cluster: Clusters with icosahedral structures: …needed to form a regular icosahedron. The first three clusters in this series have, respectively, 13, 55, and 147 atoms. These are shown in Figure 3. In the 13-atom cluster, all but one of the atoms occupy equivalent sites. The 55-atom cluster in this series consists of a core—which is…

Algiers, capital and chief seaport of Algeria. It is the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country. Algiers is built on the slopes of the Sahel Hills, which parallel the Mediterranean Sea coast, and it extends for some 10 miles (16 km) along the Bay of Algiers. The city faces east and

ragfish, (genus Icosteus aenigmaticus), marine fish, the single species in the family Icosteidae (order Perciformes). The ragfish is found throughout the North Pacific. The name refers to their floppy, limp bodies, which are considered flexible as a rag. Ragfishes have a cartilaginous skeleton that

Iraq: Iraqi foreign policy, 1958–68: …because Qāsim recruited among the Iraqi Communist Party for support and because he moved far closer to the Soviet Union diplomatically, the United States grew to see in him a would-be communist. However, despite a growing dispute with the Western oil companies over their investments in Iraq (stemming from Qāsim’s…

Earth sciences: Radiometric dating: Another technological development is the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer), which is able to provide the isotopic age of the minerals zircon, titanite, rutile, and monazite. These minerals are common to many igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Earth sciences: Radiometric dating: Another technological development is the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer), which is able to provide the isotopic age of the minerals zircon, titanite, rutile, and monazite. These minerals are common to many igneous and metamorphic rocks.

ICQ, Internet instant messaging software popular in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. ICQ was created in 1996 by Mirabilis, an Israeli software company, which was acquired in 1998 by America Online, Inc. (AOL). Software developers Yair Goldfinger, Arik Vardi, Sefi Vigiser, and Amnon Amir

Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (IGCR or ICR), agency created in 1938 on the initiative of U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt to administer intergovernmental efforts to resettle refugees from Nazi Germany and to prepare for the resettlement of future German emigrants, thus originating planned

International Committee of the Red Cross , international nongovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, that seeks to aid victims of war and to ensure the observance of humanitarian law by all parties in conflict. The work of the ICRC in both World Wars was recognized by the

British Empire: Dominance and dominions: …tried, ranging from the sophisticated Indian Civil Service, with its largely effective adoption of native practices in civil law and administration, to the very loose and indirect supervision exercised in a number of African territories, where settlers and commercial interests were left much to themselves while native Africans were segregated…

Tertiary Period: Major subdivisions of the Tertiary System: In 2005 the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) decided to recommend keeping the Tertiary and Quaternary periods as units in the geologic time scale but only as sub-eras within the Cenozoic Era. By 2009 the larger intervals (periods and epochs) of the Cenozoic had been formalized by the…

luteinizing hormone (LH), one of two gonadotropic hormones (i.e., hormones concerned with the regulation of the gonads, or sex glands) that is produced by the pituitary gland. LH is a glycoprotein and operates in conjunction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Following the release of the egg

infertility: Treatment options: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a treatment for men with very low sperm counts or with sperm that for some other reason are unable to fertilize an egg. The first child conceived by this method was born in 1992. ICSI involves the direct injection of…

World Bank: Origins: …Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The IBRD provides loans at market rates of interest to middle-income developing countries and creditworthy lower-income countries. The IDA, founded in 1960, provides interest-free long-term loans, technical assistance, and policy advice to low-income developing countries in areas…

Antarctica: The development of IGY: …Unions (ICSU; known as the International Science Council [ISC] as of July 2018) adopted the proposal, and in 1952 ICSU appointed a committee that was to become known as the Comité Spécial de l’Année Géophysique Internationale (CSAGI) to coordinate IGY planning. Plans widened to include the scientific study of the…

