oil cake: …to remove a toxic pigment, gossypol, before it can be used as feed for nonruminant livestock such as pigs and poultry.

Greta Garbo: …in Gösta Berlings Saga (The Saga of Gösta Berling). The film’s director, Mauritz Stiller, gave her the name Garbo, and in 1925 he secured her a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) in Hollywood.

Selma Lagerlöf: …she wrote her first novel, Gösta Berlings saga, 2 vol. (1891). A chronicle of life in the heyday of her native Värmland’s history, the age of prosperous iron founders and small manors, the book recounts the story of the 12 Cavaliers, led by Gösta Berling, a renegade priest of weak…

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …building is the department store Gostiny Dvor (1761–85), originally designed by Jean-Baptiste M. Vallin de la Mothe. This building forms an irregular square and opens onto four streets; formerly it was a mercantile centre. Other department stores line Nevsky Prospekt, as do many restaurants, cafés, and theatres—most notably the Pushkin…

123Movies, defunct movie and television show streaming website that enabled users to watch and download media for free in the 2010s. The site operated under numerous domain names during its existence, including 123movies.to, 0123movies.net, and 123movies.la, and went by several names, including

Roy William Neill was an Irish-born film director best known for his work with Basil Rathbone on a popular series of Sherlock Holmes movies. Sources provide conflicting information concerning Neill’s early life. Most give his birth name as Roland de Gostrie and state that he was born on a

Duma, elected legislative body that, along with the State Council, constituted the imperial Russian legislature from 1906 until its dissolution at the time of the March 1917 Revolution. The Duma constituted the lower house of the Russian parliament, and the State Council was the upper house. As a

Russian State Library, national library of Russia, located in Moscow, notable for its extensive collection of early printed books and a collection of manuscripts that includes ancient Slavonic codices. Originally founded in 1862 as the library of the Rumyantsev Museum, it was reorganized after the

Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow art museum founded by Pavel M. Tretyakov in 1856. It contains the world’s finest collection of 17th- and 18th-century Russian icons, having more than 40,000 of them. (Read Sister Wendy’s Britannica essay on art appreciation.) There are also 18th-century portraits,

Igor Moiseyev: …festival, he founded (1937) the State Academic Folk Dance Ensemble, which featured 35 dancers, principally amateurs, and dances from the 11 republics then forming the U.S.S.R. Subsequently he built a company of about 100 professional dancers trained by either the Bolshoi Theatre School or its National Dance Department, which Moiseyev…

Hermitage, art museum in St. Petersburg founded in 1764 by Catherine the Great as a court museum. It adjoined the Winter Palace and served as a private gallery for the art amassed by the empress. Under Nicholas I the Hermitage was reconstructed (1840–52), and it was opened to the public in 1852.

Pushkin Fine Arts Museum, collection in Moscow, Russia, of ancient and medieval art and western European painting, sculpture, and graphic arts. It was founded in the 1770s at Moscow University. Especially noteworthy are its holdings of French art from the late 19th and early 20th centuries gathered

Russian State Museum, museum opened in St. Petersburg in 1898 as the central museum of Russian art and life. It is housed in the buildings of the former Mikhailovsky Palace, designed by Karl Ivanovich Rossi and built in 1819–25. The buildings were converted to a museum in 1896–97, and the museum

GUM, the largest department store in Russia. Situated on a traditional market site on the northeast side of Red Square in Moscow, the building originally known as the Upper Trading Arcade was designed by A.N. Pomerantsev and built in 1889–93 in a pseudo-Russian style over a hidden metal skeleton.

Gosplan, central board that supervised various aspects of the planned economy of the Soviet Union by translating into specific national plans the general economic objectives outlined by the Communist Party and the government. Established in February 1921, Gosplan was originally an advisory council

economic system: Centrally planned systems: In his pamphlet The State and Revolution, written before he came to power, Vladimir Lenin envisaged the task of coordinating a socialist economy as little more than delivering production to central collecting points from which it would be distributed according to need—an operation requiring no more than “the…

Chaitanya movement: …be known as the six gosvamins (religious teachers; literally, “lords of cows”). At Chaitanya’s request, that group of scholars remained in Vrindavana, near Mathura, the scene of the Krishna-Radha legends. The six gosvamins turned out a voluminous religious and devotional literature in Sanskrit, defining the tenets of the movement and…

