saw: …wood or other materials, the coping, or jeweler’s, saw, which is basically a hacksaw with a deeper U-shaped frame and a much narrower blade, is well-suited.

tincalconite, a borate mineral, hydrated sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O5(OH)4·3H2O), that is found in nature only as a dull, white, fine-grained powder; colourless crystals of the mineral have been made artificially. Tincalconite is common in the borax deposits of southern California, where it often

art criticism: Avant-garde art comes to America: …as the critical reporting of Edward Alden Jewell and John Canaday in the Times indicated—the former was “befuddled” by Abstract Expressionism, the latter skeptical of it. Abstract artists themselves became critics in an attempt to clarify and justify their work. A decisive moment occurred in 1943, when Adolph Gottlieb and…

Josephine Marshall Jewell Dodge was an American pioneer in the day nursery movement. Josephine Jewell was of a prominent family. She left Vassar College after three years in 1873 to accompany her father, who had just been appointed U.S. minister to Russia, to St. Petersburg. Returning to the United

Richard Jewell was an American security guard and former suspect in the Atlanta Olympic Games bombing of 1996. Jewell, who had been hired to work security at Centennial Olympic Park on July 27, spotted a suspicious-looking green knapsack and reported it to police. The bag held a pipe bomb and would

jewelry, objects of personal adornment prized for the craftsmanship going into their creation and generally for the value of their components as well. Throughout the centuries and from culture to culture, the materials considered rare and beautiful have ranged from shells, bones, pebbles, tusks,

jewelry, objects of personal adornment prized for the craftsmanship going into their creation and generally for the value of their components as well. Throughout the centuries and from culture to culture, the materials considered rare and beautiful have ranged from shells, bones, pebbles, tusks,

Samuel R. Delany: His first novel, The Jewels of Aptor, was published in 1962. Babel-17 (1966), the story of an artist-outsider, explores the nature of language and its ability to give structure to experience. Delany won the science-fiction Nebula Award for this book, which established his reputation, and for The Einstein…

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari: …I gioielli della Madonna (1911; The Jewels of the Madonna), he was influenced by the realistic, or verismo, style of Pietro Mascagni. He also composed chamber, instrumental, and orchestral works and a violin concerto.

James Ene Henshaw: One of his first plays, The Jewels of the Shrine, was published in the collection This Is Our Chance: Plays from West Africa (1957). His second collection, Children of the Goddess, and Other Plays (1964), treated such themes as the inefficiency of a local village court because of the drunkenness…