Jeannette Leonard Gilder was an American editor and writer, a prolific and influential figure in popular journalism, particularly in the arts, in the latter half of the 19th century. Gilder grew up in Flushing, New York, and Bordentown, New Jersey. In 1864 she went to work to help support her large

textual criticism: Emendation: …defined by the American scholar B.L. Gildersleeve as “the appeal from manuscripts we have to a manuscript that has been lost.” Theoretically this definition is acceptable, if we interpret “manuscript” as “source,” but in practice the making of conjectures, as distinct from testing them, is intelligent guesswork.

Harold Peary was an American actor. He created the colourful, arrogant character Throckmorton P. Gildersleeve on the hit radio comedy series Fibber McGee and Molly in 1937. He starred in his own popular serial, The Great Gildersleeve (1941–50), considered the first spin-off created from another

gilding, the art of decorating the whole or parts of wood, metal, plaster, glass, or other objects with gold in leaf or powder form. The term also embraces the application of silver, palladium, aluminum, and copper alloys. The ancient Egyptians were master gilders, as evidenced by the overlays of

Gildo was a Moorish potentate who rebelled against Rome in 397–398. In 375 Gildo helped the Romans crush his brother Firmus, who was attempting to carve out an independent kingdom from a portion of Rome’s African provinces. As a reward, the Romans appointed him count of Africa and master of the

Gildas was a British historian of the 6th century. A monk, he founded a monastery in Brittany known after him as St. Gildas de Rhuys. His De excidio et conquestu Britanniae (“The Overthrow and Conquest of Britain”), one of the few sources for the country’s post-Roman history, contains the story of

Marilynne Robinson: Later fiction: …from fiction, Robinson returned with Gilead (2004), a novel set in the fictional town of Gilead, Iowa, during the 1950s. The ailing Reverend John Ames chronicles his family’s history in a series of daily letters addressed to his young son for him to read as an adult. In doing so,…

Gilead, area of ancient Palestine east of the Jordan River, corresponding to modern northwestern Jordan. The region is bounded in the north by the Yarmūk River and in the southwest by what were known in ancient times as the “plains of Moab”; to the east there is no definite boundary. Sometimes

Canada balsam: …greenish liquid exuded by the balsam fir of North America, Abies balsamea. It is actually a turpentine, belonging to the class of oleoresins (natural products consisting of a resin dissolved in an essential oil), and not a balsam.

poplar: Common species: The buds of the balm of Gilead poplar (P. ×jackii), which is similar, are used to make an ointment. The western balsam poplar, also called black cottonwood (P. trichocarpa), grows some 60 metres (195 feet) tall and is one of the largest deciduous trees of northwestern North America.

balm: Balm of Gilead, or balm of Mecca, is the myrrhlike resin from Commiphora gileadensis of the Arabian Peninsula. The balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is sometimes called balm fir, or balm of Gilead fir, and the balm of Gilead poplar (Populus X jackii) is related to…

Emil Gilels was a Soviet concert pianist admired for his superb technique, tonal control, and disciplined approach. Gilels began piano studies at age 6 and gave his first public concert in 1929 at age 13. In 1933 he gained top honours in the first All-Union Musicians Contest. After graduating from

Emil Gilels was a Soviet concert pianist admired for his superb technique, tonal control, and disciplined approach. Gilels began piano studies at age 6 and gave his first public concert in 1929 at age 13. In 1933 he gained top honours in the first All-Union Musicians Contest. After graduating from

Giles Goat-Boy, satiric allegorical novel by John Barth, published in 1966. The book is set in a vast university that is a symbol for the world. The novel’s protagonist, Billy Bockfuss (also called George Giles, the goat-boy), was raised with herds of goats on a university farm after being found as

Giles Goat-Boy, satiric allegorical novel by John Barth, published in 1966. The book is set in a vast university that is a symbol for the world. The novel’s protagonist, Billy Bockfuss (also called George Giles, the goat-boy), was raised with herds of goats on a university farm after being found as

Giles of Rome was a Scholastic theologian, philosopher, logician, archbishop, and general and intellectual leader of the Order of the Hermit Friars of St. Augustine. Giles joined the Augustinian Hermits in about 1257 and in 1260 went to Paris, where he was educated in the house of his order. While