32 Notable Women Cricketers: Jhulan Goswami: Jhulan Goswami is considered one of the greatest fast bowlers to play women’s cricket. She is the leading wicket taker in women’s ODIs, with 255 dismissals. Goswami also has 44 Test and 56 T20I wickets and has been a handy batter down the…

32 Notable Women Cricketers: Jhulan Goswami: Jhulan Goswami is considered one of the greatest fast bowlers to play women’s cricket. She is the leading wicket taker in women’s ODIs, with 255 dismissals. Goswami also has 44 Test and 56 T20I wickets and has been a handy batter down the…

You filed your tax return on time and did your best to ensure everything was accurate. But then a letter arrives from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). What should you do? First, try not to stress about it. Although most returns are accepted as filed, the IRS does review others to verify

Sholem Asch: …play Got fun nekome (1907; The God of Vengeance), about a Jewish brothel owner whose daughter has a lesbian relationship with one of her father’s prostitutes. The play was produced in Berlin by Max Reinhardt in 1910 but banned elsewhere. Asch visited the United States in 1910, returned there in…

Clement V was the pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, from 1305 to 1314. He was the first pontiff to reign from Avignon, France, marking the beginning of the Avignon papacy, which lasted until 1377. Much of his decision-making was made at the behest of the French king Philip IV the Fair,

Göta Canal, artificial waterway that crosses southern Sweden to connect Lake Vänern with the Baltic Sea. For most of its course, the canal passes through lakes, providing inland navigation from Gothenburg to Stockholm, a distance of 558 km (347 miles) by the canal route and 950 km (590 miles) on

Göta Canal, artificial waterway that crosses southern Sweden to connect Lake Vänern with the Baltic Sea. For most of its course, the canal passes through lakes, providing inland navigation from Gothenburg to Stockholm, a distance of 558 km (347 miles) by the canal route and 950 km (590 miles) on

Sweden: Drainage: …longest, however, is the Klar-Göta River, which rises in Norway and flows 447 miles (719 km), reaching Lake Väner (Vänern) and continuing southward out of the lake’s southern end to the North Sea; along its southernmost course are the famous falls of Trollhättan. The Muonio and Torne rivers form…

Gotha, city, Thuringia Land (state), central Germany. It lies on the northern edge of the Thuringian Forest, 13 miles (21 km) west of Erfurt. First mentioned as the Frankish villa Gotaha in 775, when it was given to the abbey of Hersfeld, it was fortified in 930 and chartered in 1189–90. The city

Götaland, major region of southern Sweden, comprising the landskap (provinces) of Västergötland, Dalsland, Östergötland, Småland, Öland, Gotland, Bohuslän, Skåne, Halland, and Blekinge (qq.v.). In land area it is in between Sweden’s other two regions, the smaller Svealand in central Sweden and the

Buddha was the founder of Buddhism, one of the major religions and philosophical systems of southern and eastern Asia and of the world. Buddha is one of the many epithets of a teacher who lived in northern India sometime between the 6th and the 4th century before the Common Era. His followers,

Thomas Thorild: …to write poetry, including the Götamannasånger (written 1805; “Gothic Men’s Songs”), which comprised aphoristic formulations reminiscent of the ancient Swedish legal style. He pleaded for positive literary evaluation in his En critik öfver critiker (1791–92; “A Critique of Critics”), an advocacy of poetic freedom by the first Romanticist in Swedish…

Sweden: Settlement patterns: The Svear and the Götar (believed by some scholars to be the original Goths) were united into one state about 1000 ce. The Götar lived in Östergötland, Västergötland, and Småland, and the Svear around Lake Mälar. Certain differences remain in the dialects spoken in these two regions.

Gotarzes I was the king of Parthia (reigned 91–87 or 91–81/80 bc). Gotarzes first appeared as “satrap of satraps” under the Parthian king Mithradates II in a Greek inscription at Bīsitūn, Iran. A name carved nearby, Gotarses Geopothros (Son of Gew), may also represent him (or Gotarzes II, according

Gotarzes II was the king of Parthia (reigned c. ad 38–51). Gotarzes killed his brother Artabanus, but a second brother, Vardanes, was able to expel him to the province of Hyrcania. Although fear of the nobles reconciled the two for a time, they soon renewed their fighting, which continued until

Frank Gotch was an American professional freestyle, or catch-as-catch-can, wrestler, considered one of the greatest in the history of the sport. Gotch won the world championship from Tom Jenkins in 1905, lost to Fred Beall in 1906, but quickly recaptured the title from Beall and retained world

