illuminated manuscript, handwritten book that has been decorated with gold or silver, brilliant colours, or elaborate designs or miniature pictures. Though various Islamic societies also practiced this art, Europe had one of the longest and most cultivated traditions of illuminating manuscripts. A

printmaking: Relief etching: When large areas of a metal plate are etched out (see below Etching), leaving the design in relief to be surface printed, the process is generally called relief etching. Usually the method is used for areas, but it can be also used for…

illuminati, designation in use from the 15th century, assumed by or applied to various groups of persons who claimed to be unusually enlightened. The word is the plural of the Latin illuminatus (“revealed” or “enlightened”). According to adherents, the source of the “light” was viewed as being

artillery: Projectile, powder, and fuze: …screening the activities of troops; illuminating shells, containing magnesium flares suspended by parachutes, illuminated the battlefield at night; gas shells, filled with various chemicals such as chlorine or mustard gas, were used against troops; incendiary shells were developed for setting fire to hydrogen-filled zeppelins. High explosives were improved, with TNT…

lighting, use of an artificial source of light for illumination. It is a key element of architecture and interior design. Residential lighting uses mainly either incandescent lamps or fluorescent lamps and often depends heavily on movable fixtures plugged into outlets; built-in lighting is

ecstasy: …purification (of the will); (3) illumination (of the mind); and (4) unification (of one’s being or will with the divine). Other methods are: dancing (as used by the Mawlawiyyah, or whirling dervishes, a Muslim Sufi sect); the use of sedatives and stimulants (as utilized in some Hellenistic mystery religions); and…

Harold Frederic: …his New York State novels, The Damnation of Theron Ware (1896; English title Illumination), the story of the decline and fall of a Methodist minister, brought him his greatest fame. Three other novels, March Hares (1896), Gloria Mundi (1898), and The Market Place (1899), are about English life.

epistemology: St. Augustine: Illumination, the other element of the theory, was for Augustine and his many followers, at least through the 14th century, a technical notion, built upon a visual metaphor inherited from Plotinus (205–270) and other Neoplatonic thinkers. According to that view, the human mind is like…

Alice Hoffman: …for her elder brother; and Illumination Night (1987), the story of a young couple whose marriage is challenged by a teenage girl.

Buffy Sainte-Marie: Early life and breakthrough: …Spin and Spin (1966); and Illuminations (1969), notable for its use of electronically synthesized and manipulated instrumental and vocal sounds and for its quadraphonic recording technology. In the 1970s she contributed the title song to the film Soldier Blue (1970) and released three more albums—Buffy (1974), Changing Woman (1975), and…

Illuminations, collection of 40 prose poems and two free-verse poems by Arthur Rimbaud. Although the poems are undated, they are believed to have been written in 1872–74 when he was between 17 and 19 years of age. The poet Paul Verlaine published the poems without the author’s knowledge as the work

Alumbrado, a follower of a mystical movement in Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries. Its adherents claimed that the human soul, having attained a certain degree of perfection, was permitted a vision of the divine and entered into direct communication with the Holy Spirit. From this state the

Alumbrado, a follower of a mystical movement in Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries. Its adherents claimed that the human soul, having attained a certain degree of perfection, was permitted a vision of the divine and entered into direct communication with the Holy Spirit. From this state the

illusion, a misrepresentation of a “real” sensory stimulus—that is, an interpretation that contradicts objective “reality” as defined by general agreement. For example, a child who perceives tree branches at night as if they are goblins may be said to be having an illusion. An illusion is

French literature: The development of drama: …his L’Illusion comique (performed 1636; The Comedy of Illusion), a brilliant exploitation of the interplay between reality and illusion that characterizes Baroque art. The two trends come together in Corneille’s theater in Le Cid (performed 1637; The Cid), which, though often called the first Classical tragedy, was created as a…

Valerie Thomas: …and she soon invented the illusion transmitter, for which she received a patent in 1980. The transmission system uses a video recorder to take a picture of a floating image in front of a concave mirror. The video image is sent to a second camera, which projects the image in…

mimesis, basic theoretical principle in the creation of art. The word is Greek and means “imitation” (though in the sense of “re-presentation” rather than of “copying”). Plato and Aristotle spoke of mimesis as the re-presentation of nature. According to Plato, all artistic creation is a form of

Paul Giamatti: Subsequent film appearances include The Illusionist (2006), a drama about a cunning magician (Edward Norton); Lady in the Water (2006), in which he starred as a superintendent who rescues a preternatural woman from his building’s swimming pool; and the comedy Fred Claus (2007).

