Ferdinand Lassalle: Champion of Countess Hatzfeldt.: …Heracleitus manuscript and the tragedy Franz von Sickingen (1859), which assigns to personality a role in determining the course of history.

Dennis Franz is an American actor best known for his portrayals of police officers, most notably on the television series NYPD Blue (1993–2005). Franz was active in drama first in high school and then at junior college and at Southern Illinois University before he enlisted in the army and was sent

Treblinka: …tried, including deputy camp commander Kurt Franz, who was sentenced to life imprisonment. In a 1970 trial, Commandant Stangl was also sentenced to life imprisonment.

Robert Franz was a German musician who is considered to have been one of the foremost composers of songs in the tradition of Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann. Franz studied organ at Dessau from 1835 to 1837. Later he returned to Halle, where he became a friend of Wilhelm Osterwald, many of whose

Vasa: Raising and salvage: …engineer and maritime history enthusiast Anders Franzén searched for the wreck. He knew that the shipworm, a mollusk whose larvae eat wooden wrecks, was not found in the Baltic and thus Vasa was likely well-preserved. On August 25, 1956, his homemade coring device brought up a piece of wood. About…

Frans Mikael Franzén was a Finnish-Swedish poet, educator, and cleric who was a forerunner of the Romantic movement in Sweden. Franzén studied at Åbo, Fin., where in 1798 he became professor of philosophy. After the annexation of Finland by Russia, Franzén went to Sweden (1811). In 1831 he was

Jonathan Franzen is an American novelist and essayist whose sprawling multilayered novels about contemporary America elicited critical acclaim. Franzen grew up in Webster Groves, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis, and later attended Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. After earning a B.A.

Františkovy Lázně, spa town, western Czech Republic. It lies on a flat plateau near the German border. Since medieval times, it has been known for its springs, which are rich in carbon dioxide and Glauber’s salt (a sulfate of sodium) and some of which are radioactive. In the 16th century, the

Heinrich Heine: Later life and works: …collected in book form as Französische Zustände (1832; “French Affairs”) and followed with two studies of German culture, Die Romantische Schule (1833–35; The Romantic School) and “Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland” (1834–35; “On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany”), in which he mounted a criticism…

candy: Nougat: …first to make a “frappé,” which is prepared by dissolving egg albumin in water, mixing with syrup, and whipping to a light foam. A separate batch of syrup consisting of sugar and corn syrup is boiled to between 135 and 140 °C (275 and 285 °F), depending on the…

Santa Maria dei Frari, Franciscan church in Venice, originally built in the mid-13th century but rebuilt in Gothic style in the 15th century. This important example of Venetian Gothic ecclesiastical architecture (often referred to simply as the Frari) contains many masterpieces of Venetian

Frascati, town and episcopal see, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. It lies on the northern slopes of the Alban Hills, 16 miles (21 km) southeast of Rome. The town of Frascati seems to have arisen on the site of a large villa in the 9th century and expanded after the destruction in 1191 of the

Frasch process, method of mining deep-lying sulfur invented by the German-born American chemist Herman Frasch. The process involves superheating water to about 170 °C (340 °F) and forcing it into the deposit in order to melt the sulfur (melting point of about 115 °C, or 240 °F), which is lifted to

Herman Frasch was a U.S. chemist who devised the sulfur mining process named in his honour. The Frasch process, patented in 1891, was first used successfully in Louisiana and in east Texas. It made possible the exploitation of extensive sulfur deposits otherwise obtainable only at prohibitive

Fraser Canyon, deep chasm cut by the Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada, between Lytton and Yale. The river there flows through wild, rugged, spectacular scenery, including mountains rising more than 3,000 ft (914 m). Hell’s Gate is in this section of the river. As part of a transportation

K’gari, island off the southeastern coast of Queensland, Australia, separated from the mainland and the port of Maryborough by Hervey Bay and Great Sandy Strait. About 75 miles (120 km) long and 15 miles (25 km) at its widest point, it is the largest sand island in the world. Sand hills rise to

Fraser River, major river of western North America, draining a huge, scenic region of some 92,000 square miles (238,000 square km) in central British Columbia. About 70 percent of the region drained is over 3,000 feet (900 m) high, and human exploitation of this rather isolated area has been

John Mayall: …Dick Heckstall-Smith), and Free (Andy Fraser).

