Ismāʿīl aẓ-Ẓāfir

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Ismāʿīl aẓ-Ẓāfir

Dhū an-Nūnid ruler

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Dhū an-Nūnid Dynasty
…their city, and his son Ismāʿīl aẓ-Ẓāfir were the first local rulers to refuse to recognize the central authority of the Umayyad caliph of Córdoba. Aẓ-Ẓāfīr established himself as an independent king in Toledo and, despite constant wars with the Christians, ruled until 1043. His son Yaḥyā al-Maʾmūn (reigned 1043–75)…
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…their city, and his son Ismāʿīl aẓ-Ẓāfir were the first local rulers to refuse to recognize the central authority of the Umayyad caliph of Córdoba. Aẓ-Ẓāfīr established himself as an independent king in Toledo and, despite constant wars with the Christians, ruled until 1043. His son Yaḥyā al-Maʾmūn (reigned 1043–75)…
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