Françoise Mallet-Joris: …Le Rempart des béguines (1951; The Illusionist, also published as Into the Labyrinth and The Loving and the Daring), the story of an affair between a girl and her father’s mistress, described with clinical detachment in a sober, classical prose. A sequel, La Chambre rouge (1953; The Red Room), and…

French literature: Balzac: …journalist, in Illusions perdues [1837–43; Lost Illusions]) and the subjection of women, particularly in marriage, are used as eloquent markers of the moral impasse into which bourgeois liberalism led the French Revolution. Most presciently, he emphasized the paradox of money—its dissolving power and its dynamic force—and of the every-man-for-himself individualism…

fake news: Effectiveness and countermeasures: …this phenomenon, known as the illusory truth effect, illustrate the tendency to believe false information after repeated exposure. This tendency becomes especially dangerous when combined with misattribution, leading audiences to remember the core message of a fake news story without remembering the notably false context in which it was encountered.

New York Daily News, morning daily tabloid newspaper published in New York City, once the newspaper with the largest circulation in the United States. The New York Daily News was the first successful tabloid newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919 as the Illustrated Daily News by

Celia Fiennes: The Illustrated Journals of Celia Fiennes, 1685–c. 1712, edited by Christopher Morris, was published in 1947 (reissued in 1982).

Illustrated London News, historic magazine of news and the arts, published in London, a forerunner in the use of various graphic arts. It was founded as a weekly in 1842 by Herbert Ingram, and it became a monthly in 1971. It was London’s first illustrated periodical, with 32 woodcuts in the 16

Ray Bradbury: First short stories: The short-story collection The Illustrated Man (1951) included one of his most famous stories, “The Veldt,” in which a mother and father are concerned about the effect their house’s simulation of lions on the African veldt is having on their children.

The Tale of Genji, masterpiece of Japanese literature by Murasaki Shikibu. Written at the start of the 11th century, it is generally considered the world’s first novel. Murasaki Shikibu composed The Tale of Genji while a lady in attendance at the Japanese court, likely completing it about 1010.

history of publishing: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan: …magazines in India include the Illustrated Weekly of India (founded 1880), a topical review for educated readers; the Statesman Weekly (founded 1924), an illustrated digest of Indian news and views; the monthly general review Current Events (founded 1955); Thought (New Delhi, 1949–78/79), a political and economic weekly; the monthly Akhand…

drawing: Applied drawings: …similarly ambivalent nature is the illustrative drawing that perhaps does not go beyond a simple pictorial rendition of a literary description but because of its specific formal execution may still satisfy the highest artistic demands. Great artists have again and again illustrated Bibles, prayer books, novels, and literature of all…

history of photography: Photojournalism: …started in May 1842, and L’Illustration, based in Paris from its first issue in March 1843—owe their origin to the same cultural forces that made possible the invention of photography. Early reproductions generally carried little of the conviction of the original photograph, however.

Jean Lemaire de Belges: His most extensive work is Les Illustrations de Gaule et singularitéz de Troye (1511, 1512, 1513; “Illustrations of Gaul and Peculiarities of Troy”), a legendary prose romance published in three books; it demonstrates an exuberant imagination and a modern appreciation of classical antiquity.

Jean Lemaire de Belges: His most extensive work is Les Illustrations de Gaule et singularitéz de Troye (1511, 1512, 1513; “Illustrations of Gaul and Peculiarities of Troy”), a legendary prose romance published in three books; it demonstrates an exuberant imagination and a modern appreciation of classical antiquity.

atom: Kinetic theory of gases: In his 1860 paper “Illustrations of the Dynamical Theory of Gases,” Maxwell used probability theory to produce his famous distribution function for the velocities of gas molecules. Employing Newtonian laws of mechanics, he also provided a mathematical basis for Avogadro’s theory. Maxwell, Clausius, and Boltzmann assumed that gas particles…

James Hutton: …in 1802 under the title Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth. It went far toward establishing the correctness of uniformitarianism, the cornerstone on which the science of geology is erected.

