island, any area of land smaller than a continent and entirely surrounded by water. Islands may occur in oceans, seas, lakes, or rivers. A group of islands is called an archipelago. Islands may be classified as either continental or oceanic. Oceanic islands are those that rise to the surface from

island arc, long, curved chain of oceanic islands associated with intense volcanic and seismic activity and orogenic (mountain-building) processes. Prime examples of this form of geologic feature include the Aleutian-Alaska Arc and the Kuril-Kamchatka Arc. Most island arcs consist of two parallel,

Isabel Allende: Other novels and fiction: …isla bajo el mar (2009; The Island Beneath the Sea) uses the 1791 slave revolt in Haiti as a backdrop for a story about a mulatto woman who is forced to become her enslaver’s lover after his wife goes mad. El cuaderno de Maya (2011; Maya’s Notebook) takes the form…

patch dynamics: History of patch dynamics: …the 1970s, and with the theory of island biogeography, developed by American ecologist Robert MacArthur and American biologist E.O. Wilson in the 1960s. (The former theory proposed that the collective activities of several distinct but interacting populations drive the ecological fate of the species, and the latter theory posited that…

Carib: The Island Carib, who were warlike (and allegedly cannibalistic), were immigrants from the mainland who, after driving the Arawak from the Lesser Antilles, were expanding when the Spanish arrived. Peculiarly, the Carib language was spoken only by the men; women spoke Arawak. Raids upon other peoples…

Homo floresiensis: … may have been caused by island dwarfing, or endemic dwarfing, a process whereby some creatures confined to isolated habitats such as islands are known to have become smaller over time. Such dwarfing has never been seen in the remains of other members of the human family, which show that stature…

gray fox: …related but smaller form, the island gray fox (U. littoralis), is found on islands off the coast of southern California. The name gray fox is sometimes also applied to the hoary fox (see fox) of Europe.

English literature: Blake, Wordsworth, and Coleridge: …is visible in the satirical An Island in the Moon (written c. 1784–85); he then took the bolder step of setting aside sophistication in the visionary Songs of Innocence (1789). His desire for renewal encouraged him to view the outbreak of the French Revolution as a momentous event. In works…

Canyonlands National Park: The Island in the Sky is a huge, level sandstone mesa situated between the Green and Colorado rivers. These rivers are entrenched in winding canyons and in this part of the park are gently flowing; their confluence forms the southern tip of the mesa. Float trips…

Robert Rossen: After the blacklist: …of Alexander’s remarkable conquests, but Island in the Sun (1957) marked the first time in many years that Rossen neither produced nor scripted one of his own films, and it suffered from his absence. The 1959 historical drama They Came to Cordura set Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth during the…

Island Lake, lake in east-central Manitoba, Canada, near the Ontario border. A post of the Hudson’s Bay Company was established on the lake in 1824, and gold was found in the area in the 1920s. The lake, which is part of the Hudson Bay drainage system, is fed by several rivers and drains northward

Miguel Covarrubias: …Asia, and subsequently he wrote Island of Bali (1937). Covarrubias also painted six mural maps illustrating the cultures of the Pacific area for the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco; these maps were then published as Pageant of the Pacific (1939).

Vasily Aksyonov: …Barrelware) and Ostrov Krym (1981; The Island of Crimea). His independent spirit had incurred the disfavour of the Soviet authorities beginning in the late 1960s. Because of his reputation and his involvement in the attempted publication of Metropol, an uncensored literary journal, in 1980 he was forced into exile in…

The Island of Doctor Moreau, science fiction novel by H.G. Wells, published in 1896. The classic work focuses on a mad scientist’s experiments involving vivisection to address such issues as evolution and ethics. The story takes the form of a manuscript accidentally found by the nephew of the

The Island of Doctor Moreau: Analysis: …was adapted for television and film, and John Frankenheimer directed a 1996 movie that starred Marlon Brando and Val Kilmer.

Bela Lugosi: >Island of Lost Souls (1932); and Mark of the Vampire (1935). He costarred with Karloff in several films, including The Black Cat (1934), The Raven (1935), and The Invisible Ray (1936), and he appeared occasionally in non-horror films, such as the Paramount Pictures all-star comedy…

Grace Ogot: …The Other Woman (1976), and The Island of Tears (1980)—give an inside view of traditional Luo life and society and the conflict of traditional with colonial and modern cultures. Her novel The Promised Land (1966) tells of Luo pioneers in Tanzania and western Kenya.