Gothenburg, Sweden’s chief seaport and second largest city. It lies along the Göta River estuary, about 5 miles (8 km) above that river’s mouth in the Kattegat. Gothenburg is the principal city on Sweden’s southwest coast and lies about 240 miles (390 km) southwest of Stockholm. It is the capital

Göteborg och Bohus, former län (county) of southwestern Sweden, located in a coastal area along the Skagerrak and Kattegat. Founded as a county in 1680, it was merged with Älvsborg and Skaraborg in 1998 to form the county of Västra

Gotemba, city, eastern Shizuoka ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan. It lies at the eastern foot of Mount Fuji. Gotemba is best known as a recreational and tourist centre. The city has a picturesque setting and serves as a base for the ascent of Fuji. Because of the high elevation of 1,500 feet

San Francisco Gotera, city, eastern El Salvador, on the Río Grande de San Miguel. Formerly called Gotera, its name was modified in 1887 to honour Francisco Morazán, the former president of the United Provinces of Central America. It is an agricultural and livestock-trading centre. Gold and silver

Goth, member of a Germanic people whose two branches, the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths, for centuries harassed the Roman Empire. According to their own legend, reported by the mid-6th-century Gothic historian Jordanes, the Goths originated in southern Scandinavia and crossed in three ships under

Amon Göth was an Austrian Nazi officer who was commandant of Plaszow concentration camp in Poland. Decades after his execution for war crimes, Göth became widely known as the principal adversary of Oskar Schindler, the industrialist who shielded a group of Jews during the Holocaust. Göth was the

Amon Göth was an Austrian Nazi officer who was commandant of Plaszow concentration camp in Poland. Decades after his execution for war crimes, Göth became widely known as the principal adversary of Oskar Schindler, the industrialist who shielded a group of Jews during the Holocaust. Göth was the

Mia Goth is an English actress best known for her roles in dark and disturbing auteur-directed films such as Lars von Trier’s Nymphomaniac: Volume II (2013), Stephen Fingleton’s The Survivalist (2015), and Ti West’s X horror trilogy (X [2022], Pearl [2022], and MaXXXine [2024]). Goth was born in

Mia Goth is an English actress best known for her roles in dark and disturbing auteur-directed films such as Lars von Trier’s Nymphomaniac: Volume II (2013), Stephen Fingleton’s The Survivalist (2015), and Ti West’s X horror trilogy (X [2022], Pearl [2022], and MaXXXine [2024]). Goth was born in

air warfare: Through World War I: …by aircraft such as the Gotha bomber, which, by flying at night and often as high as 20,000 feet (forcing the crew to breathe bottled oxygen through a tube in the mouth), operated beyond the ceiling of many defensive fighters.

Gotha, city, Thuringia Land (state), central Germany. It lies on the northern edge of the Thuringian Forest, 13 miles (21 km) west of Erfurt. First mentioned as the Frankish villa Gotaha in 775, when it was given to the abbey of Hersfeld, it was fortified in 930 and chartered in 1189–90. The city

Wilhelm Liebknecht: The Gotha Program, a compromise between the positions of the two parties—although criticized by Marx for its call for government-aided productive organizations—remained the charter of German socialism until the adoption of the Erfurt Program in 1891, which discarded the state-aid provisions of the Gotha Congress and…

Wise Men of Gotham, in English legend, wise fools, villagers of Gotham, Nottinghamshire, Eng. The story is that, threatened by a visit from King John (reigned 1199–1216), they decided to feign stupidity and avoid the expense entailed by the residence of the court. Royal messengers found them

San Francisco Giants, American professional baseball team based in San Francisco. The Giants have won eight World Series titles and 23 National League (NL) pennants. The franchise that would become the Giants was established in 1883 in New York City and was variously known as the Gothams or the New

Matthias Grünewald was one of the greatest German painters of his age, whose works on religious themes achieve a visionary expressiveness through intense colour and agitated line. The wings of the altarpiece of the Antonite monastery at Isenheim, in southern Alsace (dated 1515), are considered to

South Asian arts: Masked drama: …the Sandakinduru Katava and the Gothayimbala Katava. The former deals with the legendary idyllic love between a half-human, half-bird couple singing and dancing in a forest. The King of Banaras comes hunting and, attracted by the beautiful Kinduri, kills her husband and makes advances to her. Rejected, he is ready…

