Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari: …of the Foundation Committee of Jamia Millia Islamia, a prominent Islamic university established in 1920 in Delhi. The institution’s formation, in which Ansari was heavily involved, was based on nationalist rejection of British colonial rule.

University of the Punjab, residential and affiliating university located in Lahore, Pakistan. Punjab was founded in 1882 to take on some of the colleges then affiliated with the University of Calcutta (Kolkata), whose jurisdiction included most of northern India and parts of Burma (Myanmar). After

James “Jamie” Dimon (born March 13, 1956, New York City, U.S.) is a billionaire businessman and the chair and chief executive officer of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM). He has been called one of the most powerful leaders in corporate America. One of three children to parents Theodore and Themis Dimon,

Jamie Oliver: Three years later Jamie Oliver’s Food Revolution aired in the United States. The six-episode program, which chronicled his efforts to improve the eating habits of people in Huntington, West Virginia, won an Emmy Award for outstanding reality program. The show returned for a second season in 2011, set…

dictionary: Since 1828: …1808 in the work of John Jamieson on the language of Scotland. Because he did not need to consider the “classical purity” of the language, he included quotations of humble origin; in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, his use of “mean” sources marked a turning point in the…

Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia: …1990 in Dunedin, New Zealand, Penelope Jamieson became the first female Anglican bishop to head a diocese. The church published its own revised prayer book in 1989, A New Zealand Prayer Book: He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa.The seat of the primacy is in Christchurch, even though leadership of the church…

Islamic arts: Umayyad dynasty: …its invention is attributed to Jamīl (died 701), of the tribe ʿUdhrah, “whose members die when they love.” The names of some of these “martyrs of love,” together with the names of their beloveds, were preserved and eventually became proverbial expressions of the tremendous force of true love. Such was…

Islamic arts: The beginning of Islam and the first four caliphs: …famed were the female musician Jamīlah, around whom clustered musicians, poets, and dignitaries; the male musician Ṭuways, who imitated the melodies he heard from captive Persians; and Ṣāʾib Khāthir, a Persian merchant. Songs were generally accompanied by the lute (ʿūd), the frame drum (duff), or the percussion stick (qaḍīb).

disco: Nu-disco: …British pop-funk and acid-jazz band Jamiroquai, and British-Albanian singer Dua Lipa. The genre’s biggest hit came in 2013 with French duo Daft Punk’s “Get Lucky,” which features rhythm guitar by Chic’s Nile Rodgers and vocals by American singer and producer

Washington Wizards: …play of All-Stars Gilbert Arenas, Antawn Jamison, and Caron Butler, but fell back to the lower echelons of the league in the 2008–09 season and traded most of their star players over the following years.

Judith Jamison was an American modern dancer whose elegant, striking presence helped make her an immediate success with Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. Jamison served as the company’s artistic director from 1989 to 2011. Jamison began taking dance lessons at age six at the Judimar School of

genius: The American psychiatrist Kay Jamison suggested that, although most people who have this disorder are debilitated by it, there may be ways in which the extreme energy and expansiveness of a moderate manic state may contribute to the extraordinary feats of productivity that characterize many geniuses. Even moderate…

Council of Arab Economic Unity, Arab economic organization established in June 1957 by a resolution of the Arab Economic Council of the Arab League. Its first meeting was held in 1964. Members include Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO),

mosque, any house or open area of prayer in Islam. The Arabic word masjid means “a place of prostration” to God, and the same word is used in Persian, Urdu, and Turkish. Two main types of mosques can be distinguished: the masjid jāmiʿ, or “collective mosque,” a large state-controlled mosque that is

Ramla: …fortifications, and, above all, the White Mosque (Al-Jāmiʿ al-Abyaḍ). Only ruins of these remain, but the minaret of the White Mosque, the so-called White Tower, 89 feet (27 m) tall, added by the Mamlūk sultan Baybars (reigned 1260–77), still stands. During the First Crusade (1096–99), the city was captured and…