International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW), nongovernmental organization that represents international, national, and local organizations dedicated to social welfare, social development, and social justice. It was founded in Paris in 1928. Its international headquarters are in Utrecht, Neth.,

ictalurid, any fish of the family Ictaluridae, which includes about 50 species of North and Central American freshwater catfishes. Ictalurids are “typical” catfishes, with large, wide heads, tapering, scaleless bodies, and eight prominent mouth barbels. The family includes the channel and other

ictalurid, any fish of the family Ictaluridae, which includes about 50 species of North and Central American freshwater catfishes. Ictalurids are “typical” catfishes, with large, wide heads, tapering, scaleless bodies, and eight prominent mouth barbels. The family includes the channel and other

bullhead, any of several North American freshwater catfishes of the genus Ameiurus (Ictalurus of some authorities) and the family Ictaluridae. Bullheads are related to the channel catfish (I. punctatus) and other large North American species but have squared, rather than forked, tails and are

catfish: The brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), for example, builds and guards a nest and protects its young, while male sea catfishes (Ariidae) carry the marble-sized eggs, and later the young, in their mouths.

ostariophysan: Importance: Culture of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is an important industry in the southern United States. Numerous ostariophysans provide sport fishers with recreation and food; several, such as the mahseers (several species of Tor) of Asia and the dorado (Salminus maxillosus) of South America, rank among the world’s…

chat: The yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens) of North America is, at 19 cm (7.5 inches), the largest member of the wood-warbler family Parulidae—if in fact it belongs there. Greenish-gray above and bright yellow below, with white “spectacles” (sexes alike), it skulks in thickets but may perch in…

leptospirosis: …of the illness known as Weil disease or icteric (associated with jaundice) leptospirosis, the infected person turns yellow as a result of the destruction of red blood cells and liver disease. The death rate is approximately 30 percent of the severely ill and jaundiced patients.

Icteridae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of about 100 species of great diversity in size, habits, and diet, found throughout the Americas. Members range in size from 16 to 54 cm (6 to 21 inches) long. They have conical bills, strong feet, and long, pointed wings. Most show black

oriole: …America is the closely related Bullock’s oriole (I. bullockii). The orchard oriole (I. spurius), black and chestnut, occurs over the eastern United States and Mexico. Among the tropical forms of icterids are the epaulet oriole (I. cayanensis) and the troupial (I. icterus).

oriole: …forms of icterids are the epaulet oriole (I. cayanensis) and the troupial (I. icterus).

oriole: …the icterids is the well-known Baltimore oriole (I. galbula), which breeds in North America east of the Rockies; it is black, white, and golden orange. In western North America is the closely related Bullock’s oriole (I. bullockii). The orchard oriole (I. spurius), black and chestnut, occurs over the eastern United…

passeriform: Nesting: …nests are often appropriated by troupials (Icterus icterus), which evict the owners, even destroying the eggs and young in the process. a few other species also take over nests for their own use, notably the piratic flycatcher (Legatus leucophaius, a tyrannid) and the bay-winged cowbird (Molothrus badius).

oriole: The orchard oriole (I. spurius), black and chestnut, occurs over the eastern United States and Mexico. Among the tropical forms of icterids are the epaulet oriole (I. cayanensis) and the troupial (I. icterus).

eagle: Asian species include the gray-headed, or greater, fishing eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) and the lesser fishing eagle (I. naga).

eagle: …eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) and the lesser fishing eagle (I. naga).

Ictinus was a Greek architect, one of the most celebrated of Athens, known for his work on the Parthenon on the Acropolis, the Temple of the Mysteries at Eleusis, and the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae. According to Vitruvius (Ten Books on Architecture, preface to Book VII), Ictinus designed

sucker: …(10 inches) long, and the bigmouth buffalo fish (Ictiobus cyprinellus), a large sucker, measures up to 90 cm in length and 33 kg (73 pounds) in weight. Suckers are bony but are fished commercially and to some extent for sport. The various genera are known by such names as hog…

zorille, (Ictonyx [sometimes Zorilla] striatus), African carnivore of the weasel family (Mustelidae), frequenting diverse habitats. It has a slender body, 29–39 centimetres (12–16 inches) long, and a bushy white tail, 21–31 cm long. Its fur is long and black, white striped on the back and white