Gothenburg, Sweden’s chief seaport and second largest city. It lies along the Göta River estuary, about 5 miles (8 km) above that river’s mouth in the Kattegat. Gothenburg is the principal city on Sweden’s southwest coast and lies about 240 miles (390 km) southwest of Stockholm. It is the capital

Gustavo Dudamel: …named principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony, the national orchestra of Sweden; he became music director the following year. His first appearances in an opera house took place in 2006 in two prestigious venues—the Staatsoper in Berlin and La Scala in Milan—and he returned to both houses in 2008 to…

typography: Typography as a useful art: …to the West’s roman, and Gothic, functionally a Japanese sans serif. In the 1960s a group of Japanese designers produced a third typeface called Typos.

Gothic alphabet, writing system invented in the 4th century ad by Ulfilas, an Arian bishop, for recording the Gothic language; this writing system should not be confused with “Gothic script,” a way of writing the Latin alphabet. The Gothic alphabet had 27 letters, 19 or 20 of which were derived

Gothic architecture, architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid-12th century to the 16th century, particularly a style of masonry building characterized by cavernous spaces with the expanse of walls broken up by overlaid tracery. In the 12th–13th century, feats of engineering permitted

Gothic art, the painting, sculpture, and architecture characteristic of the second of two great international eras that flourished in western and central Europe during the Middle Ages. Gothic art evolved from Romanesque art and lasted from the mid-12th century to as late as the end of the 16th

Germanic languages: …Germanic text is the (incomplete) Gothic Bible, translated about 350 ce by the Visigothic bishop Ulfilas (Wulfila) and written in a 27-letter alphabet of the translator’s own design. Later versions of the runic alphabet were used sparingly in England and Germany but more widely in Scandinavia—in the latter area down…

frame harp: …was superseded by the so-called Gothic harp, having a taller, shallow soundbox; a short, less deeply curved neck; and a more slender, almost straight forepillar. By the 16th century this instrument normally had gut strings. The earlier form gave rise to the medieval Irish harp, or clairseach, the second to…

Gothic language, extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths, who originally lived in southern Scandinavia but migrated to eastern Europe and then to southern and southwestern Europe. The language is especially important for the study of the history of the Germanic language family because

World War II: The Italian front, 1944: …another chain of defenses, the Gothic Line, running from the Tyrrhenian coast midway between Pisa and La Spezia, over the Apennines in a reversed S curve, to the Adriatic coast between Pesaro and Rimini.

biblical literature: The Gothic version: …all that is left of Gothic literature. The translation of the Old Testament has entirely disappeared except for fragments of Ezra and Nehemiah. Though a Greek base is certain, some scholars deny the attribution of these remnants to Ulfilas.

Gothic novel, Romantic pseudomedieval fiction having a prevailing atmosphere of mystery and terror. Its heyday was the 1790s, but it underwent frequent revivals in subsequent centuries. Such fiction is called Gothic because its imaginative impulse was drawn from medieval buildings and ruins; Gothic

Barcelona: The city layout: …of the city lies the Gothic Quarter. Located between the Ramblas, a series of connected boulevards, going southeastward to the sea, and the Via Laietana, it is a close-packed maze of narrow streets punctuated by magnificent medieval buildings. The cathedral, episcopal palace, and churches bear witness to Barcelona’s importance as…

Gothic Revival, architectural style that drew its inspiration from medieval architecture and competed with the Neoclassical revivals in the United States and Great Britain. Only isolated examples of the style are to be found on the Continent. The earliest documented example of the revived use of

black letter, in calligraphy, a style of alphabet that was used for manuscript books and documents throughout Europe—especially in German-speaking countries—from the end of the 12th century to the 20th century. It is distinguished by a uniform treatment of vertical strokes that end on the baseline

Erik Gustaf Geijer: …founders, in 1811, of the Götiska Förbundet (“Gothic Society”), which aimed at furthering national feeling through historical study. In 1817 Geijer became professor of history at Uppsala University where he was in close contact with the New Romantic Group, which briefly led him into a political conservatism. His main historical…

Havergal Brian: His most famous work, Gothic Symphony (1919–27; first performance 1961), requires an orchestra of 200 performers and choirs of 400 to 600. Between 1959 and 1968—i.e., between the ages of 83 and 92—Brian wrote 20 more symphonies, bringing the total to 33.