Nāṣer-e Khusraw: …the Ismāʿīlīs, among them the Jāmiʿ al-ḥikmatayn (“Union of the Two Wisdoms”), in which he attempted to harmonize Ismāʿīlī theology and Greek philosophy. Nāṣer-e Khusraw’s literary style is straightforward and vigorous. In his verse he displays great technical virtuosity, while his prose is remarkable for the richness of its philosophical…

Mosul: …destroyed by ISIL, including the Great Mosque of al-Nūrī (with its leaning minaret, called al-Ḥadbāʾ), the Red Mosque, the mosque of Nabī Jarjīs (St. George), the Tomb of Nabī Yūnus (Jonah), several Christian churches, and various Muslim shrines and mausoleums. Pop. (2018 est.) 1,361,819; (2019 est.) 1,476,218.

al-Tirmidhī: His canonical collection Al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ (“The Sound Collections”) includes every spoken tradition that had ever been used to support a legal decision, as well as material relating to theological questions, to religious practice, and to popular belief and custom. Of special interest in this work are the author’s…

Arabic literature: Belles lettres and narrative prose: …became part of two collections, both called the Ṣaḥīḥ, compiled by al-Bukhārī and Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj, which together are the second most important source of Islamic law and practice after the Qurʾān itself. These reports also became part of the collections of maghāzī (accounts of the Prophet’s raids during his

Rashīd al-Dīn: …author of a universal history, Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh (“Collector of Chronicles”).

Ahmedabad: The contemporary city: …richly carved columns within the Jāmiʿ Masjid (Great Mosque), which was completed in 1423, recalls the hall of a Hindu temple. At the mosque’s entrance is the domed tomb of Aḥmad Shah (1441), and on the road leading to it is the Tin Darwaza (c. 1425), a triumphal triple-arch gateway…

Mandu: …marble-domed tomb and the nearby Great Mosque (Jāmiʿ Masjid; completed 1454) of Hoshang Shah, both notable examples of Pashtun architecture. Another group of buildings just to the north includes the Jahaz Mahal. The glory of Mandu has been immortalized in the writings of Akbar’s court historian Abu al-Faḍl ʿAllāmī, writer…

Jama Masjid of Delhi, mosque in Old Delhi, India, constructed in 1650–56 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a noted patron of Islamic architecture whose most famous work is the Taj Mahal, in Agra. Jama Masjid, now the second largest mosque on the Indian subcontinent, is also an impressive example of

Etawah: Etawah contains the 16th-century Jāmiʿ Masjid (Great Mosque), built on high ground from the ruins of old Hindu buildings. There is also a ruined 15th-century fort, surrounded by Hindu temples. The city has important cotton- and silk-weaving industries, contains oilseed mills, and is a distribution center for ghee (clarified…

Akbar period architecture: …is the Great Mosque, the Jāmiʿ Masjid, which served as a model for later congregational mosques built by the Mughals. The mosque’s southern entrance, a massive gateway called the Buland Darwaza (Victory Gate), gives a feeling of immense strength and height, an impression emphasized by the steepness of the flight…

Srirangapatna: …as a large mosque (Jāmiʿ Masjid) built by Tipu Sultan. Daria Daulat Bagh (1784)—Tipu’s elaborate summer palace, with murals of processions and battle scenes—is just east of the town center. Nearby Lal Bagh (“Red Garden”) contains the mausoleum where two sultans are interred. Several islands in the Kaveri just…

Mandu: …marble-domed tomb and the nearby Great Mosque (Jāmiʿ Masjid; completed 1454) of Hoshang Shah, both notable examples of Pashtun architecture. Another group of buildings just to the north includes the Jahaz Mahal. The glory of Mandu has been immortalized in the writings of Akbar’s court historian Abu al-Faḍl ʿAllāmī, writer…

Arab League, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa, formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945, as an outgrowth of Pan-Arabism. The founding member states were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Other members are Libya