Rwanda genocide of 1994: ICTR: In November 1994 the UN responded to charges of genocide in Rwanda by creating the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR; formally known as the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law…

Ireland: Labour and taxation: …unions are affiliated with the Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU). The level of unionization in Ireland is fairly high, encompassing roughly one-third of the total workforce. There are also several employers’ unions (industrial organizations), organized on both a craft and a regional basis. The employers’ central negotiating organization is…

virus: Distinguishing taxonomic features: …in large part by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), a member group of the International Union of Microbiological Societies. The ICTV oversees the ongoing process of devising and maintaining a universal classification scheme for viruses. In the virus classification hierarchy, the ICTV recognizes orders, families, subfamilies, genera,…

Croatia: Independent Croatia: …particularly over cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which indicted several Croatian generals who, according to many Croats, had heroic wartime reputations.

al-Shabaab: …a militia affiliated with the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), a federation of local and clan-based Islamic courts that had been founded in southern Somalia in 2004 to combat the lawlessness and banditry afflicting the area since the collapse of the government of Mohamed Siad Barre in 1991. From about 2004…

intensive care unit, hospital facility for care of critically ill patients at a more intensive level than is needed by other patients. Staffed by specialized personnel, the intensive care unit contains a complex assortment of monitors and life-support equipment that can sustain life in once-fatal

Southern Africa: Political organizations and trade unions: …a Nyasaland migrant, founded the Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union (ICU). Initially consisting of dockworkers in Cape Town, the ICU spread rapidly as a mass movement in the towns and in the countryside, where those who had been evicted responded with millenarian zeal to its message. At its height the…

International Council of Women (ICW), organization, founded in 1888, that works with agencies around the world to promote health, peace, equality, and education. Founded by Susan B. Anthony, May Wright Sewell, and Frances Willard, among others, the ICW held its first convention March 25–April 1,

comet: The modern era: …popularly known as the “dirty snowball.”

id, in Freudian psychoanalytic theory, one of the three agencies of the human personality, along with the ego and superego. (Read Sigmund Freud’s 1926 Britannica essay on psychoanalysis.) The oldest of these psychic realms in development, the id contains the psychic content related to the primitive

intelligent design (ID), argument intended to demonstrate that living organisms were created in more or less their present forms by an “intelligent designer.” Intelligent design was formulated in the 1990s, primarily in the United States, as an explicit refutation of the theory of biological

Eid al-Adha, the second of two great festivals in Islam, the other being Eid al-Fitr. Eid al-Adha marks the culmination of the hajj (pilgrimage) rites at Minā, Saudi Arabia, near Mecca, but is celebrated by Muslims throughout the world. As with Eid al-Fitr, it is distinguished by the performance of

Eid al-Fitr, one of the two main festivals in Islam. Eid al-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan, the holy month of fasting in which Muslims believe God revealed the Qurʾān to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibrīl). It is celebrated during the first three days of Shawwāl, the 10th month of the

Eid al-Adha, the second of two great festivals in Islam, the other being Eid al-Fitr. Eid al-Adha marks the culmination of the hajj (pilgrimage) rites at Minā, Saudi Arabia, near Mecca, but is celebrated by Muslims throughout the world. As with Eid al-Fitr, it is distinguished by the performance of

Eid al-Adha, the second of two great festivals in Islam, the other being Eid al-Fitr. Eid al-Adha marks the culmination of the hajj (pilgrimage) rites at Minā, Saudi Arabia, near Mecca, but is celebrated by Muslims throughout the world. As with Eid al-Fitr, it is distinguished by the performance of

Eid al-Fitr, one of the two main festivals in Islam. Eid al-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan, the holy month of fasting in which Muslims believe God revealed the Qurʾān to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibrīl). It is celebrated during the first three days of Shawwāl, the 10th month of the

John Carmack: His company, id Software, developed shareware and Internet distribution channels, revolutionizing how computer games were sold.