Oliver Sacks: …mysterious form of paralysis in The Island of the Colorblind (1997). He presented further case studies in The Mind Traveler (1998), a program produced for television, and wrote of patients with conditions relating to music in Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain (2007). The Mind’s Eye (2010) investigated the…

Island of the Dead, oil painting on wood that was created in 1886 by Swiss artist Arnold Böcklin, who was known for his landscapes and his sinister allegories. This is his fifth version of the enigmatic work, which has resisted facile interpretation but nonetheless fascinates. Prints of the work

John Arden: …well as the Arthurian drama The Island of the Mighty (1972), Vandaleur’s Folly (1978), and The Little Gray Home in the West (1982), among others—were written with D’Arcy. Arden’s fiction includes the novel Silence Among the Weapons (1982; also published as Vox Pop) and the story collection The Stealing Steps…

Island Records: Chris Blackwell’s Rock and Reggae Circus: Chris Blackwell grew up in Jamaica but was educated in England. He founded Island Records in 1959 in Jamaica, then three years later relocated to the United Kingdom, where Island became an outlet for Jamaican records, initially aimed at immigrant communities throughout Britain. In 1964,…

Chris Blackwell grew up in Jamaica but was educated in England. He founded Island Records in 1959 in Jamaica, then three years later relocated to the United Kingdom, where Island became an outlet for Jamaican records, initially aimed at immigrant communities throughout Britain. In 1964, still

jay: …western North America; and the island scrub jay (A. insularis), found only on Santa Cruz Island, off the coast of California. They are locally called “blue jays,” but they lack the crests of C. cristata.

nesosilicate, compound with a structure in which independent silicate tetrahedrons (each consisting of a central silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron) are present. Because none of the oxygen atoms is shared by other tetrahedrons, the chemical formula contains

snapdragon: Showy greenbright (Gambelia speciosa), a related plant, is also called island snapdragon.

theatre-in-the-round, form of theatrical staging in which the acting area, which may be raised or at floor level, is completely surrounded by the audience. It has been theorized that the informality thus established leads to increased rapport between the audience and the actors.

tree poppy: The related island tree poppy (Dendromecon harfordii), endemic to the Channel Islands off the southern California coast, reaches a height of 6 metres (20 feet). Tree poppies are hardy as ornamentals only in areas with mild winters.

Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.), one of the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Curving from North Cape to East Point, “the Island,” as Prince Edward Islanders refer to the province, is about 140 miles (225 km) long, ranging from 2 to 40 miles (3 to 65 km) in width. It lies between 46° and 47° N latitude

Michael Ritchie: The 1980s: …turned to more-commercial fare with The Island (1980), a disliked version of the best-selling thriller by Peter Benchley, who also wrote the screenplay; it starred Michael Caine as a journalist investigating the Bermuda Triangle. Better received was Divine Madness (1980), a Bette Midler concert film. Ritchie reteamed with Matthau on…

history of flight: General aviation: …second aircraft was the Britten-Norman Islander, with headquarters located on the Isle of Wight. Designed as an up-to-date replacement for obsolete types such as the Dove, the twin-engine Islander debuted in the mid-1960s. Along with modern avionics, it featured a high wing and fixed gear, and its metal construction followed…

Antigonus I Monophthalmus: Military campaigns: …in the Aegean into the League of the Islanders, preparatory to his invasion of Greece. His ally, the city of Rhodes, furnished him with the necessary fleet.

Celtic literature: The Gaelic Revival: …these is Tomás Ó Criomhthain’s An tOileánach (1929; The Islandman). At one time the Gaeltacht memoirs threatened to become a vogue and inspired the brilliant satirical novel An Béal Bocht (1941; The Poor Mouth) by Flann O’Brien (pseudonym of Brian Ó Nualláin).

Greece: Late Roman administration: Crete (Kríti), and the Islands (Insulae). Of the eight provinces, all except Rhodope and the Islands were a part of the larger diocese of Moesia, which extended to the Danube River in the north. (The word diocese originally referred to a governmental area governed by a Roman imperial vicar.…

Icelandic literature: The 18th century: Jón Espólín published Íslands árbækur (1822–55; “Annals of Iceland”), a history of Iceland from 1262.

