Mo Yan: The novel Fengru feitun (1995; Big Breasts and Wide Hips) caused some controversy, both for its sexual content and for its failure to depict class struggle according to the Chinese Communist Party line. Mo was forced by the PLA to write a self-criticism of the book and to withdraw it…

Feng-shan, former municipality (shih, or shi), southwestern Taiwan. Feng-shan served as the seat of Kao-hsiung (Gaoxiun) county until 2010, at which time the county was administratively reorganized, and Feng-shan became a city district of Kao-hsiung special municipality. Feng-shan is situated about

Caishen: The Ming-dynasty novel Fengshen Yanyi relates that when a hermit, Zhao Gongming, employed magic to support the collapsing Shang dynasty (12th century bce), Jiang Ziya, a supporter of the subsequent Zhou-dynasty clan, made a straw effigy of Zhao and, after 20 days of incantations, shot an arrow made…

feng shui, an ancient Chinese practice of orienting significant sites, buildings, and the spaces and objects within them in harmony with the flow of qi (also spelled ch’i). Qi (“breath” or “dragon’s breath”) is the vital life force, comparable to prana in Indian culture. Feng shui is rooted in the

Shenyang, capital of Liaoning sheng (province), China, and the largest city in the Northeast (formerly Manchuria). It is one of China’s greatest industrial centres. Shenyang is situated in the southern portion of the vast Northeast (Manchurian) Plain just north of the Hun River, a major tributary

China: Expulsion of communists from the KMT: …which Zhang Zuolin and the Fengtian army withdrew for Manchuria. As his train neared Mukden (present-day Shenyang), Zhang died in an explosion arranged by a few Japanese officers without the knowledge of the Japanese government. Japan did not permit the Nationalist armies to pursue the Fengtian army into Manchuria, hoping…

Liaoning, sheng (province) in the Northeast region of China (formerly called Manchuria). It is bounded to the northeast by the province of Jilin, to the east by North Korea, to the south by the Yellow Sea, to the southwest by the province of Hebei, and to the northwest by the Inner Mongolia

Longmen caves: …a cave shrine, known as Fengxian Si. This truly monumental temple was carved out over the three-year period between 672 and 675. The square plan measures about 100 feet (30 meters) on each side, and a colossal seated Buddha figure upon the back wall, flanked by attendant figures, is more…

Longmen caves: …a cave shrine, known as Fengxian Si. This truly monumental temple was carved out over the three-year period between 672 and 675. The square plan measures about 100 feet (30 meters) on each side, and a colossal seated Buddha figure upon the back wall, flanked by attendant figures, is more…

Feng-yüan, former municipality (shih, or shi), T’ai-chung (Taijong) special municipality, west-central Taiwan. Until 2010 it was the seat of T’ai-chung county, but, when the county was amalgamated administratively with T’ai-chung municipality to form the special municipality, Feng-yüan became a

Chen Kaige: …directed the romance Fengyue (1996; Temptress Moon) and the historical drama Jing Ke ci Qinwang (1998; The Emperor and the Assassin) before venturing into English-language cinema with the poorly received thriller Killing Me Softly (2002). He returned to a focus on Chinese subjects with the sentimental He ni zai yiqi…

space debris: …the Chinese military destroyed the Fengyun-1C weather satellite in a test of an anti-satellite system, creating more than 3,000 fragments, or more than 20 percent of all space debris. Within two years those fragments had spread out from Fengyun-1C’s original orbit to form a cloud of debris that completely encircled…

qin: …called the “phoenix pool” (fengzhao). The qin’s high bridge near the wide end of the soundboard is called the “great mountain” (yueshan), the low bridge at the narrow end is called the “dragon’s gums” (longyin), and the two pegs for fastening the strings are called the “goose feet” (yanzhu).…

Fenian, member of an Irish nationalist secret society active chiefly in Ireland, the United States, and Britain, especially during the 1860s. The name derives from the Fianna Eireann, the legendary band of Irish warriors led by the fictional Finn MacCumhaill (MacCool). The society was founded in

Fenian cycle, in Irish literature, tales and ballads centring on the deeds of the legendary Finn MacCumhaill (MacCool) and his war band, the Fianna Éireann. An elite volunteer corps of warriors and huntsmen, skilled in poetry, the Fianna flourished under the reign of Cormac mac Airt in the 3rd