Great Victoria Desert: …party led by the explorer Ernest Giles, who named it the Great Victoria Desert. It is crossed by the Laverton–Warburton Mission Track, which links the mission station in the Warburton Range, in Western Australia, with Laverton, 350 miles (560 km) southwest. It is also tracked for the recovery of missiles…

H.A. Giles was an English scholar of Chinese language and culture, who helped to popularize the Wade-Giles system for the romanization of the Chinese languages. Educated at Charterhouse school, London, Giles joined the consular service and spent the years 1867–92 in various posts in China. Upon his

Sophia B. Packard: …partnership with her longtime companion, Harriet E. Giles, Packard taught at the Connecticut Literary Institution in Suffield (1859–64). From 1864 to 1867 she was coprincipal of the Oread Collegiate Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts. She then moved to Boston, where she secured in 1870 the unusual position of pastor’s assistant under…

H.A. Giles was an English scholar of Chinese language and culture, who helped to popularize the Wade-Giles system for the romanization of the Chinese languages. Educated at Charterhouse school, London, Giles joined the consular service and spent the years 1867–92 in various posts in China. Upon his

King Crimson: Fripp on guitar and keyboards; Michael Giles on drums and vocals; Greg Lake on bass, guitar, and vocals; Ian McDonald on keyboard, Mellotron, vibraphone, woodwind instruments, and vocals; and Peter Sinfield as lyricist and spoken-word artist. Over the years, however, many musicians performed as

Elbridge Gerry: …the legislative session, thus preventing William Giles, a senator from Virginia and an advocate of peace with Britain, from becoming president pro tempore of the Senate and thereby second in line (after the vice president) to succeed the president under the Presidential Succession Act of 1792. Gerry suffered a hemorrhage…

David Davidovich Burlyuk: …the art and literary group Hylaea (Russian: Gileya), which, together with Aleksey Kruchyonykh, Mayakovsky, and Khlebnikov, published in 1912 the famous manifesto of Russian Futurism, Poshchochina obshchestvennomu vkusu (A Slap in the Face of Public Taste). In 1913–14 he took part in a “Futurist tour” of lectures and poetry readings…

Cabaret: Original Broadway cast and production: …Haworth, Bert Convy, Lotte Lenya, Jack Gilford, Edward Winter, and Joel Grey as the depraved Master of Ceremonies (or Emcee), a role that he reprised to great acclaim in the 1972 film version of Cabaret. Grey’s performances earned him both a Tony Award (for best featured actor in a musical)…

Gilgamesh, the best known of all ancient Mesopotamian heroes. Numerous tales in the Akkadian language have been told about Gilgamesh, and the whole collection has been described as an odyssey—the odyssey of a king who did not want to die. The fullest extant text of the Gilgamesh epic is on 12

Enmebaragesi: …according to the Sumerian epic Gilgamesh and Agga of Kish.

Epic of Gilgamesh, ancient Mesopotamian odyssey recorded in the Akkadian language about Gilgamesh, the king of the Mesopotamian city-state Uruk (Erech). The fullest extant text of the Gilgamesh epic is on 12 incomplete Akkadian-language tablets found in the mid-19th century by the Turkish

Epic of Gilgamesh, ancient Mesopotamian odyssey recorded in the Akkadian language about Gilgamesh, the king of the Mesopotamian city-state Uruk (Erech). The fullest extant text of the Gilgamesh epic is on 12 incomplete Akkadian-language tablets found in the mid-19th century by the Turkish

Omo River: …on the river is the Gilgel Gibe II hydroelectric station, which was inaugurated in 2010. The station, which draws water discharged from the Gilgel Gibe dam on the Gilgel Gibe River, has the capacity to produce more than 400 megawatts of electricity. An additional hydroelectric project, the Gilgel Gibe III,…

Omo River: An additional hydroelectric project, the Gilgel Gibe III, was under construction at the time of the inauguration. The Gilgel Gibe III project has generated controversy, as critics have argued that it will have a significant detrimental impact on the communities and environment downstream of the dam.

