ash: Major species: The black ash (F. nigra) of eastern North America, the blue ash (F. quadrangulata) of the Midwest, and the Oregon ash (F. latifolia) of the Pacific Northwest furnish wood of comparable quality that is used for furniture, interior paneling, and barrels, among other purposes. The Mexican…

ash: Major species: The flowering ash (F. ornus) of southern Europe produces creamy white fragrant flowers, has leaves with seven leaflets, and reaches 21 metres (69 feet). The Chinese ash (F. chinensis) yields Chinese white wax.

ash: Major species: …ash (Fraxinus americana) and the green ash (F. pennsylvanica), which grow throughout the eastern and much of the central United States and northward into parts of Canada. These two species furnish wood that is stiff, strong, resilient, and yet lightweight. This “white ash” is used for baseball bats, hockey sticks,…

ash: Major species: …of eastern North America, the blue ash (F. quadrangulata) of the Midwest, and the Oregon ash (F. latifolia) of the Pacific Northwest furnish wood of comparable quality that is used for furniture, interior paneling, and barrels, among other purposes. The Mexican ash (F. uhdei), a broad-crowned tree that is widely…

ash: Major species: The Mexican ash (F. uhdei), a broad-crowned tree that is widely planted along the streets of Mexico City, reaches a height of 18 metres (59 feet), and has leaves with five to nine leaflets.

Fray Bentos, city, western Uruguay. Founded in 1859, Fray Bentos became important when the first large-scale meat-packing plant in Uruguay was established there in 1861. The industry grew rapidly and, with the expansion of refrigeration and cold-storage facilities, Fray Bentos developed a

El Greco: Later life and works of El Greco: …works are the portraits of Fray Felix Hortensio Paravicino (1609) and Cardinal Don Fernando Niño de Guevara (c. 1600). Both are seated, as was customary after the time of Raphael in portraits presenting important ecclesiastics. Paravicino, a Trinitarian monk and a famous orator and poet, is depicted as a sensitive,

Fray Jorge National Park, national park in the Coquimbo región, north-central Chile. It lies about 60 miles (100 km) directly south of La Serena on the Pacific coast. Established in 1941 and covering 38 square miles (100 square km), it preserves a pocket of subtropical forest in a semiarid region.

Michael Frayn is a British playwright, novelist, and translator whose work is often compared to that of Anton Chekhov for its focus on humorous family situations and its insights into society. Frayn is perhaps best known for his long-running, internationally successful stage farce Noises Off (1982;

Ian Frazer is a Scottish-born Australian immunologist, whose research led to the development of a vaccine against the strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause most cervical cancers. In 1977 Frazer obtained a medical degree from the University of Edinburgh, where he received training as a

Sir James George Frazer was a British anthropologist, folklorist, and classical scholar, best remembered as the author of The Golden Bough. From an academy in Helensburgh, Dumbarton, Frazer went to Glasgow University (1869), entered Trinity College, Cambridge (1874), and became a fellow (1879). In

Frank Frazetta was an American artist regarded as one of the most gifted in the fantasy and science-fiction genres. His distinct style, epitomized by muscular men and voluptuous women commonly rendered with a dark palette, was an obvious influence on many of his contemporaries. Born Frank Frazzetta

Carlsbad, city, San Diego county, southern California, U.S. Located 35 miles (55 km) north of San Diego, Carlsbad lies along a lagoon on the Pacific Ocean just south of Oceanside, in a winter vegetable- and flower-growing district. Luiseño Indians long inhabited the location before Spanish

Walt Frazier is a former basketball player who was one of the finest professional guards in the late 1960s and early ’70s. He helped the New York Knicks win two National Basketball Association (NBA) titles (1970, 1973). Frazier was named All-America three times at Southern Illinois University,

Combahee River Collective: Founding: …organizing experience, such as cofounder Demita Frazier, who was an active member of the Chicago Black Panther Party. Though criticized as separatist or divisive for the specificity of their identification as Black lesbian socialists, the Combahee River Collective leaders reported that they believed this articulation of their identity served a…

E. Franklin Frazier was an American sociologist whose work on African American social structure provided insights into many of the problems affecting the black community. Frazier received his A.B. from Howard University (1916) and his A.M. in sociology from Clark University (1920). After being

E. Franklin Frazier was an American sociologist whose work on African American social structure provided insights into many of the problems affecting the black community. Frazier received his A.B. from Howard University (1916) and his A.M. in sociology from Clark University (1920). After being