Fenian, member of an Irish nationalist secret society active chiefly in Ireland, the United States, and Britain, especially during the 1860s. The name derives from the Fianna Eireann, the legendary band of Irish warriors led by the fictional Finn MacCumhaill (MacCool). The society was founded in

Fenian raids, series of abortive armed incursions conducted by the Fenians, an Irish-nationalist secret society, from the United States into British Canada in the late 19th century. The unrealized aim of the quixotic raids was to conquer Canada and exchange it with Great Britain for Irish

Fenian, member of an Irish nationalist secret society active chiefly in Ireland, the United States, and Britain, especially during the 1860s. The name derives from the Fianna Eireann, the legendary band of Irish warriors led by the fictional Finn MacCumhaill (MacCool). The society was founded in

Venice: Music: Venice’s opera house, La Fenice Theatre, built in 1792, became a major Italian music centre. The structure was severely damaged by fire in 1996. The premieres of Gioachino Rossini’s Tancredi (1813) and Guiseppe Verdi’s Rigoletto (1851) and La Traviata (1853) at La Fenice were witnessed by their composers.…

harvester: The squat, hairy larvae of Feniseca tarquinius, known in some areas as wanderers, attack aphids and are generally found on hawthorn and alder trees. It is the only species of harvester found in the United States.

Lope de Vega was an outstanding dramatist of the Spanish Golden Age, author of as many as 1,800 plays and several hundred shorter dramatic pieces, of which 431 plays and 50 shorter pieces are extant. Lope de Vega was the second son and third child of Francisca Fernandez Flores and Félix de Vega, an

Portuguese literature: The 17th century and the Baroque: …in the five volumes of Fénix renascida (1716–28; “Phoenix Reborn”), which anthologizes the poetry of the preceding century and shows the pervasiveness of Gongorism (gongorismo; see also culteranismo) in Portuguese poetry. This taste for the construction of literary enigmas, puzzles, labyrinths, and visual designs, all presented in an esoteric, Latinate…

Fens, natural region of about 15,500 square miles (40,100 square km) of reclaimed marshland in eastern England, extending north to south between Lincoln and Cambridge. Across its surface the Rivers Witham, Welland, Nen, and Ouse flow into the North Sea indentation between Lincolnshire and Norfolk

Fenland, district, administrative and historic county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in northern Cambridgeshire. The district covers only a part of the drained area of the Fens, from which it takes its name. In addition to Wisbech, the administrative centre, it includes the small towns of

John B. Fenn was an American scientist who, with Tanaka Koichi and Kurt Wüthrich, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2002 for developing techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large biological molecules. Fenn received a Ph.D. in chemistry from Yale University in 1940. He then spent

fennec, (Fennecus zerda), desert-dwelling fox, family Canidae, found in north Africa and the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas. The fennec is characterized by its small size (head and body length 36–41 cm [14–16 inches], weight about 1.5 kg [3.3 pounds]) and large ears (15 cm or more in length). It has

fennec, (Fennecus zerda), desert-dwelling fox, family Canidae, found in north Africa and the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas. The fennec is characterized by its small size (head and body length 36–41 cm [14–16 inches], weight about 1.5 kg [3.3 pounds]) and large ears (15 cm or more in length). It has

fennel, (Foeniculum vulgare), perennial herb of the carrot family (Apiaceae) grown for its edible shoots, leaves, and seeds. Native to southern Europe and Anatolia, fennel is cultivated in temperate regions worldwide and is considered an invasive species in Australia and parts of the United States.

black cumin, (Nigella sativa), annual plant of the ranunculus family (Ranunculaceae) grown for its pungent seeds, which are used as a spice and in herbal medicine. The black cumin plant is found in southwestern Asia and parts of the Mediterranean region and Africa, where it has a long history of

Emerald Fennell is an English actress, director, and writer known for her versatile talents and her provocative works exploring horror, revenge, gender, and social class. She directed and wrote the films Promising Young Woman (2020), which won her an Academy Award for best original screenplay, and

Emerald Fennell is an English actress, director, and writer known for her versatile talents and her provocative works exploring horror, revenge, gender, and social class. She directed and wrote the films Promising Young Woman (2020), which won her an Academy Award for best original screenplay, and