Isabelline, vigorous, inventive, and cosmopolitan architectural style created during the joint reign of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, which in turn formed the basis for the Plateresque style. The Isabelline style is not a pure style in that but few of the buildings created during the

Halle Berry: X-Men, James Bond, and other roles: The thriller Gothika (2003) and the Batman spin-off Catwoman (2004) were the first theatrical films in which she received top billing. After starring in the television movie Their Eyes Were Watching God (2005), an adaptation of Zora Neale Hurston’s novel, Berry played opposite Bruce Willis in the…

Goth, member of a Germanic people whose two branches, the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths, for centuries harassed the Roman Empire. According to their own legend, reported by the mid-6th-century Gothic historian Jordanes, the Goths originated in southern Scandinavia and crossed in three ships under

Wilhelm Streitberg: …Elementarbuch (1897; “Gothic Primer”), and Die gotische Bibel (1908–10; “The Gothic Bible”), which presents the extant biblical texts written in the Gothic language. During his academic career he held professorships at Freiburg (1889–98), Münster (1899–1909), Munich (1909–20), and Leipzig (1920 until his death).

Erik Gustaf Geijer: …founders, in 1811, of the Götiska Förbundet (“Gothic Society”), which aimed at furthering national feeling through historical study. In 1817 Geijer became professor of history at Uppsala University where he was in close contact with the New Romantic Group, which briefly led him into a political conservatism. His main historical…

Gotland, island, län (county), and coextensive landskap (province), Sweden, in the Baltic Sea. Several wide bays indent the island’s low coastline, which is characterized by limestone columns, while the interior is an undulating plateau of Silurian limestone, some of which lacks good drainage. Bogs

Baltic Sea: Physiography: …between Gotland and Latvia in Gotland Deep (817 feet [249 metres]); and also in the Gulf of Bothnia in the Åland Sea between Sweden and the Åland Islands. A deepwater channel also extends along most of the Gulf of Finland. The Baltic Sea proper contains a series of basins (e.g.,…

Silurian Period, in geologic time, the third period of the Paleozoic Era. It began 443.8 million years ago and ended 419.2 million years ago, extending from the close of the Ordovician Period to the beginning of the Devonian Period. During the Silurian, continental elevations were generally much

Gotō Islands, archipelago, northeastern East China Sea, lying off the western coast of Kyushu, Japan, and administratively part of Nagasaki ken (prefecture). The chain consists of more than 100 islands (about one-third of which are inhabited) that stretch about 60 miles (100 km) from northeast to

Gotō Shimpei was a statesman, who, together with General Kodama Gentarō, successfully modernized the Taiwanese economy and made the island of Taiwan a financially independent colony of Japan. After receiving his M.D. degree in Germany, Gotō became a member of the Public Health Bureau in Japan.

Gotō Shimpei was a statesman, who, together with General Kodama Gentarō, successfully modernized the Taiwanese economy and made the island of Taiwan a financially independent colony of Japan. After receiving his M.D. degree in Germany, Gotō became a member of the Public Health Bureau in Japan.

Gotō Shōjirō was one of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration, the 1868 overthrow of feudal authority in Japan, and a major proponent of restructuring the new government along Western parliamentary lines. He was the cofounder of the first political party in Japan. The chief councillor to the head of

Gotō Shōjirō was one of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration, the 1868 overthrow of feudal authority in Japan, and a major proponent of restructuring the new government along Western parliamentary lines. He was the cofounder of the first political party in Japan. The chief councillor to the head of

Gotō Islands, archipelago, northeastern East China Sea, lying off the western coast of Kyushu, Japan, and administratively part of Nagasaki ken (prefecture). The chain consists of more than 100 islands (about one-third of which are inhabited) that stretch about 60 miles (100 km) from northeast to

gotra, system of identifying family ancestry or clans primarily in the Hindu society of India. A gotra traces back to the earliest known male ancestors. This lineage segment within an Indian caste is said to have originated from ancient seers. The gotra system has been integral to Hindu culture,

Joseph Haydn: The late Esterházy and Viennese period: …nation the stirring song “Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser” (“God Save Emperor Francis”). It was used for more than a century as the national anthem of the Austrian monarchy and as the patriotic song “Deutschland, Deutschland über alles” (“Germany, Germany Above All Else”) in Germany, where it remains the…

Johann Sebastian Bach: The Mühlhausen period: …Gott ist mein König (God Is My King), of February 4, 1708, was printed at the expense of the city council and was the first of Bach’s compositions to be published. While at Mühlhausen, Bach copied music to enlarge the choir library, tried to encourage music in the surrounding…

Der Ring des Nibelungen: Walküre (“The Valkyrie”), Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung (“The Twilight of the Gods”), first performed in sequence at the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, Bavaria, Germany, on August 13, 14, 16, and 17, 1876. Collectively they are often referred to as the Ring cycle.