Joe Frazier was an American world heavyweight boxing champion from February 16, 1970, when he knocked out Jimmy Ellis in five rounds in New York City, until January 22, 1973, when he was beaten by George Foreman at Kingston, Jamaica. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) During

Joe Frazier was an American world heavyweight boxing champion from February 16, 1970, when he knocked out Jimmy Ellis in five rounds in New York City, until January 22, 1973, when he was beaten by George Foreman at Kingston, Jamaica. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) During

Walt Frazier is a former basketball player who was one of the finest professional guards in the late 1960s and early ’70s. He helped the New York Knicks win two National Basketball Association (NBA) titles (1970, 1973). Frazier was named All-America three times at Southern Illinois University,

Walt Frazier is a former basketball player who was one of the finest professional guards in the late 1960s and early ’70s. He helped the New York Knicks win two National Basketball Association (NBA) titles (1970, 1973). Frazier was named All-America three times at Southern Illinois University,

ice in lakes and rivers: Ice particles: …in the flow are termed frazil ice. Frazil is almost always the first ice formation in rivers. The particles are typically about 1 millimetre (0.04 inch) or smaller in size and usually in the shape of thin disks. Frazil appears in several types of initial ice formation: thin, sheetlike formations…

Frank Frazetta was an American artist regarded as one of the most gifted in the fantasy and science-fiction genres. His distinct style, epitomized by muscular men and voluptuous women commonly rendered with a dark palette, was an obvious influence on many of his contemporaries. Born Frank Frazzetta

Communications Act of 1934: Radio Act of 1927: …1927 act created a five-member Federal Radio Commission (FRC) with discretionary authority, which the secretary of commerce had lacked under the 1912 act. Commissioners were nominated by the president of the United States and were confirmed by Congress; they served overlapping terms to maintain operational continuity. No more than three…

Côte d’Ivoire: Fall of Gbagbo: …the rebels—now calling themselves the Republican Forces of Ivory Coast (Forces Républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire; FRCI)—controlled more than two-thirds of the country, including the designated capital of Yamoussoukro. Battle for the de facto capital of Abidjan, where Gbagbo was ensconced, took place over the course of the next couple of…

Frigg, in Norse mythology, the wife of Odin and mother of Balder. She was a promoter of marriage and of fertility. In Icelandic stories, she tried to save her son’s life but failed. Some myths depict her as the weeping and loving mother, while others stress her loose morals. Frigg was known to

Devendra Banhart: …was variously branded neofolk, psych-folk, freak folk, and New Weird America. (The latter term was a takeoff on “Old, Weird America,” a phrase used by rock critic Greil Marcus to refer to the landscape of early 20th-century regional American folk music.) While the artists primarily associated with the sound—including Banhart,…

art rock: Development and instrumentation: The debut album by American experimental rock composer Frank Zappa’s Mothers of Invention followed in 1966, and in the next two years Caravan, Jethro Tull, the Moody Blues, the Nice, Pink Floyd, the Pretty Things, Procol Harum, and Soft Machine released art-rock-type albums. Much of this…

freak show, term used to describe the exhibition of exotic or deformed animals as well as humans considered to be in some way abnormal or outside broadly accepted norms. Although the collection and display of such so-called freaks have a long history—the exploitation of African slave Sarah Baartman

rogue wave, a relatively unpredictable and unexpectedly high water wave arising at the water’s surface and formed from the coincidental stacking of multiple wind-driven wave crests passing through a single point or arising from a combination of waves and currents that may shorten the waves’

Lindsay Lohan: Netflix movies, marriage, and baby: …Lee Curtis on the sequel Freakier Friday.

Freaknik, annual street party in Atlanta throughout the 1980s and ’90s that attracted tens of thousands of students from historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and beyond. Freaknik began as a picnic in Atlanta’s Piedmont Park that was organized in the 1980s by students attending the

Freaknik, annual street party in Atlanta throughout the 1980s and ’90s that attracted tens of thousands of students from historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and beyond. Freaknik began as a picnic in Atlanta’s Piedmont Park that was organized in the 1980s by students attending the

Freaks, American horror film, released in 1932, a grotesque revenge melodrama in which director Tod Browning explored the world of carnival sideshows and the “freaks” that starred in them. The story centres on the machinations of a femme fatale, the “normal” trapeze artist Cleopatra (played by Olga

Freaks and Geeks, cult-classic teen coming-of-age television series focusing on two groups of high-school students in suburban Michigan in 1980. Freaks and Geeks aired on the NBC network for one season from 1999 to 2000 before its cancellation. Created by Paul Feig with Judd Apatow serving as its

Elmore Leonard: Novels and film adaptations: …television movie 1988), Bandits (1987), Freaky Deaky (1988; film 2012), Rum Punch (1992; adapted as the film Jackie Brown [1997]), and Road Dogs (2009).