John Fenno was a publisher and editor, founder in 1789 of the Gazette of the United States, a major political organ of the Federalist Party. As a youth Fenno was an usher in the writing (i.e., penmanship) school of Samuel Holbrook. That he learned something of penmanship there is indicated by the

Fennoman movement, in 19th-century Finnish history, nationalist movement that contributed to the development of the Finnish language and literature and achieved for Finnish a position of official equality with Swedish—the language of the dominant minority. Early Fennomen activities included the

Arctic: Geology: The Baltic (or Scandinavian) Shield, centred on Finland, includes all of northern Scandinavia (except the Norwegian coast) and the northwestern corner of Russia. The two other blocks are smaller. The Angaran Shield is exposed between the Khatanga and Lena rivers in north-central Siberia and the Aldan…

Beppe Fenoglio was an Italian novelist who wrote of the struggle against fascism and Nazism during World War II. Much of his best work was not published until after his death. Fenoglio spent most of his life in Alba. His studies at the University of Turin were cut short by service in the army, and

Ernest F. Fenollosa was an American Orientalist and educator who made a significant contribution to the preservation of traditional art in Japan. Fenollosa studied philosophy and sociology at Harvard, graduating in 1874. During his student years he had taken up painting. At the invitation of Edward

Ernest F. Fenollosa was an American Orientalist and educator who made a significant contribution to the preservation of traditional art in Japan. Fenollosa studied philosophy and sociology at Harvard, graduating in 1874. During his student years he had taken up painting. At the invitation of Edward

Ronaldo is a retired football (soccer) player who led Brazil to a World Cup title in 2002 and who won three Player of the Year awards (1996, 1997, and 2002) from the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). According to a FIFA tribute published in 2024: The discrepancy between the

Fenrir, monstrous wolf of Norse mythology. He was the son of the demoniac god Loki and a giantess, Angerboda. Fearing Fenrir’s strength and knowing that only evil could be expected of him, the gods bound him with a magical chain made of the sound of a cat’s footsteps, the beard of a woman, the

Fenrir, monstrous wolf of Norse mythology. He was the son of the demoniac god Loki and a giantess, Angerboda. Fearing Fenrir’s strength and knowing that only evil could be expected of him, the gods bound him with a magical chain made of the sound of a cat’s footsteps, the beard of a woman, the

Fens, natural region of about 15,500 square miles (40,100 square km) of reclaimed marshland in eastern England, extending north to south between Lincoln and Cambridge. Across its surface the Rivers Witham, Welland, Nen, and Ouse flow into the North Sea indentation between Lincolnshire and Norfolk

nappe: …this patch is called a fenster, or window. Fensters generally occur in topographic basins or deep, V-shaped valleys. Elsewhere, an eroded, isolated remnant of the older rock or nappe may be completely surrounded by the younger, underlying rock; this is known as a klippe, or thrust outlier. Mythen Peak in…

fentanyl, synthetic narcotic analgesic (pain-relieving) drug, one of the most potent narcotics in clinical use and 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. The citrate salt, fentanyl citrate, is administered by injection, either intramuscularly or intravenously, sometimes in combination with a

inheritance: Modern tendencies: …the related ideas of the fente and the droit de retour. Under the former, the estate is divided equally between the paternal and the maternal lines (and under the refente between the various lines of grandparents). Under the droit de retour, assets that were received as a gift by an…

The Merry Wives of Windsor: …the suitor of her choice, Fenton. All identities are revealed at the end, and, in an atmosphere of good humour, Fenton is welcomed into the Page family and Falstaff is forgiven.

Elijah Fenton was an English poet perhaps best known for his collaboration in a translation of the Greek epic poem Odyssey with Alexander Pope and William Broome. After graduating from Cambridge, Fenton became a teacher. He was promised the patronage of Henry St. John (later 1st Viscount

James Fenton is an English poet and journalist who was remarked upon for his facility with a wide variety of verse styles and for the liberal political views threading his oeuvre. Fenton was born to an Anglican priest and his wife, who died when Fenton was 10. After studying at the Chorister School

James Fenton is an English poet and journalist who was remarked upon for his facility with a wide variety of verse styles and for the liberal political views threading his oeuvre. Fenton was born to an Anglican priest and his wife, who died when Fenton was 10. After studying at the Chorister School