Bruce Sterling: In Islands in the Net (1988), heroine Laura Webster is drawn into the geopolitics of a vast information network. In The Difference Engine (1990; written with William Gibson), Sterling imagines the ascent of the computer age during the 19th century. In 1992 he published Globalhead, a…

Franklin J. Schaffner: Islands in the Stream (1977) was an ambitious though largely unsuccessful attempt to render Ernest Hemingway’s posthumously published collection of three novellas into a cohesive film.

Ernest Hemingway: The Hemingway legacy: Islands in the Stream, three closely related novellas growing directly out of his peacetime memories of the Caribbean island of Bimini, of Havana during World War II, and of searching for U-boats off Cuba, appeared in 1970.

islets of Langerhans, irregularly shaped patches of endocrine tissue located within the pancreas of most vertebrates. They are named for the German physician Paul Langerhans, who first described them in 1869. The normal human pancreas contains about 1 million islets. The islets consist of four

Rose Tremain: …The Gustav Sonata (2016); and Islands of Mercy (2020). She also wrote the short-story collections Evangelista’s Fan, & Other Stories (1994) and The Darkness of Wallis Simpson, and Other Stories (2005) as well as the children’s book Journey to the Volcano (1996). The autobiography Rosie: Scenes from a Vanished Life,…

Bay of Islands, bay of the South Pacific Ocean and geographic region, northern North Island, New Zealand, formed when the sea flooded an old river valley system. The bay has a shoreline of 500 miles (800 km) and about 150 islands. It opens to the sea through an 11-mile- (18-kilometre-) wide passage

Greece: The islands of Greece: The Ionian Islands off the western coast of Greece structurally resemble the folded mountains of Ípeiros. Of the six main islands, Corfu (Modern Greek: Kérkyra), opposite the Albanian frontier, is the northernmost; it is fertile and amply endowed with well-watered lowland. The…

Kristmann Gudmundsson: …Norwegian a collection of stories, Islandsk kjærlighet (“Icelandic Loves”). It was a literary success and astonished the critics by its mastery of Norwegian idiom and style. He followed that success with the publication of several novels, among them the family sagas Brudekjolen (1927; The Bridal Gown) and Livets morgen (1929;…

Halldór Laxness: ” The nationalistic trilogy Íslandsklukkan (1943–46; “Iceland’s Bell”) established him as the country’s leading writer.

José Emilio Pacheco: In the poems of Islas a la deriva (1976; “Islands Adrift”), Pacheco reinterpreted history and mythology.

Balearic Islands, archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea and a comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Spain coextensive with the Spanish provincia (province) of the same name. The archipelago lies 50 to 190 miles (80 to 300 km) east of the Spanish mainland. There are two groups of

Chincha Islands, island group that is part of Los Libertadores-Wari región, Peru. Located in the Pacific Ocean 13 miles (21 km) off Peru’s southwestern coast, the three small islands are situated to the northwest of Paracas Bay and west-northwest of the city of Pisco. They have extensive guano

Juan Fernández Islands, small cluster of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, situated about 400 miles (650 km) west of and administratively part of Chile. They consist of the 36-square-mile (93-square-km) Isla Robinson Crusoe (also called Isla Más a Tierra); the 33-square-mile Isla Alejandro

Islay, most southerly island of the offshore Atlantic group known as the Inner Hebrides, in Argyll and Bute council area, historic county of Argyllshire, Scotland. It is separated from the island of Jura by the Sound of Islay, which is 0.9 mile (1.5 km) wide. The island is 25 miles (40 km) long

Archibald Campbell, 3rd duke of Argyll was the brother of the 2nd Duke of Argyll, and a prominent politician during the early Hanoverian period in Britain. Campbell served in the army for a short time under the Duke of Marlborough, but he was appointed treasurer of Scotland in 1705 and the

Patricia Cornwell: … (1997), Southern Cross (1999), and Isle of Dogs (2001)—law enforcement officers are the central characters. The Captain Chase series, which began with Quantum (2019), features a female protagonist who is a NASA pilot, quantum physicist, and cybercrime investigator. The second installment, Spin, was published in 2020. Cornwell’s other works included…

F. Murray Abraham: … (2014) and the stop-motion animated Isle of Dogs (2018), and he provided the voice of the villainous Grimmel in How to Train Your Dragon: Hidden World (2019). His later films included Lady and the Tramp (2019) and The Magic Flute (2022).