In March 2017 a team of Argentine and Brazilian scientists announced that they had found a tree frog that naturally fluoresces, the first known amphibian to do so. The polka-dot tree frog (Hypsiboas punctatus) is a small frog about 3 cm (1.2 inches) in length that lives in the Amazon basin. Its

Jamie Lee Curtis: Later Halloween movies and Knives Out: She returned to comedy with Freaky Friday (2003), a remake, costarring Lindsay Lohan, of the 1976 film in which a mother and daughter switch bodies. Curtis then appeared in a series of largely forgettable films while making occasional appearances on television.

Stephen Frears is an English film and television director known for movies that explore social class through sharply drawn characters. Frears worked as an assistant director in theatre and film while directing numerous television plays. In 1971 he directed his first feature film, Gumshoe. After

novelty song: Comedians such as Stan Freberg and Peter Sellers were specializing in musical satire and directing their wit at the new music at the time when rock and roll records were first heard.

novelty song: Comedians such as Stan Freberg and Peter Sellers were specializing in musical satire and directing their wit at the new music at the time when rock and roll records were first heard.

Vesta Tilley was an English singing comedienne who was the outstanding male impersonator in music-hall history. The daughter of a music-hall performer, she appeared on the stage at three and first played in male attire two years later. Before she was 14, she was playing in two different London

Vesta Tilley: In 1890 she married Walter de Frece (later Sir Walter), the composer of many of her songs and a music hall impresario who in 1920 became a member of Parliament. Two songs for which she was famous are “The Piccadilly Johnny with the Little Glass Eye” and “Following in…

2024 Paris Paralympics: Athletes to Watch: Ezra Frech: Nineteen-year-old Los Angeles native Ezra Frech is seeking to add his first Paralympic medals to his already padded résumé, which includes a world record in the high jump and world championship medals in the high jump, long jump, and 100-meter dash. Frech typically…

Maurice Fréchet was a French mathematician known chiefly for his contributions to real analysis. He is credited with being the founder of the theory of abstract spaces. Fréchet was professor of mechanics at the University of Poitiers (1910–19) before moving to the University of Strasbourg, where he

Maurice Fréchet was a French mathematician known chiefly for his contributions to real analysis. He is credited with being the founder of the theory of abstract spaces. Fréchet was professor of mechanics at the University of Poitiers (1910–19) before moving to the University of Strasbourg, where he

Louis-Honoré Fréchette was the preeminent French Canadian poet of the 19th century, noted for his patriotic poems. Fréchette studied law at Laval University, Quebec, and was admitted to the bar in 1864. Discharged as a journalist for liberal views, he went to Chicago (1866–71). There, he wrote La

freckle, a small, brownish, well-circumscribed, stainlike spot on the skin occurring most frequently in red- or sandy-haired individuals. In genetically predisposed individuals who have been exposed to the ultraviolet radiation of sunlight, production of the pigment melanin increases in the pigment

freckled duck, (Stictonetta naevosa), rare Australian waterfowl, characterized by dark dots scattered over its metallic-gray plumage; in breeding season the drake’s bill turns red. The freckled duck is a surface feeder. It lacks alarm calls, courtship display, and demonstrative pair bonds. It may

Julianne Moore: Books: Moore wrote the children’s book Freckleface Strawberry (2007), about her experiences with childhood bullying because of her red hair and freckles. She penned several sequels, and in 2010 the first volume was adapted as a stage musical. Her other children’s books included My Mom Is a Foreigner, but Not to…

Gene Stratton Porter: Freckles (1904), a sentimental tale of a poor and apparently orphaned boy who is the self-appointed guardian of the Limberlost Swamp, eventually sold nearly two million copies. Porter’s next three books, What I Have Done with Birds (1907), At the Foot of the Rainbow (1907),…

Fred Allen: …Hall Tonight” (1934–39), which became “The Fred Allen Show” in 1939 and ran until 1949. Allen and Portland Hoffa took the principal roles, along with the residents of “Allen’s Alley,” a cast of characters including Falstaff Openshaw, Titus Moody, Mrs. Nussbaum, and Senator Claghorn. Allen wrote nearly all of each…

Basset Hound: Care and upkeep: The Basset drools (mostly in warm weather). Because its ears can be so long that they drag on the ground or across its food, a Basset’s owner may have it wear a “snood”…

Paul Giamatti: …swimming pool; and the comedy Fred Claus (2007).