Lavinia Fenton was an English actress and colourful social figure who created the role of Polly Peachum in John Gay’s masterwork, The Beggar’s Opera. Fenton was probably the daughter of a naval lieutenant named Beswick, but she bore the name of her mother’s husband. She began as a street singer

Roger Fenton was an English photographer best known for his pictures of the Crimean War, which were the first extensive photographic documents of a war. Fenton studied painting and then law. Following a trip in 1851 to Paris, where he probably visited with the photographer Gustave Le Gray, he

Japanese music: Religious and military music: A British bandmaster, William Fenton, teaching the Japanese navy band, worked together with gagaku musicians through several unsuccessful versions; and the search continued through his German successor, Franz Eckert. A court musician, Hayashi Hiromori (1831–96), is credited with the melody, which was given its premiere in 1880 and…

Rihanna: Other activities: acting and Fenty Beauty: …Rihanna launched her own line, Fenty Beauty, in 2017. The brand was enthusiastically embraced by fans and was praised for its inclusivity in offering 40 different shades of foundation. She later launched (2018) Savage X Fenty, a clothing line of lingerie and loungewear. In 2019 it was announced that Rihanna…

Rihanna is a Barbadian pop and rhythm-and-blues (R&B) singer who became a worldwide star in the early 21st century. She is known for her distinctive and versatile voice and for her fashionable appearance. She is also known for her beauty and fashion lines. Fenty grew up in Barbados with a Barbadian

Takutea, raised coral atoll of the southern Cook Islands, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean. Its first sighting by a European (1777) was by the English navigator Capt. James Cook. The island is very low and occupies about 0.5 square mile (about

fenugreek, (Trigonella foenum-graecum), fragrant herb of the pea family (Fabaceae) and its dried flavourful seeds used as a spice. Native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region, fenugreek is cultivated in central and southeastern Europe, western Asia, India, and northern Africa. See also

sawfly: The elm leaf miner (Fenusa ulmi) is sometimes a serious pest of elm trees.

Gardner Museum: …ahead with the construction of Fenway Court, as the museum’s original building was initially called, the following year. She took an active part in its design and construction. Once the building was completed in 1901, Gardner spent a year carefully curating her collection amid the three floors of intimate gallery…

Fenway Park, baseball park in Boston that is home to the Red Sox, the city’s American League (AL) team. Opened in 1912, it is the oldest stadium in Major League Baseball and one of its most famous. In 1911 Red Sox owner John I. Taylor was looking for locations to build a new ballpark, and later

Salem: …was established in 1675 by John Fenwick, an English Quaker. The Friends (Quakers) Burial Ground in Salem has the Salem Oak—a tree 80 feet (25 metres) high that is said to be more than 500 years old—under which Fenwick signed a treaty with the Delaware Indians. The Alexander Grant House…

Shanxi: Resources and power: …in China are located near Fenxi. Other mined minerals include aluminium, cobalt, copper, and edible salt. There has been some development of hydroelectric power.

feudalism, historiographic construct designating the social, economic, and political conditions in western Europe during the early Middle Ages, the long stretch of time between the 5th and 12th centuries. Feudalism and the related term feudal system are labels invented long after the period to

Feodosiya, city, southern Ukraine. It lies on the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula on the western shores of Feodosiya Bay. The city is located on the site of the ancient colony Theodosia, the native name of which was Ardabda. Terra-cottas show it to have been inhabited in the 6th century

Feodosiya, city, southern Ukraine. It lies on the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula on the western shores of Feodosiya Bay. The city is located on the site of the ancient colony Theodosia, the native name of which was Ardabda. Terra-cottas show it to have been inhabited in the 6th century

Yelena Isinbayeva: Isinbayeva defeated Russian rival Svetlana Feofanova, the reigning world champion, for the first time in March 2003. That summer she surpassed American Stacy Dragila’s world record with a 4.82-metre (15-foot 9.75-inch) vault and then triumphed in two more major athletics meets over fields that included Feofanova and Dragila. Isinbayeva…

feoffment, in English law, the granting of a free inheritance of land (fee simple) to a man and his heirs. The delivery of possession (livery of seisin) was done on the site of the land and was made by the feoffor to the feoffee in the presence of witnesses. Written conveyances were often customary