Arab League, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa, formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945, as an outgrowth of Pan-Arabism. The founding member states were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Other members are Libya

Al-Azhar University, chief center of Islamic and Arabic learning in the world, built around the mosque of that name in the medieval quarter of Cairo. Founded about 972 ce, it is considered the foremost institute of Sunni scholarship. Its name may allude to Fāṭimah, the Prophet Muhammad’s daughter,

Pakistan: Political process: Two other religious parties, the Assembly of Islamic Clergy (Jamīʿat ʿUlamāʾ-e Islām) and the Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jamīʿat ʿUlamāʾ-e Pakistan), have strong centers of support, the former in Karachi and the latter in the rural areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Pakistan: Political process: … (Jamīʿat ʿUlamāʾ-e Islām) and the Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jamīʿat ʿUlamāʾ-e Pakistan), have strong centers of support, the former in Karachi and the latter in the rural areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

The Gambia: 1994 coup, 1996 presidential election, and new constitution: ) Yahya Jammeh staged a bloodless coup, justifying it by citing the corruption and mismanagement of Jawara and the PPP. The Senegalese government did not intervene as it had done in 1981, and Jawara went into exile. The military leaders promised a return to civilian rule…

Francis Jammes was a French poet and novelist whose simple rustic themes were a contrast to the decadent element in French literature of the turn of the century. A timid, provincial clerk, Jammes was befriended by the Symbolist poet Stéphane Mallarmé and the novelist André Gide. His poetry reacted

jamming, in electronics, broadcasting a strong signal that overrides or obscures a target signal. Jamming of radio and television stations broadcasting from beyond borders may be carried out by a country that does not wish its citizens to receive programs from abroad. In military activities,

Jammu, city, winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir union territory, northern India. It lies in the southwestern part of Jammu and Kashmir along the Tawi River, south of Srinagar (the summer capital), and to the north is the Siwalik Range. Jammu was once the capital of the Dogra dynasty, and it became

Jammu and Kashmir, union territory of India (until October 31, 2019, a state), located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent centered on the plains around Jammu to the south and the Vale of Kashmir to the north. The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been

Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC), regional political party in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, northwestern India. In October 1932 the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, the precursor of the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC), was founded at Srinagar by Sheikh

Jammu: …city is home to the University of Jammu (1969) and the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (1999), as well as several Hindu temples, notably the Raghunath temple complex. The surrounding area produces wheat, rice, corn (maize), and barley. Pop. (2001) city, 369,959; urban agglom., 612,163; (2011)…

Jamnagar, city, southwestern Gujarat state, western India. It is situated in the northwestern part of the Kathiawar Peninsula, southeast of Bedi, its port on the Gulf of Kachchh (Kutch) of the Arabian Sea. Jamnagar was founded in 1540 and was the capital of former Nawanagar state. Lakhota Fort and

Jabneh, ancient city of Palestine (now Israel) lying about 15 miles (24 km) south of Tel Aviv–Yafo and 4 miles (6 km) from the Mediterranean Sea. Settled by Philistines, Jabneh came into Jewish hands in the time of Uzziah in the 8th century bc. Judas Maccabeus (d. 161 bc) attacked the harbour of

biblical literature: Conditions aiding the formation of the canon: …of the 1st century, the Synod of Jamnia (Jabneh), in Palestine, fixed the canon of the Bible for Judaism, which, following a long period of flux and fluidity and controversy about certain of its books, Christians came to call the Old Testament. A possible factor in the timing of this…

Javier Bardem: Early life and career: …from women—for his work in Jamón, jamón, in which he played an underwear model hired to romance a factory worker.

rajm: …of three stone walls (jamrahs) located in the valley of Minā—which is identified by tradition as the site where the patriarch Abraham stoned Satan for attempting to dissuade him from carrying out God’s commandment. On the remaining days of the festival—the 11th, 12th, and 13th of the month—the ritual…