tae kwon do: …practice basic sparring combinations (id-bo tueryon, “one-step sparring”); these are short, set sequences of attack and counter practiced between partners, after which the students may practice free sparring as opponents. In sparring, blows are stopped just short of contact. Tae kwon do is practiced as a sport by awarding…

Ida, (Darwinius masillae), nickname for the remarkably complete but nearly two-dimensional skeleton of an adapiform primate dating to the middle Eocene Epoch (approximately 47 million years ago). It is the type specimen and the only known example of Darwinius masillae, a species assigned to the

Ida was the first recorded king of Bernicia (from 547), soon after the foundation of the kingdom of Bernicia by the Angles in the British Isles. He supposedly built the fortress of Bebbanburh, the modern Bamborough; and after his death his kingdom, which did not extend south of the River Tees,

International Development Association (IDA), United Nations specialized agency affiliated with but legally and financially distinct from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). It was instituted in September 1960 to make loans on more flexible terms than those of the

Pawel Pawlikowski: …whose acclaimed works notably included Ida (2013), which won an Academy Award for best foreign-language film.

asteroid: Spacecraft exploration: …1993, Galileo flew by (243) Ida, another S-class asteroid. Ida was found to be somewhat crescent-shaped when viewed from the poles, with overall dimensions of about 56 × 15 km (35 × 9 miles), and to have a mean density of about 2.6 grams per cubic cm.

Ida, mountain range in northwestern Asia Minor (now Turkey), near the site of ancient Troy. A classic shrine, Ida was where Paris passed judgment on the rival goddesses and was the scene of the rape of Ganymede. From its highest peak, about 5,800 feet (1,800 m), the gods are said to have witnessed

Ídi, mountain riddled with caves, west-central Crete (Modern Greek: Kríti), in the nomós (department) of Réthímnon, southern Greece. One of Ídi’s two peaks, Timios Stavros, at 8,058 feet (2,456 m), is Crete’s highest mountain. According to one legend Zeus was reared in the Ídiean cave on the peak’s

Herman Bang: …translated into English: Ludvigsbakke (1896; Ida Brandt) and De uden faedreland (1906; Denied a Country). The work he did from 1886 to 1890—including a collection of short stories, Stille existenser (1886; “Quiet Existences”), and the novels Stuk (1887; “Stucco”) and Tine (1889)—is considered to be his best. Bang died while…

Ida Kaminska: …Warsaw to found her own Ida Kaminska Theatre, where she starred in productions that she adapted and directed. She spent the years during World War II acting in the Soviet Union and then returned to her homeland to found the Jewish State Theatre of Poland (1945), which received official recognition…

Mary Hayden Green Pike: Her first novel, Ida May (1854), was published under the pseudonym Mary Langdon. A melodramatic tale of a child of wealthy white parents who is kidnapped and sold into slavery, the book was an immediate success. Published two years after Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Ida May sold some 60,000…

Hurricane Katrina: Aftermath: These defenses held after Hurricane Ida, a category 4 storm, made landfall close to the city in August 2021.

Wei To, in Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, a popular protector of the faith and the general-in-chief under the lokapalas, the regents of the four quarters. From about the 7th century ce his images have been set up facing the main sanctuary of a temple. He is generally represented both in China and

Idah, town, Kogi state, south-central Nigeria. It lies on a sandstone cliff on the east bank of the Niger River. The traditional capital of the Igala people, Idah was brought under the jurisdiction of the kingdom of Benin by Oba (King) Esigie in the early 16th century. From Benin the polity of Idah

Idaho, constituent state of the United States of America. It ranks 14th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area. Its boundaries—with the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north and the U.S. states of Montana and Wyoming to the east, Utah and Nevada to the south, and Oregon and

bentgrass: 9 feet) per season, and Idaho bentgrass (A. idahoensis) are popular lawn grasses. Varieties of both species are planted in golf courses and bowling greens around the world; they are closely cut to develop a finely textured, spongy, firm turf.