Konstantin Feoktistov was a Russian spacecraft designer and cosmonaut who took part, with Vladimir M. Komarov and Boris B. Yegorov, in the world’s first multiperson spaceflight, Voskhod 1 (1964). When Voronezh was occupied in World War II, Feoktistov, who was then only 16 years old, worked as a

Konstantin Feoktistov was a Russian spacecraft designer and cosmonaut who took part, with Vladimir M. Komarov and Boris B. Yegorov, in the world’s first multiperson spaceflight, Voskhod 1 (1964). When Voronezh was occupied in World War II, Feoktistov, who was then only 16 years old, worked as a

Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), committee established by U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 to help prevent discrimination against African Americans in defense and government jobs. On June 25, 1941, Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, which banned “discrimination in the

fer-de-lance, any of several extremely venomous snakes of the viper family (Viperidae) found in diverse habitats from cultivated lands to forests throughout tropical America and tropical Asia. The fer-de-lance, known in Spanish as barba amarilla (“yellow chin”), is a pit viper (subfamily

Nero Wolfe: Wolfe was introduced in Fer-de-Lance (1934).

fer-de-lance: The common French name fer-de-lance, or “lance head,” originally referred to the Martinique lancehead (Bothrops lanceolatus) found on the island of the same name in the West Indies. Several authoritative sources, however, frequently apply the name to the terciopelo (B. asper) and the common lancehead (B. atrox) of South…

Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Hundred Days: The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) granted funds to state relief agencies, and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed hundreds of thousands of young men in reforestation and flood-control work. The Home Owners’ Refinancing Act provided mortgage relief for millions of unemployed Americans in danger of…

Farāh, town, southwestern Afghanistan, on the Farāh River. Usually identified with the ancient town of Phrada, it was once a centre of agriculture and commerce until destroyed by the Mongols in 1221; it later revived but was sacked in 1837 by the Persians. The building of the Kandahār-Herāt road

Ferahan carpet, handwoven floor covering from the Farāhān district, northeast of Arāk in western Iran, produced in the 19th or early 20th century. Like the rugs of Ser-e Band, Ferahans have been prized for their sturdy construction and their quiet, allover patterning. Most of them have a dark blue

donkey: Feral donkeys, found in various parts of the world, are descendants of escaped or abandoned domestic animals. In the western United States, many authorities consider that the large population of feral burros is driving the desert bighorn sheep to extinction by competing for the limited…

Feral Cats of the Last Frontier: …as many as 50 million feral cats in the United States. A feral cat is an undomesticated outdoor cat or a stray or abandoned cat that has reverted to a wild state. Truly feral cats will never be amenable to living with humans. Feral cats can be born or made.…

An earlier version of this article was published on the Britannica blog Advocacy for Animals. There have been more than 30 reality TV shows set in Alaska. Many of these spotlight—intentionally or accidentally—the wildlife in the state and the way humans interact with it. There are grizzly bears,

feral children, children who, through either accident or deliberate isolation, have grown up with limited human contact. Such children have often been seen as inhabiting a boundary zone between human and animal existence; for this reason the motif of the child reared by animals is a recurring theme

dog: Other wild canids: …made between wild dogs and feral dogs. Feral dogs are domesticated dogs that have escaped to the wild, either through accident or neglect, and have reverted in the natural state to some of the characteristics inherent in all canids. They hunt or scavenge, run in packs, and become difficult to…

donkey: Feral donkeys, found in various parts of the world, are descendants of escaped or abandoned domestic animals. In the western United States, many authorities consider that the large population of feral burros is driving the desert bighorn sheep to extinction by competing for the limited…

columbiform: Importance to humans: …together with escapes, established the feral populations in numerous European towns, in North America (where it is often known simply as the “city pigeon”), and other parts of the world as far away as Australia. Being naturally adapted to rocky ravines, sea cliffs, and barren sites, the bird has readily…

Parentalia: …day a public ceremony, the Feralia, was held, during which offerings and gifts were placed at the graves and the anniversary of the funeral feast was celebrated.

capacitor dielectric and piezoelectric ceramics: Random-access memories: …as ferroelectric random-access memories (FERAMs), where the opposing directions of polarization can represent the two states of binary logic. Unlike conventional semiconductor RAM, the information stored in FERAMs is nonvolatile; i.e., it is retained when the power is turned off.