Tripura Hills: The Jamrai Tlang Mountains, 46 miles (74 km) in length, have the highest peak, Betling Sib (3,280 feet [1,000 metres]).

rajm: …throw seven small stones at Jamrat al-ʿAqabah—one of three stone walls (jamrahs) located in the valley of Minā—which is identified by tradition as the site where the patriarch Abraham stoned Satan for attempting to dissuade him from carrying out God’s commandment. On the remaining days of the festival—the 11th, 12th,…

Jamrud, town in the Khyber Agency of Peshawar Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan, lying 1,512 feet (461 metres) above sea level at the entrance to the Khyber Pass. It is connected by road and rail with Peshawar and with Landi Kotal through the pass by the Afghan border. Noted for its

Jamshedpur, city, southeastern Jharkhand state, northeastern India. It lies at the junction of the Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers. The city is sometimes called Tatanagar, named for industrialist Jamsetji Nasarwanji Tata, whose company opened a steel plant there in 1911. More industrial development

Yima, in ancient Iranian religion, the first man, the progenitor of the human race, and son of the sun. Yima is the subject of conflicting legends obscurely reflecting different religious currents. According to one legend, Yima declined God’s (Ahura Mazdā’s) offer to make him the vehicle of the

Jämtland, län (county) of western Sweden, on the Norwegian border. It takes in the traditional landskap (provinces) of Jämtland and Härjedalen. The land rises in the west to 5,780 feet (1,762 metres) but falls to below 1,500 feet in the east. It is drained by the rivers Ljungan, Indalsälven,

Genghis Khan: Early struggles: …furnishing 20,000 men and persuading Jamuka, a boyhood friend of Temüjin’s, to supply an army as well. The contrast between Temüjin’s destitution and the huge army furnished by his allies is hard to explain, and no authority other than the narrative of the Secret History is available.

major river of Central and South Asia. It flows some 1,800 miles (2,900 km) from its source in the Himalayas to its confluence with the Ganges (Ganga) River, after which the mingled waters of the two rivers empty into the Bay of Bengal. Along its course the Brahmaputra passes through the Tibet

Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama, a body of Muslim religious scholars (ʿulamāʾ) who, under French rule, advocated the restoration of an Algerian nation rooted in Islamic and Arabic traditions. The association, founded in 1931 and formally organized on May 5, 1935, by Sheikh ʿAbd al-Hamid ben

Afghanistan: Mohammad Zahir Shah (1933–73): …religious organization known as the Islamic Society (Jamʿiyyat-e Eslāmī), which was founded by a number of religiously minded individuals, including members of the University of Kabul faculty of religion, in 1971. The Islamists were highly influenced by the militant ideology of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood and were ardently opposed to the…

surf music: As Jan and Dean, Jan Berry (b. April 3, 1941, Los Angeles, California, U.S.—d. March 26, 2004, Los Angeles) and Dean Torrence (b. March 10, 1941, Los Angeles) gave voice to surf music with distinctive falsetto harmonies, especially on “Surf City” (1963). It was the Beach…

John III Sobieski was the elective king of Poland (1674–96), a soldier who drove back the Ottoman Turks and briefly restored the kingdom of Poland-Lithuania to greatness for the last time. Sobieski’s ancestors were of the lesser nobility, but one of his great-grandfathers was the famous

John II Casimir Vasa was the king of Poland (1648–68) and pretender to the Swedish throne, whose reign was marked by heavy losses of Polish territory incurred in wars against the Ukrainians, Tatars, Swedes, and Russians. The second son of Sigismund III Vasa, king of Poland and of Sweden, John

Anna Hazare: …that the legislation, called the Jan Lokpal Bill (or Citizen’s Ombudsman Bill), did not give the ombudsman enough powers to make it effective. Activists wanted the ombudsman to be able to investigate corruption at all levels. In April 2011 Hazare began another hunger strike to further these demands, and after…