Shai Gilgeous-Alexander is a Canadian basketball player who is one of the NBA’s leading scorers and among the most exciting players in the league. Gilgeous-Alexander, a guard, is known for evading defenders with twists, turns, and head fakes on his way to the hoop. After playing one season with the

Shai Gilgeous-Alexander is a Canadian basketball player who is one of the NBA’s leading scorers and among the most exciting players in the league. Gilgeous-Alexander, a guard, is known for evading defenders with twists, turns, and head fakes on his way to the hoop. After playing one season with the

Gilgit, town in Gilgit-Baltistan, part of the Pakistani-administered sector of the Kashmir region, in the northern Indian subcontinent. It is situated in the Karakoram Range in a narrow valley on the Gilgit River at its confluence with the Hunza River and about 20 miles (32 km) upstream from its

Gilgit River, river in the Gilgit-Baltistan area of the Pakistani-administered portion of the Kashmir region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. The river rises from a high alpine glacier in the area where the Hindu Kush, Karakoram Range, and western (Punjab) Himalayas meet. Descending through

The Gilgo Beach serial killings were a string of murders on Long Island, New York, that began in the early 1990s and continued through about 2010. The majority of the victims’ remains were discovered between December 2010 and April 2011. Initially, investigators were not certain that the same

dybbuk: …of transmigration of souls (gilgul), which he saw as a means whereby souls could continue their task of self-perfection. His disciples went one step further with the notion of possession by a dybbuk. The Jewish scholar and folklorist S. Ansky contributed to worldwide interest in the dybbuk when his…

Volta Redonda: …National Steel Company constructed the Gilherme Guinle Steel Plant at Volta Redonda; for many years this was the largest steel complex in South America.

X: …1955, Los Angeles, California) and Tony Gilkyson.

gill, in measurement, unit of volume in the British Imperial and United States Customary systems. It is used almost exclusively for the measurement of liquids. Although its capacity has varied with time and location, in the United States it is defined as half a cup, or four U.S. fluid ounces, which

gill, in biology, type of respiratory organ found in many aquatic animals, including a number of worms, nearly all mollusks and crustaceans, some insect larvae, all fishes, and a few amphibians. The gill consists of branched or feathery tissue richly supplied with blood vessels, especially near the

branchial arch, one of the bony or cartilaginous curved bars on either side of the pharynx (throat) that support the gills of fishes and amphibians; also, a corresponding rudimentary ridge in the embryo of higher vertebrates, which in some species may form real but transitory gill slits. In the

respiratory system: The gills: A pair of gill filaments projects from each arch; between the dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) surfaces of the filaments, there is a series of secondary folds, the lamellae, where the gas exchange takes place. The blood vessels passing through the gill arches branch into the filaments and…

Agaricales, order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota, kingdom Fungi). One of the most diverse orders of the phylum Basidiomycota, Agaricales contains about 30 families, about 350 genera, and some 10,000 species. Traditionally, agarics were classified based on the presence of

Agaricales, order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota, kingdom Fungi). One of the most diverse orders of the phylum Basidiomycota, Agaricales contains about 30 families, about 350 genera, and some 10,000 species. Traditionally, agarics were classified based on the presence of

bivalve: Food and feeding: …achieved by folding the platelike gill lamellae into plicae. Each lamella comprises vertical rows of filaments upon the outer head of which are complex arrays of cilia that create a flow of water through the gill, form a filtration barrier, and transport retained particles to food grooves in the dorsal…

bivalve: Food and feeding: …achieved by folding the platelike gill lamellae into plicae. Each lamella comprises vertical rows of filaments upon the outer head of which are complex arrays of cilia that create a flow of water through the gill, form a filtration barrier, and transport retained particles to food grooves in the dorsal…

net: Drift nets—which include gill and trammel nets used at the surface and bottom-set nets used on the seabed—capture fish by entangling them. Gill and trammel nets are used principally to catch herring and salmon and are the most common drift nets. In commercial fishing, a long fleet of…

respiratory system: Fishes: …cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes), the gill structures of which are in the form of pouches that connect internally with the pharynx (throat) and open outward through slits, either by a fusion of the excurrent gill ducts into a single tube (in Myxine) or individually by separate gill slits (in Petromyzon).…

Eric Gill: …he designed included Perpetua (1925), Gill Sans Serif (1927), Joanna (1930), and Bunyan, designed in 1934 but recut for machine use and renamed Pilgrim in 1953.

muscle: Jawed fishes: In bony fishes the gill septum of the hyoid arch is greatly modified to become a single, movable, bony covering for the whole gill chamber—the operculum. The individual gill septa are lost, and there is a great modification of the posterior branchial muscles, with many of the elements found…

chordate: General features: …through the mouth, using the gill slits as a kind of filter. The feeding apparatus in cephalochordates is similar. They have a well-developed musculature and can swim rapidly by undulating the body. Cephalochordates usually live partially buried in marine sand and gravel.