Adobe Illustrator, computer-graphics application software produced by Adobe Inc. that allows users to create refined drawings, designs, and layouts. Illustrator, released in 1987, is one of many Adobe innovations that revolutionized graphic design. Adobe Systems was founded in 1982 by American

Geneviève Béjart: …and early member of Molière’s Illustre Théâtre company. Geneviève played as Mlle Hervé, adopting her mother’s name. She acted with the Béjart family company managed by her sister Madeleine before they joined forces with Molière. She attained note as a tragedienne.

warship: Light carriers: …three such ships, HMS Invincible, Illustrious, and Ark Royal. These 20,000-ton ships carried eight Sea Harriers and about a dozen antisubmarine helicopters. They also incorporated a further British contribution to aircraft carrier design: an upward-sloping “ski jump” at the end of the short (170-metre, or 558-foot) flight deck to assist…

Blessed John Paul I: …he published a creative work, Illustrissimi (“To the Illustrious Ones”), a compilation of letters addressed both to historical figures such as Jesus and Mark Twain and to fictional characters such as those in Charles Dickens’s The Pickwick Papers.

John Bale: …catalogs of English writers: the Illustrium majoris Britanniae scriptorum (1548; “Of Great Britain’s Illustrious Writers”); the revised and much-expanded Scriptorum illustrium majoris Britanniae catalogus (1557–59, reprinted 1977; “Catalogue of Great Britain’s Illustrious Writers”); and an autograph notebook, first published in 1902 by R.L. Poole and M. Bateson as Index Britanniae…

illuviation, Accumulation of dissolved or suspended soil materials in one area or layer as a result of leaching (percolation) from another. Usually clay, iron, or humus wash out and form a line with a different consistency and color. These lines are important for studying the composition and ages

Gyula Illyés was a Hungarian poet, novelist, dramatist, and dissident, a leading literary figure in Hungary during the 20th century. Illyés supported the short-lived soviet republic led by Béla Kun (1919). Sought by the police, Illyés went to Vienna, then to Berlin and to Paris, where he completed

Illyria, northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula, inhabited from about the 10th century bce onward by the Illyrians, an Indo-European people. At the height of their power, the Illyrian frontiers extended from the Danube River southward to the Adriatic Sea and from there eastward to the Šar

Alexander the Great: Life: …and shattered a coalition of Illyrians who had invaded Macedonia. Meanwhile, a rumour of his death had precipitated a revolt of Theban democrats; other Greek states favoured Thebes, and the Athenians, urged on by Demosthenes, voted help. In 14 days Alexander marched 240 miles from Pelion (near modern Korçë,

Illyrian language, Indo-European language spoken in pre-Roman times along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and in southeastern Italy. The language of the Illyrian fragments found in Italy is usually called Messapic, or Messapian. Some scholars believe the modern Albanian language (q.v.) to be

Illyrian movement, South Slav nationalist movement (c. 1835–48). Begun in the 1830s, largely through the efforts of the poet and journalist Ljudevit Gaj, the movement involved the revival of Serbo-Croatian literary activity and sought the unification of all the South Slavs in the Habsburg

Illyrian Provinces, stretch of territory along the Dalmatian coast that constituted a part of Napoleon’s French Empire from 1809 to 1814. When the French victory of 1809 compelled Austria to cede a portion of its South Slav lands to France, Napoleon combined Carniola, western Carinthia, Görz

Balkans: In the Roman Empire: …rivers, became the province of Illyricum. What is now eastern Serbia was incorporated into Moesia, which reached farther eastward between the Balkan Mountains and the Danube all the way to the Black Sea. The southeastern part of the peninsula was ruled as Thrace, and the southern part was brought into…

Peter Carey: …novels Bliss (1981; filmed 1985), Illywhacker (1985), and Oscar and Lucinda (1988; filmed 1997) are more realistic, though Carey used black humour throughout all three. The later novels are based on the history of Australia, especially its founding and early days.