Charlie Chaplin: Early life and career: While touring America with the Karno company in 1913, Chaplin was signed to appear in Mack Sennett’s Keystone comedy films. Though his first Keystone one-reeler, Making a Living (1914), was not the failure that historians have claimed, Chaplin’s initial screen character, a mercenary dandy, did not show him to best…

British Invasion: Diddy”), Petula Clark (“Downtown”), Freddie and the Dreamers (“I’m Telling You Now”), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders (“Game of Love”), Herman’s Hermits (“Mrs. Brown You’ve Got a Lovely Daughter”), the Rolling Stones (“[I Can’t Get No] Satisfaction” and others), the Troggs (“Wild Thing”), and

Freddie Mac (FHLMC), federally chartered private corporation created by the U.S. Congress in 1970 to provide continuous and affordable home financing. It is one of several government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) established since the early 20th century to help reduce the cost of credit to various

Diane di Prima: …Freddie (1966; later published as Freddie Poems [1974]), Earthsong: Poems 1957–59 (1968), The Book of Hours (1970), Loba, Parts 1–8 (1978), Pieces of a Song (1990), and 22 Death Poems (1996). She also wrote Dinners and Nightmares (1961; rev. ed., 1974), a book of short

The Worst Movies of All Time: The critics: Thumbs down and less-than-zero stars: …Maltin BOMBs of note include Freddy Got Fingered (2001; “the poster child for all that’s wrong with movie comedy”) and the Che Guevara biopic Che! (1969; “you haven’t lived until you see [Jack] Palance play Fidel Castro”).

Alice Cooper: …the title character’s father in Freddy’s Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991). His television credits included guest roles on such programs as That ’70s Show. In 2018 he played King Herod in the TV movie Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert. His syndicated radio show, Nights with Alice Cooper, debuted in…

Fredegarius was the supposed author of a chronicle of Frankish history composed between 658 and 661. All the extant manuscripts of this chronicle are anonymous, and the attribution of it to “Fredegarius” dates from the edition of it by Claude Fauchet in 1579. The author set a fairly detailed

Fredegund was the queen consort of Chilperic I, the Merovingian Frankish king of Soissons. Originally a servant, Fredegund became Chilperic’s mistress; she encouraged him to set aside his first wife, Audovera, and to murder his second wife, Galswintha (c. 568). Galswintha, however, was also the

Népomucène Lemercier: …of his later plays was Frédégonde et Brunehaut (1821), a “regular” tragedy in which he claimed to portray, from early French history, a modern equivalent of the classic house-of-Atreus theme. Most of his plays were helped by the acting of the great tragedian François-Joseph Talma. Lemercier also wrote a number…

Fredegund was the queen consort of Chilperic I, the Merovingian Frankish king of Soissons. Originally a servant, Fredegund became Chilperic’s mistress; she encouraged him to set aside his first wife, Audovera, and to murder his second wife, Galswintha (c. 568). Galswintha, however, was also the

Toulouse: …dates from 849, when Count Fredelon, a vassal of King Pippin II of Aquitaine, delivered Toulouse to Charles II the Bald of France, who thereupon confirmed him as count. Dying in 852, Fredelon left a heritage including Rouergue (around Rodez) and the Pyrenean countships of Pallars and Ribagorza as well…

Stephen IX (or X) was the pope from August 1057 to March 1058, one of the key pontiffs to begin the Gregorian Reform. The brother of Duke Godfrey of Lorraine, he studied at Liège, where he became archdeacon. Under his cousin Pope Leo IX he became a prime papal adviser and a member of the inner

Harold Frederic was an American journalist, foreign correspondent, and author of several historical novels. Interested at an early age in photography and journalism, Frederic became a reporter and by 1882 was editor of the Albany Evening Journal. In 1884 he went to London as the correspondent for