Mouloud Feraoun was an Algerian novelist and teacher whose works give vivid and warm portraits of Berber life and values. Feraoun, the son of a peasant farmer, passed his youth in the Great Kabylie mountains. His early successes at school led to a teaching degree from the École Normale at

Utpal Dutt: Awards and recognition: …best playwright for the play Ferari Fauj (1961; “The Elusive Rebels”) and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship for lifetime contribution to theater in 1990.

La Ferrassie: region of France where Neanderthal fossils were found in a rock shelter between 1909 and 1921. Though the first report was made in 1934, investigation of the remains was not completed until 1982. The oldest fossils of La Ferrassie are estimated to date from about 50,000 years ago and are…

Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition: …rejected the government’s analogy with Ferber v. New York, in which the court found that even speech that was not obscene could be banned in order to protect children from being sexually exploited in its production. Unlike the real child pornography proscribed in Ferber, the virtual child pornography banned by…

Edna Ferber was an American novelist and short-story writer who wrote with compassion and curiosity about Midwestern American life. Ferber grew up mostly in her native Kalamazoo, Michigan, and in Appleton, Wisconsin (in between her family moved to several Midwestern towns). Her father, born in

ferberite, iron-rich variety of the mineral wolframite

Aasmund Olafson Vinje: His best-known work is Ferdaminni fraa sumaren 1860 (1861; “Travel Memoirs from the Summer of 1860”); this book combines essays and poems in a witty and amusing account of Vinje’s journey on foot from Oslo to Trondheim to report on the coronation of the new Swedish-Norwegian king. His other…

El-Ferdan Bridge, longest rotating metal bridge in the world, spanning the western shipping lane of the Suez Canal in northeastern Egypt, from the lower Nile River valley near Ismailia to the Sinai Peninsula. Opened on November 14, 2001, the bridge has a single railway track running down the middle

El-Ferdan Bridge, longest rotating metal bridge in the world, spanning the western shipping lane of the Suez Canal in northeastern Egypt, from the lower Nile River valley near Ismailia to the Sinai Peninsula. Opened on November 14, 2001, the bridge has a single railway track running down the middle

Celtic literature: The Middle Ages: … (“The Eulogy of Cadwallon”), by Afan Ferddig, the elegy on Cynddylan ap Cyndrwyn of Powys in the first half of the 7th century, and Edmyg Dinbych (“The Eulogy of Tenby”), by an unknown South Wales poet. Poetry claiming to foretell the future is represented by Armes Prydain Fawr (“The Great…

Montana, town, northwestern Bulgaria. It lies along the Ogosta River in a fertile agricultural region noted for its grains, fruits, vines, market-garden produce, and livestock breeding. Relatively new housing estates as well as industry are evident in the town. In the region are forests and game

John Cena: Animated films and TV: …characters in such movies as Ferdinand (2017), Dolittle (2020), and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem (2023). He also starred as the title character in the TV series Peacemaker (2022– ), a spin-off of The Suicide Squad. In 2024 Cena had a cameo in the popular show The Bear.

Love’s Labour’s Lost: The play opens as Ferdinand, the king of Navarre, and three of his noblemen—Berowne (Biron), Longaville, and Dumaine (Dumain)—debate their intellectual intentions. Their plans are thrown into disarray, however, when the Princess of France, attended by three ladies (Rosaline, Maria, and

The Tempest: …Alonso of Naples, his son Ferdinand, his brother Sebastian, and Prospero’s brother, Antonio.

Ferdinand was a prince (1887–1908) and the first king (1908–18) of modern Bulgaria. The youngest son of Prince Augustus (August) I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Ferdinand was elected prince of Bulgaria on July 7, 1887, as successor to the first ruler of that autonomous principality, Alexander I, who was

Battle of Bouvines: …England, and the French vassals Ferdinand (Ferrand) of Portugal, count of Flanders, and Renaud (Raynald) of Dammartin, count of Boulogne. The victory enhanced the power and the prestige of the French monarchy in France and in the rest of Europe.

Ferdinand (I) was the emperor of Austria from 1835 to 1848, when he abdicated his throne. Ferdinand was the eldest son of the Holy Roman emperor Francis II (later Francis I of Austria) and Maria Theresa of Naples-Sicily. Despite Ferdinand’s feeblemindedness and epilepsy, Francis, seeking to protect