David Fincher: …became an assistant cameraman at Industrial Light & Magic, Lucas’s special-effects studio. In the mid-1980s Fincher began directing commercials, which quickly led to a successful career as a music video director. He made some of the most iconic music videos of the 1980s and ’90s—including those for Madonna’s “Express Yourself”…

kashf: …kashf as the alternative to ʿilm (“knowledge”), which applies systematic theology, logic, and speculative philosophy to the study of the nature of God. When the Muslim jurist and theologian al-Ghazālī (d. 1111) felt that philosophy and speculative theology had failed him, he turned wholeheartedly to Sufism, abandoning his teaching profession…

ʿilm al-ḥadīth, form of investigation established by Muslim traditionists in the 3rd century ah (9th century ce) to determine the validity of accounts (hadiths) of Muhammad’s statements, actions, and approbations as reported by various authorities. In the first two centuries of Islam, during the

geomancy, divination by means of figures, dots, lines, or patterns. The term is derived from the Latin geomantia, which in turn is derived from the combination of the Greek geō- and manteia, together meaning “divination by earth.” This etymology refers to the early practice of making marks in the

tafsīr, the science of explanation of the Qurʾān, the sacred scripture of Islam, or of Qurʾānic commentary. So long as Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, was alive, no other authority for interpretations of the Qurʾānic revelations was recognized by Muslims. Upon his death, however, commentaries were

Ilmarinen, one of the chief deities in Finno-Ugric religion, functioning both as creator deity and as weather god. He forged the sampo, a world pillar that supports the sky, and hammered the firmament itself. He is often mentioned in mythic songs as working in a smithy with no door or windows and

Lake Ilmen, lake in Novgorod oblast (province), northwestern Russia. Lake Ilmen occupies the centre of the Ilmen Plain, an undulating glacial lowland much of which is drained by rivers flowing into the lake; the lake in turn provides the headwaters of the Volkhov River. The lake occupies a shallow

ilmenite, iron-black, heavy, metallic oxide mineral, composed of iron and titanium oxide (FeTiO3), that is used as the major source of titanium. It forms solid-solution series with geikielite and pyrophanite in which magnesium and manganese, respectively, replace iron in the crystal structure.

Christianity: Orthodox and nondenominational missions: …included the linguist and translator Nicholas Ilminsky (died 1891) and St. Innocent Veniaminov (1797–1879), who in 1823 went as its first missionary to the Aleutian Islands. Veniaminov eventually became Metropolitan Innocent of Moscow, and in 1870 he founded the Russian Orthodox Missionary Society. The Russian Orthodox Church opened a mission…

Ottoman Empire: Classical Ottoman society and administration: …the religious, or cultural (ilmiye), institution, comprising the ulama (Muslims expert in the religious sciences), which was in charge of organizing and propagating the faith and maintaining and enforcing the religious law (Sharīʿah or Şeriat)—its interpretation in the courts, its expounding in the mosques and schools, and its study…

Arabian religion: South Arabia: …Sabaʾ the national god was Almaqah (or Ilmuqah), a protector of artificial irrigation, lord of the temple of the Sabaean federation of tribes, near the capital, Maʾrib. Until recently, Almaqah was considered to be a moon god, under the influence of a now generally rejected conception of a South Arabian…

International Labour Organization (ILO), specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) dedicated to improving labour conditions and living standards throughout the world. Established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles as an affiliated agency of the League of Nations, the ILO became the first

Ilobasco, town, north-central El Salvador. It is in a rich agricultural area (cattle, coffee, sugarcane, and indigo) but is known primarily for its clay dolls, a major item for sale to tourists, as well as for other types of pottery made from local clays. Since the completion in 1954 of a dam and

Ilobu, town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies along a tributary of the Oshun River and on the road from Ogbomosho to Oshogbo. Ilobu is a trade centre for the yams, corn (maize), cassava (manioc), oil palms, pumpkins, beans, and okra grown in a savanna area mainly inhabited by the Yoruba

Ilocano, third largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. When discovered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they occupied the narrow coastal plain of northwestern Luzon, known as the Ilocos region. The growth of their population later led to much migration to neighbouring provinces, to the

Austronesian languages: Major languages: languages include Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bicol, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan of the Philippines; Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, the Batak languages, Acehnese,

Ilocano, third largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. When discovered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they occupied the narrow coastal plain of northwestern Luzon, known as the Ilocos region. The growth of their population later led to much migration to neighbouring provinces, to the

Austronesian languages: Major languages: languages include Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bicol, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan of the Philippines; Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, the Batak languages, Acehnese,

Philippines: Relief: The narrow Ilocos, or Malayan, range, lying close along the west coast of northern Luzon, rises in places to elevations above 5,000 feet (1,500 metres) and is seldom below 3,500 feet (1,000 metres); it is largely volcanic. In the southwestern part of northern Luzon are the rugged…