The Manx triskelion is one of the oldest continually used government symbols. It is a version of the sun symbol or swastika used by many ancient civilizations. Common in Scandinavian lands, it may well have been introduced to the Isle of Man when the Norse ruled the area prior to 1266. Its use is

Isla de la Juventud, island and municipio especial (special municipality) of Cuba, in the Caribbean Sea. It is bounded to the northwest by the Canal de los Indios and on the north and northeast by the Gulf of Batabanó, which separate it from the mainland of western Cuba. A 1904 treaty recognizing

The Isle of Wight Pop Festival: More than a year after Woodstock, the third Isle of Wight Pop Festival was held August 26–31, 1970, on the island of the same name off the coast of southern England. The previous year’s festival had attracted about 200,000 people, most of them drawn by…

Isle Royale, centre of a wilderness archipelago and the largest island in Lake Superior, northwestern Michigan, U.S. Administered as part of Keweenaw county, it lies 56 miles (90 km) from the Upper Peninsula shore and 15 miles (24 km) from the Canadian shore and is 45 miles (72 km) long and 9 miles

Isle Royale National Park, island national park located in northwestern Lake Superior, northwestern Michigan, U.S. Established in 1931, the park has an area of 893 square miles (2,313 square km) and includes Isle Royale, the largest island in Lake Superior, measuring 45 miles (72 km) long and 9

Icelandic literature: Prose: One of the first was Ísleifr, who, after being educated and ordained a priest, was consecrated bishop. His school at Skálholt in southern Iceland was for many centuries the chief bishopric and a main centre of learning. The earliest remembered historian is Sæmundr the Wise, but Ari Þorgilsson is regarded…

Icelandic literature: Prose: One of the first was Ísleifr, who, after being educated and ordained a priest, was consecrated bishop. His school at Skálholt in southern Iceland was for many centuries the chief bishopric and a main centre of learning. The earliest remembered historian is Sæmundr the Wise, but Ari Þorgilsson is regarded…

saga: Native historical accounts: …important of which is the Íslendinga saga (“The Icelanders’ Saga”) of Sturla Þórðarson, who describes in memorable detail the bitter personal and political feuds that marked the final episode in the history of the Icelandic commonwealth (c. 1200–64).

Ari Thorgilsson the Learned: …historian whose Íslendingabók (Libellus Islandorum; The Book of the Icelanders) is the first history of Iceland written in the vernacular. Composed before 1133 and covering the period from the settlement of Iceland up to 1120, it includes information on the founding of the Althing (parliament) and on the settlement of…

Icelandic language, national language of Iceland, spoken by the entire population, some 330,000 in the early 21st century. It belongs (with Norwegian and Faroese) to the West Scandinavian group of North Germanic languages and developed from the Norse speech brought by settlers from western Norway

pottery: Reign of the Xuande emperor (1425–35): …Immortality—often referred to as the Rock of Ages pattern. The pattern appears frequently throughout the Ming period and later.

Ceduna: Nearby is Isles of St. Francis Conservation Park, home for a variety of fauna, including the rare Cape Barren goose. Pop. (2006) 3,572; (2011) 3,480.

Mona Lisa: Other Mona Lisas: …Mona Lisa include the so-called Isleworth Mona Lisa, which some commentators asserted was Leonardo’s first version of the famed portrait. The claim was a controversial one, with several leading Leonardo scholars flatly denying it. Numerous seminude interpretations, often referred to as Monna Vanna, also exist and were likely completed by…

the Isley Brothers, American rhythm-and-blues and rock band that began recording in the late 1950s and continued to have hit records in the 1960s and ’70s with music that ranged from rhythm and blues to soul to funk. Their notable songs included “Shout,” “It’s Your Thing,” “That Lady (Part 1),” and

the Isley Brothers: The Isleys began their own record company, T-Neck Records,

the Isley Brothers:

Jennifer Jones was an American film actress known for her performances in roles that alternated between fresh-faced naifs and tempestuous vixens. Jones attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City, and after appearing in a series of bit movie parts, she landed an audition with

the Isley Brothers:

the Isley Brothers:

Islington, inner borough of London, England, located directly north of the City of London. It is part of the historic county of Middlesex. The present borough was established in 1965 by amalgamation of the former metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury. It includes the areas of (from north