Frederica was the queen of Greece (1947–64) who married Crown Prince Paul of Greece in 1938 and became queen on his accession to the throne in 1947. She lived in exile following the seizure of power by a military junta in 1967. A direct descendant of both Queen Victoria and Kaiser Wilhelm II, she

Frederica was the queen of Greece (1947–64) who married Crown Prince Paul of Greece in 1938 and became queen on his accession to the throne in 1947. She lived in exile following the seizure of power by a military junta in 1967. A direct descendant of both Queen Victoria and Kaiser Wilhelm II, she

Fredericia, city and port, eastern Jutland, Denmark, on the Little Belt, there bridged to Fyn (Funen) island. Founded and chartered in 1650 by Frederick III as a fortress to defend Jutland, it enjoyed special privileges, including freedom of worship and exemption from taxes. After a destructive

Frederick, county, northern Maryland, U.S., bounded by Pennsylvania to the north, the Monocacy River to the northeast, Virginia to the southwest (the Potomac River constituting the border), and the Blue Ridge Mountains to the west. It consists of a piedmont region bisected north-south by the valley

Frederick, city, seat (1748) of Frederick county, north-central Maryland, U.S., situated on a tributary of the Monocacy River 47 miles (76 km) west of Baltimore. Laid out in 1745 as Frederick Town, it was presumably named for Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore, although it may have been for

Frederick (I) was the first Swedish king to reign (1720–51) during the 18th-century Age of Freedom, a period of parliamentary government. Frederick was the eldest surviving son of the landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. He fought bravely for England during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). His

Frederick (III) was a German king from 1314 to 1326, also duke of Austria (as Frederick III) from 1308, the second son of the German king Albert I. After his father’s murder (1308) Frederick became the head of the House of Habsburg and duke of Austria but did not succeed him as king, the count of

Frederick, city, seat (1907) of Tillman county, southwestern Oklahoma, U.S. With the opening of the Kiowa-Apache-Comanche reservation to settlement in 1901, the community grew up around a stop on the Blackwell, Enid, and Southwestern Railway. Initially known as Gosnell and renamed in 1902 for the

Württemberg: Duke Frederick (1593–1608) secured the duchy’s release from Habsburg overlordship and was a pillar of the Evangelical Union of Lutheran and Calvinist Princes (1608). Württemberg was devastated in the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) and fell prey to French invasions from 1688 until 1693 during the War…

Frederick Augustus I was the first king of Saxony and duke of Warsaw, who became one of Napoleon’s most loyal allies and lost much of his kingdom to Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. Succeeding his father in 1763 as the elector Frederick Augustus III, he brought order and efficiency to his

Augustus II was the king of Poland and elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus I). Though he regained Poland’s former provinces of Podolia and Ukraine, his reign marked the beginning of Poland’s decline as a European power. The second son of Elector John George III of Saxony, Augustus succeeded

Augustus III was the king of Poland and elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus II), whose reign witnessed one of the greatest periods of disorder within Poland. More interested in ease and pleasure than in affairs of state, this notable patron of the arts left the administration of Saxony and

Frederick Augustus II was a reform-minded king of Saxony and nephew of Frederick Augustus I, who favoured German unification but was frightened into a reactionary policy by the revolutions of 1848–49. Frederick Augustus shared the regency with his uncle, King Anton, from 1830 to 1836, when he

Gemini Observatory: 1-metre (27-foot) telescopes: the Frederick C. Gillett Gemini Telescope (also called Gemini North), located on the dormant volcano Mauna Kea (4,213 metres [13,822 feet]) on the island of Hawaii in the Northern Hemisphere, and Gemini South, located at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory on Cerro Pachon (2,725 metres [8,940…

Robie House, residence designed for Frederick C. Robie by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in Hyde Park, a neighbourhood on the South Side of Chicago. Completed in 1910, the structure is the culmination of Wright’s modern design innovations that came to be called the Prairie style. With its restless,

Finland: Political change: …in October the German prince Frederick Charles of Hessen was chosen as king. With Germany’s defeat in the war, however, General Mannerheim was designated regent, with the task of submitting a proposal for a new constitution. As it was obvious that Finland was to be a republic, the struggle now…

Frederick Charles, prince of Prussia was a prince of Prussia and a Prussian field marshal, victor in the Battle of Königgrätz (Sadowa) on July 3, 1866. The eldest son of Prince Charles of Prussia and nephew of the future German emperor William I, Frederick Charles was educated from childhood for a