Iloilo City, chartered city, on the southeastern coast of Panay, Philippines. At the mouth of the Jaro River on the Iloilo Strait and sheltered by the offshore Guimaras Island, it is the commercial centre of Panay and a regional centre for sugar exports. Pre-Spanish settlement was extensive, but

British Indian Ocean Territory: History: …and 1973, Britain removed the Ilois, or Chagossians—inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago, descended from African slaves and Indian plantation workers. They were given the choice of resettlement in either Seychelles or Mauritius, which became independent in 1968; the majority chose the latter. A small number of Ilois went to the…

Ilocano, third largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. When discovered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they occupied the narrow coastal plain of northwestern Luzon, known as the Ilocos region. The growth of their population later led to much migration to neighbouring provinces, to the

Ilocano, third largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. When discovered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they occupied the narrow coastal plain of northwestern Luzon, known as the Ilocos region. The growth of their population later led to much migration to neighbouring provinces, to the

Austronesian languages: Major languages: languages include Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bicol, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan of the Philippines; Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, the Batak languages, Acehnese,

Ilocano, third largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. When discovered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they occupied the narrow coastal plain of northwestern Luzon, known as the Ilocos region. The growth of their population later led to much migration to neighbouring provinces, to the

Hiligaynon, fourth largest ethnolinguistic group of the Philippines, living on Panay, western Negros, southern Mindoro, Tablas, Romblon, Sibuyan, Guimaras, and northwestern Masbate. Numbering about 6,540,000 in the late 20th century, they speak a Visayan (Bisayan) language of the Austronesian

Austronesian languages: Major languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bicol, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan of the Philippines; Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, the Batak languages, Acehnese, Balinese, and

Lake Ilopango: The island, known as Ilopango Volcano, is 150 ft high and 500 ft across. In 1928 the water again rose, destroying houses along the shoreline. The lake has since become a popular tourist resort, with activity centred on the towns of Asino and Ilopango on the western shore.

Lake Ilopango, lake, south central El Salvador, on the borders of San Salvador, La Paz, and Cuscatlán departments. Occupying the crater of an extinct volcano, at an altitude of 1,450 ft (442 m), it has an area of 40 sq mi (100 sq km). In 1880 the water level rose, a natural channel (Río Jiboa) was

Ilorin, city, traditional emirate, and capital of Kwara state, western Nigeria. It is located on the Awun River, a minor tributary of the Niger. Founded in the late 18th century by Yoruba people, it became the capital of a kingdom that was a vassal state of the Oyo empire. Oyo’s commander at

Ilorin: …is the site of the University of Ilorin and Kwara State Polytechnic. The Federal Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, which operates a research farm, is located near the city. Teacher-training colleges and a vocational trade school also serve Ilorin. Health services include a number of government, private, and religious…

Ilos, in Greek mythology, the founder of Ilion (Troy). Ilos (or Zacynthus, a Cretan name) has been identified either as the brother of Erichthonius or as the son of Tros and grandson of Erichthonius. According to legend, the king of Phrygia gave Ilos 50 young men, 50 girls, and a spotted cow as a

computer: Central processing unit: …are two major kinds of instruction-level parallelism (ILP) in the CPU, both first used in early supercomputers. One is the pipeline, which allows the fetch-decode-execute cycle to have several instructions under way at once. While one instruction is being executed, another can obtain its operands, a third can be decoded,…

James Maxton: …to gain support for the Independent Labour Party (ILP). After a year’s imprisonment in 1916 for a strong antiwar speech, Maxton became a paid organizer for the ILP and in 1922 was elected to Parliament as a representative of the Bridgeton division of Glasgow, a position he held until his…

instrument landing system (ILS), electronic guidance system designed to help airline pilots align their planes with the centre of a landing strip during final approach under conditions of poor visibility. The ground equipment of the ILS consists of two directional transmitters that send out radio

Robert Charbonneau: …most noted being his first, Ils posséderont la terre (1941; “They Shall Possess the Earth”), a psychological analysis of two friends, one working-class and one bourgeois, who become rivals in love. He also published a collection of poems, Petits Poèmes retrouvés (1945; “Little Recovered Poems”). A number of his critical…

Arabic literature: The 20th century and beyond: …a literature of “commitment” (iltizām) became a constant of Arabic literary criticism; Al-Ādāb, one of the most prominent literary journals founded in the Arabic-speaking region in the latter half of the 20th century, was established by the Lebanese writer Suhayl Idrīs specifically to forward such an approach. Beginning in…

iltizām, in the Ottoman Empire, taxation system carried out by farming of public revenue. The state auctioned taxation rights to the highest bidder (mültazim, plural mültezim or mültazims), who then collected the state taxes and made payments in fixed installments, keeping a part of the tax revenue

herpesvirus: …chickens and turkey herpesvirus; and Iltovirus, which contains gallid herpesvirus 1. The alphaherpesviruses are distinguished from viruses of the other subfamilies by their fast rate of replication.