Idaho City, city, seat (1864) of Boise county, southwestern Idaho, U.S., above the confluence of Elk and Mores creeks. It lies in a mountainous area of Boise National Forest at an elevation of 4,400 feet (1,340 metres), 24 miles (39 km) northeast of Boise. Perhaps the most famous of Idaho’s early

Idaho Falls, city, seat (1911) of Bonneville county, southeastern Idaho, U.S., on the upper Snake River. Originally the territory of the Shoshone-Bannock and Northern Paiute Indians, it began as the Eagle Rock settlement at Taylor’s Ferry (1863), later Taylor’s Bridge. The town was renamed in 1890

Gordon L. Woods: …the experiments that led to Idaho Gem, the researchers extracted a nucleus from a donor mule cell and transferred it to an enucleated egg from a horse. The egg was then transplanted into the oviduct of a mare. After several hundred attempts, a viable male mule foal, Idaho Gem, was…

Idaho: Resources and power: The Idaho National Laboratory (formerly the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory), in the desert near Arco, operated primarily as a research and testing site for nuclear reactors by the federal government, also is used for energy production and serves as a nuclear waste repository.

Idaho: Resources and power: The Idaho National Laboratory (formerly the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory), in the desert near Arco, operated primarily as a research and testing site for nuclear reactors by the federal government, also is used for energy production and serves as a nuclear waste repository.

Gordon L. Woods: …mule clones Utah Pioneer and Idaho Star. Both Idaho Gem, which was cloned from a sibling of a champion racing mule, and Idaho Star went on to enjoy fruitful racing careers.

Idaho State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Pocatello, Idaho, U.S. It comprises colleges of arts and sciences, business, education, engineering, health professions, pharmacy, and technology. The university offers a wide range of associate, bachelor’s, master’s,

Idaho State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Pocatello, Idaho, U.S. It comprises colleges of arts and sciences, business, education, engineering, health professions, pharmacy, and technology. The university offers a wide range of associate, bachelor’s, master’s,

Idaho State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Pocatello, Idaho, U.S. It comprises colleges of arts and sciences, business, education, engineering, health professions, pharmacy, and technology. The university offers a wide range of associate, bachelor’s, master’s,

Idaho State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Pocatello, Idaho, U.S. It comprises colleges of arts and sciences, business, education, engineering, health professions, pharmacy, and technology. The university offers a wide range of associate, bachelor’s, master’s,

Idaho: Education: …as well as the private College of Idaho (1891, in Caldwell) and Northwest Nazarene College (1913, in Nampa), all offer advanced degrees. The University of Idaho is both a college of agriculture and the state’s major educational institution. It offers bachelor’s and advanced degrees in areas that are related to…

On March 5, 1866, Idaho Territory adopted its first official seal, representing mountains below a new moon, a steamer on the Shoshone River, figures of Liberty and Peace, an elk’s head, and agricultural produce. A similar seal, with a rising sun replacing the moon and a miner instead of Peace, was

University of Idaho, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Moscow, Idaho, U.S. It is a land-grant university consisting of colleges of agricultural and life sciences, art and architecture, business and economics, education, engineering, graduate studies, law, letters and science,

Idalium, ancient city in southern Cyprus, near modern Dali. Of pre-Greek origin, Idalium was one of 10 Cypriot kingdoms listed on the prism (many-sided tablet) of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (680–669 bce). Eventually dominated by the Phoenician city of Citium, it became the centre of a cult of

Idalium, ancient city in southern Cyprus, near modern Dali. Of pre-Greek origin, Idalium was one of 10 Cypriot kingdoms listed on the prism (many-sided tablet) of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (680–669 bce). Eventually dominated by the Phoenician city of Citium, it became the centre of a cult of

Wole Soyinka: Novels and poetry collections: …several volumes of poetry include Idanre, and Other Poems (1967) and Poems from Prison (1969; republished as A Shuttle in the Crypt, 1972), published together as Early Poems (1998); Mandela’s Earth and Other Poems (1988); and Samarkand and Other Markets I Have Known (2002). His verse is characterized by a…

Jovita Idár was a Mexican American journalist, teacher, and activist who devoted her life to fighting the racism and discrimination that she witnessed during her life in Texas. She was also a staunch advocate for women’s rights, including the right to vote. Jovita Idár was one of eight children

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), international organization founded in 1959 by 20 governments in North and South America to finance economic and social development in the Western Hemisphere. The largest charter subscribers were Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, and the United States.