Gill v. Whitford, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 18, 2018, vacated and remanded a U.S. district court decision that had struck down a redistricting plan of the Wisconsin state legislature as an unconstitutional political, or partisan, gerrymander. The Court found unanimously

André Gill was a French caricaturist who used a style of enlarged heads dwarfing undersized bodies, often copied by later cartoonists. After studying at the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, Gill pursued a career as an illustrator, becoming famous for portrait caricatures of his illustrious

Gang of Four: June 8, 1955, London, England), Andy Gill (b. January 1, 1956, Manchester–d. February 1, 2020), Hugo Burnham (b. March 25, 1956, London), and Dave Allen (b. December 23, 1955, Kendal, Cumbria–d. April 5, 2025).

Eric Gill was a British sculptor, engraver, typographic designer, and writer, especially known for his elegantly styled lettering and typefaces and the precise linear simplicity of his bas-reliefs. Gill spent two years in an art school in Chichester and in 1899 was articled to a London architect;

Brendan Gill was an American critic and writer chiefly known for his work as critic of film, drama, and architecture for The New Yorker. Gill began writing for The New Yorker immediately after finishing college in 1936. His witty essays often appeared anonymously in the magazine’s “Talk of the

Eric Gill was a British sculptor, engraver, typographic designer, and writer, especially known for his elegantly styled lettering and typefaces and the precise linear simplicity of his bas-reliefs. Gill spent two years in an art school in Chichester and in 1899 was articled to a London architect;

bird: Annotated classification: …information compiled by American ornithologist Frank Gill (2002).

Irving John Gill was an American architect important for introducing a severe, geometric style of architecture in California and for his pioneering work in developing new construction technology. Gill received no formal training in architecture, but in 1890 he became a draftsman in the office of

John Gill was a patriot and publisher who was a leading advocate of American colonial independence from Britain. Gill was the grandson of a British officer who had come to the colonies from Dover, Eng. At an early age John Gill was apprenticed to a Boston printer, Samuel Kneeland. In partnership

Laura Drake Gill was an American educator, remembered particularly for her role in establishing organized placement assistance for educated women. Gill was educated at Smith College. After graduating in 1881 she remained in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a faculty member of Miss Capen’s School for

Shubman Gill is an Indian cricketer who bats right-handed and as of February 2026 is the fastest male batter to score 2,000 runs in the One Day International (ODI; 50 overs a side) format. Considered a prodigy, he was named the Player of the Series when India won the 2018 International Cricket

Sir David Gill was a Scottish astronomer known for his measurements of solar and stellar parallax, showing the distances of the Sun and other stars from Earth, and for his early use of photography in mapping the heavens. To determine the parallaxes, he perfected the use of the heliometer, a

Michael McDonald: Career: …supporting musicians, including country singer Vince Gill and bluegrass singer Alison Krauss.

commercial fishing: Gill-netters: Gill nets are used by all sizes of fishing boat up to 20 metres in length. There is no characteristic style, although this type of vessel often uses a steadying sail to keep heading into the wind. The nets may be set and hauled…

Bernhard Gillam was an American political cartoonist noted for his influential cartoons associated with the U.S. presidential campaigns of the late 19th century. With his parents Gillam immigrated to New York in 1866. He left school early and worked as a copyist in a lawyer’s office before studying

Yousaf Raza Gilani is a Pakistani politician who was the prime minister of Pakistan (2008–12). Gilani was born into a prominent family of landowners from the Punjab province, many of whom were involved in politics, including his father, who was a provincial minister during the 1950s. After studying