Sweden: Royalist reaction: …the deceased, the Danish prince Frederick Christian of Augustenborg. However, the younger officers and civil servants, who were great admirers of Napoleon and wanted Sweden to join France, worked for another solution. A Swedish lieutenant, Baron Carl Otto Mörner, was sent to Paris as their envoy to offer one of…

The North Star, antislavery newspaper published by African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass. First published on December 3, 1847, using funds Douglass earned during a speaking tour in Great Britain and Ireland, The North Star soon developed into one of the most influential African American

Frederick Henry, prince of Orange, count of Nassau was the third hereditary stadtholder (1625–47) of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, or Dutch Republic, the youngest son of William I the Silent and successor to his half-brother Maurice, prince of Orange. Continuing the war against Spain,

Frederick Henry, prince of Orange, count of Nassau was the third hereditary stadtholder (1625–47) of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, or Dutch Republic, the youngest son of William I the Silent and successor to his half-brother Maurice, prince of Orange. Continuing the war against Spain,

Frederick I was the duke of Swabia (as Frederick III, 1147–90) and German king and Holy Roman emperor (1152–90), who challenged papal authority and sought to establish German predominance in western Europe. He engaged in a long struggle with the cities of northern Italy (1154–83), sending six major

Frederick V was the elector Palatine of the Rhine, king of Bohemia (as Frederick I, 1619–20), and director of the Protestant Union. Brought up a Calvinist, partly in France, Frederick succeeded his father, Frederick IV, both as elector and as director of the Protestant Union in 1610, with Christian

Frederick I was the elector of Saxony who secured the electorship for the House of Wettin, thus ensuring that dynasty’s future importance in German politics. An implacable enemy of the Bohemian followers of Jan Hus, church reformer and accused heretic, Frederick aided the Holy Roman emperor

Frederick I was the elector of Brandenburg (as Frederick III), who became the first king in Prussia (1701–13), freed his domains from imperial suzerainty, and continued the policy of territorial aggrandizement begun by his father, Frederick William, the Great Elector. In 1688 Frederick succeeded to

Italy: Spanish acquisition of Naples: …already tenuous rule of King Frederick (1496–1501) to the point that both the French and Spanish saw an opportunity to satisfy their ambitions. In the Treaty of Granada (1500) they agreed to invade and partition the kingdom between them into a northern French sphere of the Abruzzi and Campania (including…

Baden: Frederick I, grand duke from 1852 to 1907, was an ally of Prussia (except in the Seven Weeks’ War in 1866) and helped to found the German Empire. The last grand duke of Baden, Frederick II, abdicated in 1918 at the close of World War…

Frederick I was the elector of Brandenburg from 1417 and the founder of the Brandenburg line of Hohenzollern. He was the second son of Frederick V, burgrave of Nürnberg. After his father’s death, in 1398, he obtained Ansbach and, in 1420, on the death of his elder brother John, the principality of

Hohenzollern dynasty: Frederick III of Zollern (d. c. 1200), husband of the heiress of the former burgraves of Nürnberg, himself became burgrave in 1192 as Frederick I. Between his two sons, Conrad and Frederick, the first dynastic division of lasting consequence took place: that between the line…

Frederick I was the king of Denmark (1523–33) and Norway (1524–33) who encouraged Lutheranism in Denmark but maintained a balance between opposing Lutheran and Roman Catholic factions. This equilibrium crumbled after his death. The younger son of Christian I, king of Denmark and Norway, Frederick

Frederick I was the duke of Swabia (as Frederick III, 1147–90) and German king and Holy Roman emperor (1152–90), who challenged papal authority and sought to establish German predominance in western Europe. He engaged in a long struggle with the cities of northern Italy (1154–83), sending six major

Frederick II was the king of Prussia (1740–86), a brilliant military campaigner who, in a series of diplomatic stratagems and wars against Austria and other powers, greatly enlarged Prussia’s territories and made Prussia the foremost military power in Europe. An enlightened absolute monarch, he

Frederick II was the king of Denmark and Norway (1559–88) who failed in his attempt to establish complete Danish hegemony in the Baltic Sea area in the Seven Years’ War of the North (1563–70) but maintained enough control over the Baltic trade to guide Denmark to a period of prosperity in the later