Ragnarök, in Scandinavian mythology, the end of the world of gods and men. Ragnarök is a series of events and catastrophes that will ultimately culminate in a final battle between the gods and the demons and giants, ending in the death of the gods. The world is then reborn. The term Ragnarök comes

Gottschalk Of Orbais was a monk, poet, and theologian whose teachings on predestination shook the Roman Catholic church in the 9th century. Of noble birth, Gottschalk was an oblate (i.e., a child dedicated to monastic life by its parents) in the Benedictine abbey of Fulda. Over the objection of his

Leopold Zunz: Zunz’s Gottesdienstlichen Vorträge der Juden, historisch entwickelt (1832; “The Worship Sermons of the Jews, Historically Developed”) is a historical analysis of Jewish homiletical literature and its evolutionary development up to the modern-day sermon. His revelations of the cultural depth of Jewish civilization in the European Middle…

Friends of God, medieval Christian fellowship that originated during the early part of the 14th century in Basel, Switz., and then spread to Germany and the Netherlands. Primarily a middle-class, democratic lay movement espousing a Christian life of love, piety, devotion, and holiness, the Friends

Chur: …was the centre of the Gotteshausbund (League of the House of God) against the power of the prince bishops and the Habsburgs in 1367, and it became the capital of the new canton of Graubünden in 1803. Notable landmarks include the Catholic Cathedral (1175–1282), the Episcopal (Bishop’s) Palace (rebuilt 1728–37),…

Travis Hirschi: …collaboration with the American criminologist Michael R. Gottfredson resulted in A General Theory of Crime (1990), which defined crime as “acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self-interest.” Arguing that all crime can be explained as a combination of criminal opportunity and low self-control, Gottfredson and Hirschi hypothesized…

Gottfried von Strassburg was one of the greatest medieval German poets, whose courtly epic Tristan und Isolde is the classic version of this famous love story. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, and the only information about him consists of references to him in the work of other poets

John McEnroe: …Chilean competitors with doubles partner Brian Gottfried and by winning the singles over John Lloyd and Buster Mottram, both from Great Britain. McEnroe subsequently led the U.S. team to four more Davis Cup titles.

Gotthard Base Tunnel, railway tunnel under the Saint-Gotthard Massif in the Lepontine Alps in southern Switzerland, the world’s longest and deepest railway tunnel. Opened in June 2016, the tunnel provided a high-speed rail link between northern and southern Europe, forming a mainline rail

Alfred Escher: …behind the construction of the Gotthard line, he helped secure the necessary German and Italian cooperation for the project in 1869–71, and in 1871–78 he presided over its direction.

mountain: The western segment of the system: …the Aare (or Aar) and Gotthard massifs in Switzerland. Moreover, with the elevation of the Alps above the Po plain of northern Italy, a southward overthrusting has carried the southern part of the Alps back onto the basin there as the Italian promontory has continued to penetrate into the rest…

Alfred Escher: …behind the construction of the Gotthard line, he helped secure the necessary German and Italian cooperation for the project in 1869–71, and in 1871–78 he presided over its direction.

Saint Gotthard ; canonized 1131; feast day May 4) was an abbot and archbishop, who helped foster the development of Hildesheim and who played an important role in the imperial campaign to reform and reorganize the Bavarian church. Gotthard was educated in the monastery school of Niederaltaich and

Jeremias Gotthelf was a Swiss novelist and short-story writer whose vivid narrative works extol the virtues of Bernese rural people and defend traditional church and family life. The son of a pastor, Bitzius studied theology at Bern and Göttingen and took part in the political activities that ended

John Travolta: Other films and TV series: …starring in such movies as Gotti (2018) and The Fanatic (2019), but most of his work during this period received tepid reviews. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for his role as Ron Wilcox, the owner of a boot camp for action stars, in the comedy TV series Die…

John Gotti was an American organized-crime boss whose flamboyant lifestyle and frequent public trials made him a prominent figure in the 1980s and ’90s. Gotti was the fifth of 13 children born to John and Fannie Gotti, both of whom were children of Italian immigrants. As a teenager, Gotti became a