South Africa: Farmgate controversy and investigations: Arthur Fraser, an ally of Zuma and previous head of the country’s State Security Agency, filed a complaint alleging that Ramaphosa had covered up a theft in 2020 of at least $4 million in foreign money that had been kept in a couch at Ramaphosa’s…

Brendan Fraser is an American-Canadian actor who first gained notice when he appeared in the 1992 comedy film Encino Man, portraying a frozen caveman who is thawed out by two high school outcasts and introduced to modern day life. He is also known for his appearances in George of the Jungle (1997),

Brendan Fraser is an American-Canadian actor who first gained notice when he appeared in the 1992 comedy film Encino Man, portraying a frozen caveman who is thawed out by two high school outcasts and introduced to modern day life. He is also known for his appearances in George of the Jungle (1997),

Bruce Austin Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser was a British admiral in World War II and chief of the naval staff (1948–51). Fraser entered the Royal Navy in 1902 and served as a gunnery officer in World War I. He continued his interest in gunnery after the war and in 1933 became director of naval ordnance.

Dawn Fraser is an Australian swimmer, the first woman swimmer to win gold medals in three consecutive Olympic Games (1956, 1960, 1964). From 1956 to 1964 she broke the women’s world record for the 100-metre freestyle race nine successive times. Her mark of 58.9 seconds, established on February 29,

George MacDonald Fraser was a British writer best known for his series of historical novels about the exploits of Harry Flashman, a hard-drinking, womanizing, and vain character depicted as playing a leading role in many major events of the 19th century. Fraser served in the British army from 1943

K’gari: It was named for Captain James Fraser, who, with several of his party who had survived a shipwreck and landed on the island, died there in 1836. (Murder carried out by Aboriginal peoples and starvation have variously been cited as the cause of his death.) Some accounts say the island…

coin: Coins of the United States: …Victor Brenner (the Lincoln cent), James Earle Fraser (the buffalo nickel), A.A. Weinman and Hermon MacNeil (1916 silver), John Flannagan (1932 quarter dollar), Laura G. Fraser, and Chester Beach and Gutzon Borglum (various commemorative coins).

Malcolm Fraser was an Australian politician and leader of the Liberal Party, who served as prime minister of Australia from 1975 to 1983. Fraser attended Magdalen College, Oxford, and was elected a Liberal member of Parliament in 1955. He held cabinet posts in the coalition government of the

Malcolm Fraser was an Australian politician and leader of the Liberal Party, who served as prime minister of Australia from 1975 to 1983. Fraser attended Magdalen College, Oxford, and was elected a Liberal member of Parliament in 1955. He held cabinet posts in the coalition government of the

Peter Fraser was a statesman, labour leader, and prime minister (1940–49) whose leadership during World War II increased New Zealand’s international stature. While working in London in 1908, Fraser joined the Independent Labour Party, but unemployment led him to emigrate to New Zealand in 1910,

Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce is a Jamaican athlete who is considered one of the world’s best sprinters. She won gold medals in the 100-meter race at both the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2012 London Games, and she captured a silver medal in the event at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics (delayed until

Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat was a Scottish Jacobite, chief of clan Fraser, noted for his violent feuds and changes of allegiance. Grandson of the 7th Lord Lovat, Simon Fraser persuaded the weak 9th Lord Lovat to settle the liferent of his estates on his father in 1696, but the destination of the

Simon Fraser was a Canadian fur trader and explorer who discovered the Fraser River in British Columbia. Fraser, whose loyalist father had died in a war prison in Albany, New York, moved with his family to Canada in 1784. He was apprenticed as a clerk to the North West Company in 1792 and was made

Battles of Saratoga: Second Battle of Saratoga: Simon Fraser, tasked with probing the American left, was met by a body of Continental infantry, including Morgan’s riflemen. They opened fire on the exposed British, fatally wounding Fraser as he attempted to cover a British withdrawal.

Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce is a Jamaican athlete who is considered one of the world’s best sprinters. She won gold medals in the 100-meter race at both the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2012 London Games, and she captured a silver medal in the event at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics (delayed until

Şemseddin Sami Fraşeri was an author and lexicographer who was a leading figure in 19th-century Turkish literature. Born into an established Albanian Muslim family, Fraşeri was educated at the Greek school of Janina and was also given lessons in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic by private tutors. After

Şemseddin Sami Fraşeri was an author and lexicographer who was a leading figure in 19th-century Turkish literature. Born into an established Albanian Muslim family, Fraşeri was educated at the Greek school of Janina and was also given lessons in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic by private tutors. After

Şemseddin Sami Fraşeri was an author and lexicographer who was a leading figure in 19th-century Turkish literature. Born into an established Albanian Muslim family, Fraşeri was educated at the Greek school of Janina and was also given lessons in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic by private tutors. After

Frasers Hill, mountain resort in the Main Range, Peninsular Malaysia. It lies 40 miles (65 km) north of Kuala Lumpur, at an elevation of 4,280 feet (1,305 metres). The site was named for Louis James Fraser, a Scottish trader and mule-train operator who disappeared in the area in 1916. The hill

Paulo Coelho: The Alchemist and other works: Other works by Coelho include Frases (1996), a collection of short excerpts from his oeuvre, and Life: Selected Quotations (2007), a similar collection of excerpts translated into English. Coelho also compiled selections from his weekly column in the newspaper O Globo into a volume titled Maktub (“It Is Written”) in…

Albanian literature: …congress was presided over by Mid’hat Frashëri, who subsequently wrote Hi dhe shpuzë (1915; “Ashes and Embers”), a book of short stories and reflections of a didactic nature.

Albanian literature: …the work of the poet Naim Frashëri. His moving tribute to pastoral life in Bagëti e bujqësia (1886; “Cattle and Crops”; Eng. trans. Frashëri’s Song of Albania) and his epic poem Istori e Skënderbeut (1898; “The History of Skanderbeg”)—eulogizing Skanderbeg, Albania’s medieval national hero—stirred the Albanian nation. Today many regard…

Şemseddin Sami Fraşeri was an author and lexicographer who was a leading figure in 19th-century Turkish literature. Born into an established Albanian Muslim family, Fraşeri was educated at the Greek school of Janina and was also given lessons in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic by private tutors. After

Frasier, American television situation comedy that aired for 11 seasons (1993–2004) on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network. Praised by critics and loved by audiences, Frasier was among the most popular American television shows of the late 20th century. Frasier was a spin-off series

Frasnian Stage, lowermost of the two standard worldwide divisions of Late Devonian rocks and time. Frasnian time occurred between 382.7 million and 372.2 million years ago. The stage’s name is derived from the town of Frasnes in the Ardennes region of southern Belgium. The lower boundary point of

John Frassanito is an American industrial designer whose computer-generated animations have been used to educate aerospace engineers and laypersons alike regarding future spaceflight missions for the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). After attending a variety of schools in

La Stampa: …its editors, Luigi Roux and Alfred Frassati, who changed the paper’s name to La Stampa. When Mussolini came to power in 1926, Frassati was still editor and by then sole proprietor, and La Stampa was famous as a liberal journal with an intellectual tone and as a staunch defender of…

Goffredo Mameli: …the Italian national anthem, “Inno di Mameli” (“Mameli Hymn”), popularly known as “Fratelli d’Italia” (“Brothers of Italy”).

Giorgia Meloni: …and leads (2014– ) the Brothers of Italy (Fratelli d’Italia), a party with neofascist roots. She is the first woman to serve as prime minister of Italy (2022– ).

Italian literature: Experimentalism and the new avant-garde: …vitriolic essayist Alberto Arbasino, whose Fratelli d’Italia (the title, meaning “Brothers of Italy,” alludes ironically, not to say derisively, to the Italian national anthem), first published in 1963, had a second, amplified edition in 1976 and a third, running to 1,371 pages, in 1993; and Luigi Malerba, an original and…

Fratellini Family, European circus family best known for the Fratellini Brothers, a clown trio—Paul, François, and Albert (respectively, b. 1877—d. 1940; b. 1879—d. 1951; b. 1886—d. 1961)—whose wit, charm, and superb acting techniques were widely admired and brought about a resurgence of interest

Fratellini Family: a clown trio—Paul, François, and Albert (respectively, b. 1877—d. 1940; b. 1879—d. 1951; b. 1886—d. 1961)—whose wit, charm, and superb acting techniques were widely admired and brought about a resurgence of interest in the circus in post-World War I Paris.