Jan Mayen, island, part of the Kingdom of Norway, in the Greenland Sea of the Arctic Ocean, about 300 mi (500 km) east of Greenland. It is approximately 35 mi long and 9 mi across at its widest point, with an area of 144 sq mi (373 sq km). It is the peak of a submarine volcanic ridge, and

John Milíč was a theologian, orator, and reformer, considered to be the founder of the national Bohemian religious reform movement. Milíč was educated at Prague and ordained about 1350, entering the imperial chancery of Charles IV in 1358. Later, he received a clerical benefice from Pope Innocent

St. John of Nepomuk ; canonized 1729; feast day May 16) was one of the patron saints of the Czechs who was murdered during the bitter conflict of church and state that plagued Bohemia in the latter 14th century. In 1383 John began studies at Padua, Italy, where he became a doctor of canon law and

Czechoslovak history: The Luxembourg dynasty: …with the church, represented by Jan of Jenštein, archbishop of Prague, the king achieved temporary success; the archbishop resigned and died in Rome (1400). The nobility’s dissatisfaction with Wenceslas’s regime was serious; it developed mainly over the selection of candidates for high offices, which noble families regarded as their domain…

John I Albert was the king of Poland and a military leader whose reign marked the growth of Polish parliamentary government. The second son of King Casimir IV of Poland and Elizabeth of Habsburg, John Albert received a comprehensive education. He proved his military ability by defeating the Tatars

John was the king of Bohemia from 1310 until his death, and one of the more popular heroic figures of his day, who campaigned across Europe from Toulouse to Prussia. He was born the son of the future Holy Roman emperor Henry VII of the house of Luxembourg and was made count of Luxembourg in 1310.

Rembrandt: The myth of Rembrandt’s fall: …portrait (1647) of his friend Jan Six and especially the Hundred Guilder Print, a large (unfinished) print with episodes from chapter 19 of The Gospel According to Matthew.

John II was the count of Hainaut (1280–1304) and of the Dutch provinces of Holland and Zeeland (1299–1304), who united the counties and prevented the northward expansion of the house of Dampierre, the counts of Flanders. Eldest son of John of Avesnes, count of Hainaut, and Alida, sister of Count

Jan Rokycana was a priest, archbishop, and follower of Jan Hus (1372/73–1415); he was a chief organizer of the papally denounced Hussite Church and a major figure in Bohemian church history. Rokycana went to Prague probably in 1410, assisting and later succeeding Jakoubek of Stříbro as organizer of

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz: …to Poland with his three-volume Jan z Tęczyna (1825; “Jan of Tęczyn”), which was influenced by the Scottish novelist Sir Walter Scott.

Utpal Dutt: Films: …the directors Satyajit Ray (Jana Aranya [1975; The Middleman] and Agantuk [1991; The Stranger]), Mrinal Sen (Bhuvan Shome [1969] and Chorus [1975]), and James Ivory (Shakespeare Wallah [1965] and The Guru [1969]).

Jana Gana Mana, national anthem of India, written in Sanskritized form of Bengali (called Sadhubhasa) by polymath and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It is the first stanza of Tagore’s poem “Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata,” (in Bengali; translated by Tagore with the title “The Morning Song of India”).

Vijay: Box office dominance: …(more than $30 million) for Jana Nayagan, making him one of the highest-paid actors in India.