Lee Commission: The Islington Commission’s report (1917) had recommended that 25 percent of the higher government posts should go to Indians. That report had become a dead letter in 1918, when the Montagu-Chelmsford Report proposed Indian appointments to one-third of the posts. Simultaneous examinations were instituted in London…

William Thomas was a clergyman and poet, considered the only successful practitioner of the long Welsh poem in the 19th century. His major work is the uncompleted philosophical poem Y Storm (1856; The Storm). Originally a land surveyor, Thomas was ordained in the Calvinistic Methodist ministry in

Morocco: Decline of traditional government (1830–1912): …had been totally defeated at Isly, near the frontier town of Oujda. The sultan then promised to intern or expel Abdelkader if he should again enter Moroccan territory. Two years later, when he was again driven into Morocco, the Algerian leader was attacked by Moroccan troops and was forced to…

Thomas-Robert Bugeaud, duke d’Isly was a marshal of France who played an important part in the French conquest of Algeria. Bugeaud joined Napoleon’s imperial guard and later distinguished himself during the Peninsular War, after which he rose to the rank of colonel. He supported the First

interstellar medium, region between the stars that contains vast, diffuse clouds of gases and minute solid particles. Such tenuous matter in the interstellar medium of the Milky Way system, in which the Earth is located, accounts for about 5 percent of the Galaxy’s total mass. The interstellar

Marion Cotillard: …thriller Les Fantômes d’Ismaël (Ismael’s Ghosts) and in the comedy Rock’n Roll, playing herself; the latter featured her longtime boyfriend Guillaume Canet, who also directed the film. Gueule d’ange (2018; Angel Face) centres on an alcoholic mother and her young daughter. Cotillard later lent her voice to the family…

ʿayn: …Vidin (now in Bulgaria), and İsmail Bey of Seres (now Sérrai, Greece) maintained their own private armies, levied taxes, and dispensed justice. The ʿayn of Rusçuk (now in Bulgaria), Bayrakdar Mustafa Paşa, although he failed to restore Selim III, led a successful coup and brought Selim’s nephew Mahmud II to…

Tun Ismail bin Datoʿ Abdul Rahman was a Malay politician who held several ministerial portfolios. Tun Ismail, a medical doctor trained in Singapore and Melbourne, entered Malaysian politics in 1951 when he was elected vice president of the United Malays National Organisation, the dominant Malay

Samuel ha-Nagid was a Talmudic scholar, grammarian, philologist, poet, warrior, and statesman who for two decades was the power behind the throne of the caliphate of Granada. As a youth Samuel received a thorough education in all branches of Jewish and Islāmic knowledge and mastered Arabic

Indonesia: Cultural institutions: …municipal government in 1968, is Ismail Marzuki Park (Taman Ismail Marzuki; TIM), named after a prominent Jakarta-born composer. The centre has generated a fresh approach to both tradition and modernism. While offering regular performances of local and regional arts, TIM also produces modernist theatrical works that typically fuse Indonesian and…

Vlorë: On November 28, 1912, Ismail Qemal proclaimed there the independence of Albania. Vlorë was occupied by the Italians in 1915–20 and again in 1939. During World War II Sazan was used as a German and Italian submarine base. After the war the town’s harbour and submarine facilities were improved…

Mammootty is an Indian actor and producer best known for his work in Malayalam cinema. Celebrated for his versatility, Mammootty is especially noted for portraying complex and larger-than-life characters. In a career spanning more than five decades, he has appeared in about 400 films, including

32 Notable Women Cricketers: Shabnim Ismail: Shabnim Ismail is a South African pace bowler who has earned a reputation as one of the fastest bowlers in women’s cricket across the world. As of 2024 she is the second highest wicket taker in women’s ODIs after Jhulan Goswami and the…

Ismailia, capital of Al-Ismāʿīliyyah muḥāfaẓah (governorate), northeastern Egypt. The city is located near the midpoint of the Suez Canal, on the northwestern shore of Lake Al-Timsāḥ. The lake, in a natural depression, was connected to the Gulf of Suez of the Red Sea in pharaonic times. The city

Ismat Chughtai was an Indian writer of Urdu fiction and nonfiction, whose writing both questioned and broke traditions. Best known for her short story “Lihaaf” (1942; “The Quilt”) and the autobiographical novel Terhi Lakeer (1944; The Crooked Line), she is one of the pioneers of modern Urdu