Fratellini Family: …Fratellini Brothers, a clown trio—Paul, François, and Albert (respectively, b. 1877—d. 1940; b. 1879—d. 1951; b. 1886—d. 1961)—whose wit, charm, and superb acting techniques were widely admired and brought about a resurgence of interest in the circus in post-World War I Paris.

Fratellini Family: Their father, Gustavo Fratellini (1842–1905), a Florentine follower of the Italian patriot Giuseppi Garibaldi, was a circus trapeze artist and acrobat, and their elder brother, Louis (1867–1909), worked as a clown with Paul. François and Albert also began their careers as a pair. When Louis died in…

Fratellini Family: …acrobat, and their elder brother, Louis (1867–1909), worked as a clown with Paul. François and Albert also began their careers as a pair. When Louis died in 1909 he left a family without support and Paul without a partner. To solve both problems the remaining brothers formed a unique triple…

Fratellini Family: …Fratellini Brothers, a clown trio—Paul, François, and Albert (respectively, b. 1877—d. 1940; b. 1879—d. 1951; b. 1886—d. 1961)—whose wit, charm, and superb acting techniques were widely admired and brought about a resurgence of interest in the circus in post-World War I Paris.

Fratellini Family: …circus performers, notably Paul’s son Victor (1901–79) and Victor’s daughter Annie (1932–97), who continued the family tradition as successful clowns in France. Albert’s memoirs, Nous, les Fratellini, appeared in 1955.

Italian literature: Other writings: …giovane [1959; The Novice] and Il fratello italiano [1980; “The Italian Brother”]). Fulvio Tomizza also tackled this theme in L’amicizia (1980; “The Friendship”).

serpentine verse: …line of Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s “Frater Ave Atque Vale”:

puffin: …common, or Atlantic, puffin (Fratercula arctica) occurs on Atlantic coasts from the Arctic south to Brittany and Maine. It is about 30 cm (12 inches) long, black above, white below, with gray face plumage, red-orange feet, a blue-gray, yellow, and red bill, and horny plates of skin around the…

puffin: …common, or Atlantic, puffin (Fratercula arctica) occurs on Atlantic coasts from the Arctic south to Brittany and Maine. It is about 30 cm (12 inches) long, black above, white below, with gray face plumage, red-orange feet, a blue-gray, yellow, and red bill, and horny plates of skin around the…

puffin: The horned puffin (F. corniculata) is a Pacific relative of the Atlantic species. Of more southerly Pacific distribution is the tufted puffin (Lunda cirrhata), which is black with red legs and bill, a white face, and straw-coloured plumes curving backward from behind the eyes.

Sufism: Rise of fraternal orders: Slightly later, mystical orders (fraternal groups centring around the teachings of a leader-founder) began to crystallize. The 13th century, though politically overshadowed by the invasion of the Mongols into the Eastern lands of Islam and the end of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate, was also…

polyandry: …brothers, the institution is called adelphic, or fraternal, polyandry. Polygyny, the marriage of a man and two or more women at the same time, includes an analogous sororal form.

fraternity and sorority, in the United States, social, professional, or honorary societies, for males and females, respectively. Most such organizations draw their membership primarily from college or university students. With few exceptions, fraternities and sororities use combinations of letters

Spiritual, member of an extreme group within the Franciscans, a mendicant religious order founded by St. Francis of Assisi in 1209; the Spirituals firmly espoused the austerity and poverty prescribed in the original Rule of St. Francis. Called the Fraticelli, they were opposed, to some extent, by

André Coindre: …was the founder of the Fratres a Sacratissimo Corde Iesu (Brothers of the Sacred Heart), a Roman Catholic religious order primarily devoted to high school and elementary school education; the brotherhood is also a missionary society.