Leoš Janáček was a composer, one of the most important exponents of musical nationalism of the 20th century. Janáček was a choirboy at Brno and studied at the Prague, Leipzig, and Vienna conservatories. In 1881 he founded a college of organists at Brno, which he directed until 1920. He directed the

Raksha Bandhan, joyful family holiday in late summer observed predominantly but not exclusively among Hindus of north India that celebrates the bond between sisters and brothers. In a ceremony, a sister ties a string bracelet or amulet, usually of red or yellow thread, called a rakhi on the right

Sita, in Hinduism, the consort of the god Rama. Her abduction by the demon king Ravana and subsequent rescue are the central incidents in the great Hindu epic Ramayana (“Rama’s Journey”). Sita was raised by King Janaka; she was not his natural daughter but sprang from a furrow when he was ploughing

South Asian arts: Tamil: Contemporary literature is represented by T. Janakiraman, who writes novels, short stories, and plays with themes from urban Tamil middle-class family life; Jayakanthan, a sharp and passionate writer, with a tendency to shock his readers; and L.S. Ramatirthan, probably the finest stylist at work in Tamil today, who started by…

South Asian arts: Punjabi: …identifiable as Punjabi is the Janam-sākhī, a 16th-century biography of Gurū Nānak by Bala. In 1604, Arjun, the fifth Gurū of the Sikhs, collected the poems of Nānak and others into what is certainly the most famous book to originate in the Punjab (though its language is not entirely Punjabi),…

India: The premiership of Rajiv Gandhi: Singh’s new Janata Dal (JD; “People’s Party”) coalition. In the general elections held in November, Gandhi barely managed to retain his own Lok Sabha seat, as the Congress (I) Party, winning only 193 seats, lost its majority. The Janata Dal (141 seats) emerged with the second largest…

India: V.P. Singh’s coalition—its brief rise and fall: …Sabha belonged to Shekhar, whose Janata Dal (S)—the S stood for Socialist—gained the support of Gandhi and thus came to be invited by President Ramaswamy Venkataraman to serve as prime minister before the end of 1990. Devi Lal, who in August had been ousted by Singh, again became deputy prime…

Janata Dal (Secular), regional political party primarily in Karnataka state, southern India. It also has a presence in adjoining Kerala state and in national politics. The party, formed in 1999, had its origins in the Janata (People’s) Party, founded in 1977 as a coalition of several smaller

Janata Dal (United), regional political party in Bihar and Jharkhand states, eastern India. It also has had a presence in national politics and in the central government in New Delhi. Since 2013, the JD(U) has oscillated frequently between opposing political alliances, earning itself the reputation

Bharatiya Janata Party: Origin and establishment: …political parties to form the Janata Party and took over the reins of government. Plagued by factionalism and internal disputes, however, the government collapsed in July 1979. The BJP was formally established in 1980, following a split by dissidents within the Janata coalition, whose leaders wanted to prohibit elected BJS…

Bharatiya Janata Party: Origin and establishment: …political parties to form the Janata Party and took over the reins of government. Plagued by factionalism and internal disputes, however, the government collapsed in July 1979. The BJP was formally established in 1980, following a split by dissidents within the Janata coalition, whose leaders wanted to prohibit elected BJS…

Sri Lanka: Independent Ceylon (1948–71): …discontent was mobilized by the People’s Liberation Front (Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna; JVP), a group of revolutionary youth who launched an unsuccessful armed rebellion in 1971.

Yemen: Resources and power: …swords and daggers, particularly the janbiyyah, a symbolic, largely ornamental dagger worn by many Yemeni men). There are deposits of copper, as well as some evidence of sulfur, lead, zinc, nickel, silver, and gold, and surveys in the late 20th and early 21st centuries indicated that some of these deposits…

Dada: Richard Hülsenbeck, Tristan Tzara, Marcel Janco, and Emmy Hennings. When a paper knife inserted into a French-German dictionary pointed to the French word dada (“hobby-horse”), it was seized upon by the group as appropriate for their anti-aesthetic creations and protest activities, which were engendered by disgust for bourgeois values…

History of film: Russia, eastern Europe, and Central Asia: …when the complex work of Miklós Jancsó (Szegénylegények [The Round-Up], 1965; Csillagosok, katonák [The Red and the White], 1967; Még kér a nép [Red Psalm], 1972) began to be internationally recognized. The rigorous training given students at the Budapest Film Academy ensured that the younger generation of Hungarian filmmakers would…