Iltutmish was the third and greatest Delhi sultan of the so-called Slave dynasty. Iltutmish was sold into slavery but married the daughter of his master, Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak, whom he succeeded in 1211. He strengthened and expanded the Muslim empire in northern India and moved the capital to Delhi,

Ilulissat, town on the west coast of Greenland, near the mouth of Jakobshavn Fjord on Qeqertarsuup (Disko) Bay. The Greenlandic name of the town means “icebergs.” The town’s first permanent houses were built by Danes in 1741 on the site of a Greenlandic (Eskimo) settlement. It was named in honour

Arabian religion: South Arabia: …Sabaʾ the national god was Almaqah (or Ilmuqah), a protector of artificial irrigation, lord of the temple of the Sabaean federation of tribes, near the capital, Maʾrib. Until recently, Almaqah was considered to be a moon god, under the influence of a now generally rejected conception of a South Arabian…

Óscar Ribas: …of Mbundu culture and religion, Ilundo: divindades e ritos angolanos (1958; “Ilundo: Angolan Divinations and Rites”), appeared after 18 years of research. It was followed by Missosso: literatura tradicional angolana, 3 vol. (1961–64; “Missosso: Traditional Angolan Literature”), a linguistic work containing a vernacular dictionary and Portuguese versions of Angolan tales…

Luba: …Mwamba, the red king, and Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, a prince of legendary black complexion. The differences between the two are profound: Nkongolo Mwamba is the drunken and cruel despot, Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, the refined and gentle prince. Nkongolo the red is a man without manners, a man who eats in…

Hellín, city, Albacete provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Castile–La Mancha, southeastern Spain. The city’s Spanish name derives from Ilunum, the name given to the city by the ancient Romans. Served by a hydroelectric plant on the Mundo River, Hellín’s

Lorca, city, Murcia provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southeastern Spain. It is situated along the Guadalentín River in a semiarid and steppelike area that is surrounded by rugged mountains. The city, which sits on both banks of the river, was the Ilurco (Ilukro)

Andújar, city, Jaén provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain, northwest of Jaén city, on the Guadalquivir River. Called Isturgi, or Ilurgia, by the Celto-Iberians, it was besieged and captured by the Roman general Scipio Africanus the Elder

Mataró, port city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain, on the Mediterranean coast. The city originated as the Roman Iluro and is divided into an older, Moorish sector on a rise surrounded by walls and a modern sector.

history of Mesopotamia: Early history of Assyria: …yet been established just when Ilushuma’s excursion toward the southeast, recorded in an inscription, actually took place. Ilushuma boasts of having freed of taxes the “Akkadians and their children.” While he mentions the cities of Nippur and Ur, the other localities listed were situated in the region east of the…

Elba, island off the west coast of Italy, in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Elba has an area of 86 square miles (223 square km) and is the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago. It is famous as Napoleon’s place of exile in 1814–15. Administratively Elba is part of Tuscany regione, Italy. Its coast is

Toomas Hendrik Ilves is a politician who served as president of Estonia (2006–16). Ilves was born to Estonian refugees and raised in the United States. He completed a B.A. in psychology at New York City’s Columbia University in 1976. Two years later he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania

Hawaii: Services, labor, and taxation: The International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU), the state’s largest private-sector union, has an important and turbulent history. In 1949 its members held a six-month dock strike against the five shipping companies that controlled most of Hawaii’s economic activity (mainly the sugar and pineapple plantations). All…

military aircraft: Bombers: Even larger were the Russian Ilya Muromets bombers of the tsar’s Squadron of Flying Ships. Designed by Igor Sikorsky, now remembered mainly as a helicopter pioneer, these biplanes spanned about 30 metres (100 feet) and were descended from his “Russky Vityaz” of May 1913, the world’s first successful four-engined airplane.…