Yousaf Raza Gilani is a Pakistani politician who was the prime minister of Pakistan (2008–12). Gilani was born into a prominent family of landowners from the Punjab province, many of whom were involved in politics, including his father, who was a provincial minister during the 1950s. After studying

Julia Gillard is an Australian politician who served as leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP; 2010–13) and as prime minister of Australia (2010–13). She was the first woman to hold either office. Gillard was born in Wales, but her family joined the wave of post-World War II emigration from

Julia Gillard is an Australian politician who served as leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP; 2010–13) and as prime minister of Australia (2010–13). She was the first woman to hold either office. Gillard was born in Wales, but her family joined the wave of post-World War II emigration from

Mildred Gillars was an American citizen who was a radio propagandist for the Nazi government during World War II. Gillars was an aspiring actress who played minor parts in some American theatrical touring companies. She attended Ohio Wesleyan University but left in 1922. In 1929 she traveled to

Executive Order 9981: …a review board chaired by Gen. Alvan Gillem, Jr., advised that the U.S. Army’s policy should be to “eliminate, at the earliest practicable moment, any special consideration based on race.” While the Gillem Board did not specifically endorse integration, it did note that the army had already desegregated its hospitals…

Francis James Gillen was an Australian anthropologist who did pioneering fieldwork among the Aborigines of central Australia. Gillen’s training in anthropology came not from a university but from close contact with Aborigines in his work for the Australian postal and telegraph service. He made

Antoine Watteau: Period of his major works.: …his last works was “Gilles,” a portrait of a clown in white painted as a signboard for the Théâtre de la Foire. White as innocence (or imbecility) and roseate in complexion, “Gilles” is the image of the actor during intermission—the actor who offers himself every day to the laughter…

French literature: Céline and Drieu: …fascism, to write expressly in Gilles (1939) the archetypal itinerary of the young French fascist, from defeat in the trenches of World War I, through failure and despair in the 1920s, to the decision to help overthrow the elected Republican government in Spain. Drieu’s example was followed by younger men,…

Even if there had been nothing else unusual about the Breton nobleman Gilles de Rais (1404–40), his outstanding career as a soldier in the Hundred Years’ War and as a comrade in arms of Joan of Arc would have been enough to guarantee his place in history. Today, though, those achievements can only

Gilles Li Muisis was a French poet and chronicler whose works are important sources for the history of France. Gilles entered the Benedictine abbey of Saint-Martin in Tournai in 1289. After being made prior of the abbey in 1329, he journeyed to Paris in 1330 to defend its interests against

Gilles Li Muisis was a French poet and chronicler whose works are important sources for the history of France. Gilles entered the Benedictine abbey of Saint-Martin in Tournai in 1289. After being made prior of the abbey in 1329, he journeyed to Paris in 1330 to defend its interests against

Judaism: Modern Jewish mysticism: …Pico della Mirandola (1463–94) and Gilles of Viterbo (Egidio da Viterbo; c. 1465–1532) in Italy; Johannes Reuchlin (1455–1522) in Germany, who wrote one of the principal expositions of Kabbala in a language accessible to the learned non-Jewish public (De arte Cabbalistica, 1517); and the visionary Guillaume Postel (1510–81) in France.…

Dizzy Gillespie was an American jazz trumpeter, composer, and bandleader who was one of the seminal figures of the bebop movement. Gillespie’s father was a bricklayer and amateur bandleader who introduced his son to the basics of several instruments. After his father died in 1927, Gillespie taught

Mother Angela Gillespie was an American religious leader who guided her order in dramatically expanding higher education for women by founding numerous institutions throughout the United States. Eliza Maria Gillespie was educated at girls’ schools in her native town and, in 1836–38, in Somerset,

George Gillespie was a leader of the Church of Scotland and polemical writer, who laboured for the autonomy and preservation of his church. The son of a parish minister, Gillespie was educated at the University of St. Andrews. His first work, A Dispute Against the English Popish Ceremonies Obtruded

Dizzy Gillespie was an American jazz trumpeter, composer, and bandleader who was one of the seminal figures of the bebop movement. Gillespie’s father was a bricklayer and amateur bandleader who introduced his son to the basics of several instruments. After his father died in 1927, Gillespie taught

Mother Angela Gillespie was an American religious leader who guided her order in dramatically expanding higher education for women by founding numerous institutions throughout the United States. Eliza Maria Gillespie was educated at girls’ schools in her native town and, in 1836–38, in Somerset,

Dublin: Evolution of the modern city: …cast by the Dublin sculptor Rowan Gillespie, commemorates the period. Emigration, a major element in Irish life throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, mounted after 1845, with England and the United States being the principal destinations of those leaving Dublin.