Arval Brothers, in ancient Rome, college or priesthood whose chief original duty was to offer annual public sacrifice for the fertility of the fields. The brotherhood, probably of great antiquity, was almost forgotten in republican times but was revived by Augustus and probably lasted until the

Order of the Brothers of the Sword, organization of crusading knights that began the successful conquest and Christianization of Livonia (most of modern Latvia and Estonia) between 1202 and 1237. After German merchants from Lübeck and Bremen acquired commercial interests in the lands around the

fortification: Nuclear fortification: …ICBM force was designed around fratricide, the theory that multiple nuclear explosions cannot occur at the same time in close proximity to one another because the first detonated warhead triggers low-yield partial explosions in the others. The proposal, called dense pack, would exploit this phenomenon by packing a large number…

Joseph Victor von Scheffel: …set in the 5th century; Frau Aventiure (1863; “Lady Adventure”), a book of verse; and Gaudeamus! (1868), a collection of student songs. Scheffel’s writings eventually fell out of favour with the critics, who viewed them as cloying and trivial.

Hermann Sudermann: Frau Sorge (1887; Dame Care), dealing with the growing up of a sensitive youth, and Der Katzensteg (1889; Regina) are the best known of his early novels. He won renown, however, with his plays. Die Ehre (Eng. trans., What Money Cannot Buy), first performed in Berlin on Nov.…

August Bebel: …Frau und der Sozialismus (1883; Woman and Socialism), which went through many editions and translations. This book was the most powerful piece of SPD propaganda for decades. Above all, by its combination of science and prophecy, it served as a blueprint for German social democracy in the conditions produced by…

fraud, in law, the deliberate misrepresentation of fact for the purpose of depriving someone of a valuable possession. Although fraud is sometimes a crime in itself, more often it is an element of crimes such as obtaining money by false pretense or by impersonation. European legal codes and their

Zadie Smith: The Autograph Man, On Beauty, and other novels: In 2023 she published The Fraud, a work of historical fiction that examines the famous case of the Tichborne baronetcy in the 19th century.

common law: Further growth of statute law: …later Stuart period was the Statute of Frauds of 1677. As a response to the growth of literacy and the prevalence of perjury and fraud, wills and contracts for the sale of land or goods (of more than a certain amount) were required to be in writing. Though drafted by…

Adelbert von Chamisso: …example, the cycle of poems Frauen-Liebe und Leben (“Woman’s Love and Life”), set to music by Robert Schumann—depicted simple emotions with a sentimental naïveté common to German Romantic verse of the period. His narrative ballads and poems, such as “Vergeltung” (“Reward”) and “Salas y Gomez,” sometimes inclined to bizarre and…

Frauenfeld, capital (since 1803) of Thurgau canton, northern Switzerland, on the Murg River, close to its junction with the Thur River, northeast of Zürich. First mentioned in 1246, it was founded by the count of Kyburg and the abbot of Reichenau on land belonging to the abbot. Frauenfeld (“Field

Nuremberg: The modern city: …and, adjoining the marketplace, the Frauenkirche (Church of Our Lady). The Heilig Geist Spital (Hospital Church of the Holy Ghost), rising above the Pegnitz, is now a home for older people. In addition, there are the Mauthalle (customs house) on the Königstrasse, the Weinstadel (wine storage house), the Renaissance city…

Munich: The contemporary city: …Munich’s cathedral, the Frauenkirche (Church of Our Lady; built 1468–88), whose massive cupola-capped towers are conspicuous landmarks; and the Old Town Hall (1470–80) in the Marienplatz. Nearby is Peterskirche (1169), Munich’s oldest church, which was completely destroyed in World War II but subsequently rebuilt in its original form. The…

Frauenkirche, Lutheran church in Dresden, Germany, that has long been the symbolic heart of the city. It showed the beauty and power of Dresden and its dedication to Lutheranism, then later recalled the horrors of World War II, and now stands for the city’s resilience and the reconciliation between

Frauenliebe und -leben, song cycle by Robert Schumann, written in 1840, with text by the French-born German poet Adelbert von Chamisso. The text of the songs is written from a woman’s perspective. Schumann wrote more than 130 musical settings of poems in 1840, the year in which he married Clara

Frauenlob was a late Middle High German poet. He was the original representative of the school of middle-class poets who succeeded the knightly minnesingers, or love poets, adapting the minnesinger traditions to poems dealing with theological mysteries, scientific lore, and philosophy. His

Georg Philipp Harsdörfer: …read in its time was Frauenzimmer Gesprech-Spiele (1641–49; “Women’s Conversation Plays”), which, like many of his works, had a didactic purpose. It consists of eight dialogues aimed at teaching women all they need to know to become useful members of society. His Pegnesisches Schäfergedicht (1644; “Pegnitz Idyll”), written with Klaj…