Hastings Lionel Ismay, Baron Ismay was a British soldier who became Prime Minister Winston Churchill’s closest military adviser during World War II and participated in most major policy decisions of the Allied powers. Commissioned in 1905, Ismay served in India and Africa. After World War I he

J. Bruce Ismay was a British businessman who was chairman of the White Star Line and who survived the sinking of the company’s ship Titanic in 1912. Ismay was the eldest son of Thomas Henry Ismay, who owned the White Star Line, which operated a fleet of passenger ships. After his father’s death in

J. Bruce Ismay was a British businessman who was chairman of the White Star Line and who survived the sinking of the company’s ship Titanic in 1912. Ismay was the eldest son of Thomas Henry Ismay, who owned the White Star Line, which operated a fleet of passenger ships. After his father’s death in

Ismāʿīl was the second ruler of the ʿAlawī dynasty of Morocco; his long reign (1672–1727) saw the consolidation of ʿAlawī power, the development of an effective army trained in European military techniques, and the introduction of French influence in Morocco. Virtually nothing is known about

Ishmael, son of Abraham through Hagar, according to the three great Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. After the birth of Isaac, another son of Abraham, through Sarah, Ishmael and his mother were banished to the desert. A minor figure thereafter in the traditions of Judaism and

Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq: His eldest son, Ismāʿīl, predeceased him, but the “Seveners,” represented today chiefly by the Ismāʿīliyyah (followers of Ismāʿīl)—argued that Ismāʿīl merely disappeared and would reappear one day. Three other sons also claimed the imamate; of these, Mūsā al-Kāẓim gained widest recognition. Shiʿi sects not recognizing Ismāʿīl are mostly…

Aḥmad Ibn Abī al-Rijāl: …orator under the rule of Ismāʿīl al-Mutawakkil, the Zaydī spiritual and temporal ruler of Yemen.

Dhū an-Nūnid Dynasty: …their city, and his son Ismāʿīl aẓ-Ẓāfir were the first local rulers to refuse to recognize the central authority of the Umayyad caliph of Córdoba. Aẓ-Ẓāfīr established himself as an independent king in Toledo and, despite constant wars with the Christians, ruled until 1043. His son Yaḥyā al-Maʾmūn (reigned 1043–75)…

Ismāʿīl I was the shah of Iran (1501–24) and religious leader who founded the Safavid dynasty (the first Persian dynasty to rule Iran in 800 years) and converted Iran from the Sunni to the Twelver Shiʿi sect of Islam. According to Safavid tradition, Ismāʿīl was descended from ʿAlī. His grandfather

Spain: Granada: When Ismāʿīl I (1314–25) ascended the throne, another branch of the Naṣrid family gained power. Ismāʿīl checked the reconquest ambitions of Alfonso XI—who in 1340, with the aid of the Portuguese, won a decisive victory over the Maghribian army of Abū al-Ḥasan at the Battle of…

Ismāʿīl I ibn Aḥmad, (reigned 892–907), one of the Persian Sāmānid dynasty’s most famous sovereigns, who was generous, brave, just, and cultivated. Originally governor of Transoxiana at the age of 21, he extended his domains throughout Ṭabaristān and Khorāsān and, though nominally under the caliph

Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq: His eldest son, Ismāʿīl, predeceased him, but the “Seveners,” represented today chiefly by the Ismāʿīliyyah (followers of Ismāʿīl)—argued that Ismāʿīl merely disappeared and would reappear one day. Three other sons also claimed the imamate; of these, Mūsā al-Kāẓim gained widest recognition. Shiʿi sects not recognizing Ismāʿīl are mostly…

al-ḥudūd: …Universal Soul (an-Nafs), embodied in Ismāʿīl ibn Muḥammad at-Tamīmī. The Word (al-Kalimah) emanates from an-Nafs and is manifest in the person of Muḥammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashī. The fourth successive principle is the Preceder (as-Sābiq, or Right Wing [al-Janāḥ al-Ayman]), embodied in Salāmah ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb as-Sāmirrī; and the fifth is…

Ismāʿīl was the second ruler of the ʿAlawī dynasty of Morocco; his long reign (1672–1727) saw the consolidation of ʿAlawī power, the development of an effective army trained in European military techniques, and the introduction of French influence in Morocco. Virtually nothing is known about