ʿiddah, a specified period of time that must elapse before a Muslim widow or divorcee may legitimately remarry. The Qurʾān (2:228) prescribes that a menstruating woman have three monthly periods before contracting a new marriage; the required delay for a nonmenstruating woman is three lunar months.

Sir Stafford Henry Northcote, 8th Baronet was a British statesman and a leader of the Conservative Party who helped to shape national financial policy. On leaving Balliol College, Oxford, he became in 1843 private secretary to William Gladstone at the Board of Trade. He was afterward legal

Joseph Paxson Iddings was an American geologist who demonstrated the genetic relationships of neighbouring igneous rocks formed during a single period of magmatic activity. Iddings joined the U.S. Geological Survey in 1880. From 1883 to 1890 he worked with the team surveying Yellowstone National

immune system disorder: Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: Type I diabetes mellitus is the autoimmune form of diabetes and often arises in childhood. It is caused by the destruction of cells of the pancreatic tissue called the islets of Langerhans. Those cells normally produce insulin, the hormone that…

ide, (Leuciscus idus), common sport and food fish of the carp family, Cyprinidae, widely distributed in rivers and lakes of Europe and western Siberia. An elongated, rather stout fish, the ide is blue-gray or blackish with silvery sides and belly and is usually about 30–50 cm (12–20 inches) long.

idea, active, determining principle of a thing. The word, brought into English from the Greek eidos, was for some time most commonly used roughly in the technical sense given to it by Plato in his theory of forms. By the 17th century it had come to be used more or less in its modern sense of

Arlington Central School District Board of Education v. Murphy: …school districts under the 1990 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) are not entitled to reimbursement for costs associated with hiring expert witnesses and consultants.

Diego de Saavedra Fajardo: …un príncipe político cristiano (1640; The Royal Politician), which urged a return to traditional virtues as the remedy for national decadence.

Federico Zuccaro: …the theory of Mannerism in L’idea de’ scultori, pittori e architetti (1607; “The Idea of Sculptors, Painters, and Architects”) and in a series of frescoes in his own house in Rome (Palazzo Zuccaro). After Taddeo’s death in 1566, Federico completed some of his brother’s unfinished commissions, including in the Villa…

Vincenzo Scamozzi: …treatises on architecture, the six-volume L’idea dell’architettura universale (1615), which exercised a wide influence in Italy and northern Europe.

August Gottlieb Spangenberg: …the Idea Fidei Fratrum (1779; Exposition of Christian Doctrine, 1784), which became the accepted statement of Moravian beliefs. Through his moderation, internal differences were ameliorated, and the Moravian Church maintained friendly relations with the Lutheran Church. Among his works are a life of Zinzendorf (1772–75; abridged Eng. trans., 1838), some…

Paul Allen: …2011 Allen published the memoir Idea Man, which traced the rise of Microsoft and described his often contentious relationship with Gates.

encyclopaedia: The development of the modern encyclopaedia (17th–18th centuries): …by Matthias Martini in his Idea Methodica (1606). Although Bacon was apparently unaware of this work, both philosophers were probably working from the same basic Platonic precepts. The results were profound: Diderot made a point of acknowledging the assistance Bacon’s analysis of the structure of human knowledge had afforded him…

Henry Saint John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke: Return to England.: For this group, he wrote The Idea of a Patriot King. It was his most famous work, but it offered no real solution to the problems of defeating Walpole or of creating a “patriot” party. In any event, Prince Frederick did not live to become king, and Walpole’s final defeat,…

St. John Henry Newman: Conversion to Roman Catholicism: …was his lectures on the Idea of a University (1852).