Thomas Gillespie was a Scottish Presbyterian minister who assisted in founding the Relief Church (Oct. 22, 1761), a Presbyterian group advocating the right of a congregation to approve its minister. Gillespie was ordained in 1741 and inducted to the parish of Carnock, Fife. In 1752 he was a victim

matador: Harper Lee Gillete, who performed in Mexico, is considered by many experts to have been the best American bullfighter. Although he received the alternativa in Mexico in 1910, he never fought in Spain.

Gillette, town, seat (1911) of Campbell county, northeastern Wyoming, U.S., midway between the Black Hills (east) and the Bighorn Mountains (west). It developed after the arrival in 1891 of the Burlington and Missouri River railroads and was named for Edward Gillette, a railroad construction

King Camp Gillette was an American inventor and the first manufacturer of a razor with disposable blades. Gillette, reared in Chicago, was forced by his family’s loss of possessions in the fire of 1871 to go to work, so he became a traveling salesman of hardware. An employer noted his predilection

William Hooker Gillette was an American playwright and actor noted for his portrayal of the title role in Sherlock Holmes, which he adapted for the stage from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories. Gillette quit college and in 1875 joined a stock company in New Orleans and made his first appearance at

Jimmy Swaggart: …rock and roll pioneer, and Mickey Gilley, a country music singer, inspired him to attempt a career in music. However, he continued to assist with his parents’ ministry, and in 1958 he became a full-time evangelist with his own ministry. In 1961 he was ordained by the Assemblies of God.

the Mamas and the Papas: …18, 2001, Los Angeles, California), Michelle Phillips (original name Holly Michelle Gilliam; b. June 4, 1944, Long Beach, California, U.S.), (“Mama”) Cass Elliot (original name Ellen Naomi Cohen; b. September 19, 1943, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.—d. July 29, 1974, London, England), and Dennis Doherty (b. November 29, 1941, Halifax, Nova Scotia,…

Terry Gilliam is an American-born director, writer, comedian, and actor who first achieved fame as a member of the British comedy troupe Monty Python. While a student at Occidental College in Los Angeles, Gilliam began working on the student humor magazine Fang, eventually becoming its editor.

Terry Gilliam is an American-born director, writer, comedian, and actor who first achieved fame as a member of the British comedy troupe Monty Python. While a student at Occidental College in Los Angeles, Gilliam began working on the student humor magazine Fang, eventually becoming its editor.

Penelope Gilliatt was an English writer of essays, short stories, screenplays, and novels. Her fiction is noted for its sensitive, sometimes wry look at the challenges and complexities of modern life in England and the United States. Gilliatt briefly attended Queen’s College, London, and Bennington

Penelope Gilliatt was an English writer of essays, short stories, screenplays, and novels. Her fiction is noted for its sensitive, sometimes wry look at the challenges and complexities of modern life in England and the United States. Gilliatt briefly attended Queen’s College, London, and Bennington

Kirsten Gillibrand is an American politician who was appointed as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate from New York in 2009 and was elected to that body in 2010. She previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (2007–09). In 2024 Gillibrand comfortably won reelection against Republican

goby: Many gobies, such as the longjaw mudsucker (Gillichthys mirabilis) of the eastern Pacific, inhabit burrows in sand or mud, and some share burrows with other animals. An example of the latter is the blind goby (Typhlogobius californiensis), a small, pink fish native to California that lives intertidally in burrows dug…

Lawrence Weiner: Barbara Kruger, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, and Liam Gillick, with whom he collaborated. Among his many honours were two fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts (1976, 1983) and a Guggenheim fellowship (1994).

sword dance: The famed Scottish solo dance Gillie Callum, which is danced to a folk melody of the same name, is first mentioned only in the early 19th century. In its close relative, the English solo Bacca pipes jig, crossed clay pipes replace the swords. There are evidences that such dances formerly…