Abraham Fraunce was an English poet, a protégé of the poet and courtier Sir Philip Sidney. Fraunce was educated at Shrewsbury and at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where his Latin comedy Victoria, dedicated to Sidney, was probably written. He was called to the bar at Gray’s Inn in 1588 and then

Fraunhofer lines, in astronomical spectroscopy, any of the dark (absorption) lines in the spectrum of the Sun or other star, caused by selective absorption of the Sun’s or star’s radiation at specific wavelengths by the various elements existing as gases in its atmosphere. The lines were first

Joseph von Fraunhofer was a German physicist who first studied the dark lines of the Sun’s spectrum, now known as Fraunhofer lines. He also was the first to use extensively the diffraction grating, a device that disperses light more effectively than a prism does. His work set the stage for the

fravashi, in Zoroastrianism, the preexisting external higher soul or essence of a person (according to some sources, also of gods and angels). Associated with Ahura Mazdā, the supreme divinity, since the first creation, they participate in his nature of pure light and inexhaustible bounty. By free

fravashi: In the Parsi festival Fravartigan, the last 10 days of each year, each family honours the fravashis of its dead with prayers, fire, and incense.

Phraortes was the king of Media from 675 to 653 bc. Known by that name as a result of the writings of the 5th-century-bc Greek historian Herodotus, he was originally a village chief of Kar Kashi, but he later subjugated the Persians and a number of other Asian peoples, eventually forming an

fravashi, in Zoroastrianism, the preexisting external higher soul or essence of a person (according to some sources, also of gods and angels). Associated with Ahura Mazdā, the supreme divinity, since the first creation, they participate in his nature of pure light and inexhaustible bounty. By free

Patrick Joseph Frawley, Jr.: …a leakproof pen design, the Frawley Pen Company revolutionized the public’s perception of the product, which in the course of Frawley’s career culminated in the development of the Paper Mate pen. He sold his company to Gillette for $15.5 million in 1955.

Patrick Joseph Frawley, Jr. was a Nicaraguan-born American corporate executive responsible for the success of the Paper Mate leakproof pen and the Schick stainless-steel razor blade. As a teenager, Frawley represented his father’s import-export firm, and by his early 20s he was managing his own

I Love Lucy: …yet kind Fred Mertz (William Frawley) and his wife, Ethel (Vivian Vance), who usually tried to reason Lucy out of her wilder plots. Former vaudevillians, the Mertzs sang and danced, and they acted as foils or accomplices to the Ricardos. Ricky and Lucy eventually had a child, Little Ricky…

Fresnes, town, a southern suburb of Paris, Val-de-Marne département, Île-de-France région, north-central France. Recorded as Fretnes in the 12th century and Fraximus in the 13th, the village grew around Saint-Eloi Church (15th century). It is the site of a prison where political prisoners were kept

gas plant, (Dictamnus albus), gland-covered herb of the rue family (Rutaceae). Gas plant is native to Eurasia and is grown as an ornamental in many places. The flowers (white or pink) and the leaves give off a strong aromatic vapour that can be ignited—hence the names gas plant and burning bush.

ash, (genus Fraxinus), genus of 45–65 species of trees or shrubs (family Oleaceae) primarily distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Several species are valuable for their timber and beauty. A few species extend into the tropical forests of Mexico and Java. Most ash trees are small to

ash: Major species: …important of these are the white ash (Fraxinus americana) and the green ash (F. pennsylvanica), which grow throughout the eastern and much of the central United States and northward into parts of Canada. These two species furnish wood that is stiff, strong, resilient, and yet lightweight. This “white ash” is…

ash: Major species: The Chinese ash (F. chinensis) yields Chinese white wax.

ash: Major species: The European ash (F. excelsior), with 7 to 11 leaflets, is a timber tree of wide distribution throughout Europe. A number of its varieties have been cultivated and used in landscaping for centuries. Notable among these are forms with dwarflike or weeping habits, variegated foliage, warty…

ash: Major species: …of the Midwest, and the Oregon ash (F. latifolia) of the Pacific Northwest furnish wood of comparable quality that is used for furniture, interior paneling, and barrels, among other purposes. The Mexican ash (F. uhdei), a broad-crowned tree that is widely planted along the streets of Mexico City, reaches a…