Taxila: Archaeology: The Jandial temple, set up on an artificial mound, closely resembles the Classical temples of Greece. Its Ionic columns and pilasters are composed of massive blocks of sandstone. Built in the Scythio-Parthian period, it is probably the temple described by Philostratus in his Life of Apollonius…

concrete poetry: …promoted concrete poetry, as did Ernst Jandl and Friederike Mayröcker. The movement drew inspiration from Dada, Surrealism, and other nonrational 20th-century movements. Concrete poetry has an extreme visual bias and in this way is usually distinguished from pattern poetry. It attempts to move away from a purely verbal concept of…

Pius IX: Ultramontanism and the Syllabus of Errors: …in the pope’s refusal, in Jamdudum cernimus, to have any dealings with the new Italian kingdom. On both scores, the Syllabus undermined the liberal Catholics’ position, for it destroyed their following among intellectuals and placed their program out of court.

Jane, Chicago-based women’s collective that provided more than 11,000 safe albeit illegal abortions between 1969 and 1973. The underground clinic, a small branch of the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union, strove to strengthen the pro-choice movement and abolish expensive, unsafe, and callously

comic strip: Europe: …original strip was Norman Pett’s Jane (1932–59), published in the Daily Mirror. It used an artful striptease theme and had great popularity with servicemen during World War II. The mildly satirical strip was pioneered in the Daily Express by Flook (begun 1949), a continuing narrative of various kinds of adventure…

Jane Addams: …itself was preserved as a monument to Jane Addams.

Emily Blunt: Breakthrough films: The Devil Wears Prada, Young Victoria, and Sicario: …roles in films such as The Jane Austen Book Club and Charlie Wilson’s War (both 2007). She then appeared opposite Amy Adams in the dark comedy Sunshine Cleaning (2008), about two sisters who start a crime-scene clean-up business. Her star turn as Queen Victoria in The Young Victoria proved her…

Anna Austen Lefroy, Jane Austen’s beloved niece and a budding writer of the 1800s, once received her aunt’s advice on the setting of a story she had been writing: “Three or four families in a country village is the very thing to work on...” But what kind of family did Austen herself belong to? How

graphic design: Art Nouveau: …1893 poster of the dancer Jane Avril, who was then performing at the Jardin de Paris. In this poster and others like it, Toulouse-Lautrec captured the lively atmosphere by reducing imagery to simple flat shapes that convey an expression of the performance and environment. Although Toulouse-Lautrec only produced about three…

Lord Byron: Celebrity and marriage: Mad, bad, and dangerous to know: …social reformer Lady Oxford (Jane Elizabeth Scott), who encouraged Byron’s radicalism.

Judi Dench: Fairfax in Jane Eyre (2011), an adaptation of the Charlotte Brontë novel. In Clint Eastwood’s biopic J. Edgar (2011), she portrayed the mother of J. Edgar Hoover (played by Leonardo DiCaprio), and, in the drama My Week with Marilyn (2011), she appeared as actress Sybil

Robert Stevenson: Early films: adaptation (1943) of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre starred Joan Fontaine, Orson Welles (whose hand hovers over this atmospheric production), and Margaret O’Brien; Elizabeth Taylor appeared in an uncredited role. In the mystery Dishonored Lady (1947), Hedy Lamarr portrayed a magazine editor accused of murder. To the Ends of

Franco Zeffirelli: His later films included Jane Eyre (1996), Tea with Mussolini (1999), and Callas Forever (2002). He continued to film operas such as I Pagliacci (1981), Cavalleria rusticana (1982), Otello (1986), and La Bohème (2008), often working in myriad roles, including opera director and production and costume designer.

Jane Eyre, novel by Charlotte Brontë, first published in 1847 as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography, with Currer Bell (Brontë’s pseudonym) listed as the editor. Widely considered a classic, it gave new truthfulness to the Victorian novel with its realistic portrayal of the inner life of a woman, noting