chant royal: …of this form, and his Chant royal chrétien, with its refrain “Santé au corps et Paradis à l’âme” (“Health to the body and Paradise to the soul”), was famous. The 17th-century fabulist Jean de La Fontaine was the last exponent of the chant royal before its eclipse. Revived in the…

Chanthaburi, town, eastern Thailand. Chanthaburi is a commercial centre near the mouth of the Chanthaburi River, serving the region’s pepper, rubber, fruit, and coffee plantations. The Chanthaburi Range is to the north, and the Gulf of Thailand is about 15 miles (25 km) to the south. Pop. (2000

St. Jane Frances of Chantal ; canonized 1767; feast day August 12) was a French Roman Catholic nun and the cofounder of the Visitation Order (Vistandines), a religious order of nuns who were dedicated to charity work, visiting and caring for the sick and poor in their homes, and prayer. She is

surf music: instrumental songs, among them the Chantays (“Pipeline”), the Ventures (“Walk—Don’t Run”), and the Surfaris (whose “Wipe Out” featured the most identifiable drum solo in rock history). Surfing culture also flourished on the beaches of Australia, giving rise not only to an Australian version of surf music but also to…

Chanticleer, character in several medieval beast tales in which human society is satirized through the actions of animals endowed with human characteristics. Most famous of these works is a 13th-century collection of related satirical tales called Roman de Renart, whose hero is Reynard the Fox. The

Chanticleer: …as Edmond Rostand’s verse drama Chantecler (1910), which is set in a barnyard and features a boastful rooster.

chantefable, a medieval tale of adventure told in alternating sections of sung verse and recited prose. The word itself was used—and perhaps coined—by the anonymous author of the 13th-century French work Aucassin et Nicolette in its concluding lines: “No cantefable prent fin” (“Our chantefable is

cantor, in Judaism and Christianity, an ecclesiastical official in charge of music or chants. In Judaism the cantor, or ḥazzan, directs liturgical prayer in the synagogue and leads the chanting. He may be engaged by a congregation to serve for an entire year or merely to assist at the ceremonies of

bagpipe: …of the melody pipe, or chanter, while the remaining pipes, or drones, sound single notes tuned against the chanter by means of extendable joints. The sound is continuous; to articulate the melody and to reiterate notes the piper employs gracing—i.e., rapidly interpolated notes outside the melody, giving an effect of…

feudalism: Modern critiques: …time of the French historian Louis Chantereau Le Febvre (1588–1658), questions were raised concerning the extent to which the feudal construct oversimplified and distorted the historical realities it was intended to capture. Chantereau Le Febvre denounced as futile the attempts of his contemporaries to deduce general rules from uncertain principles.…

chanterelle, (Cantharellus cibarius), highly prized, fragrant, edible mushroom. It is bright yellow in color and is found growing on forest floors in summer and autumn. Its similarity to the poisonous jack-o-lantern (Clitocybe illudens, order Agaricales), an orange-yellow fungus that glows in the

shanty, also spelled Chantey, or Chanty (from French chanter, “to sing”), English-language sailors’ work song dating from the days of sailing ships, when manipulating heavy sails, by means of ropes, from positions on the deck constituted a large part of a sailor’s work. The leader, or shantyman,

Chanthaburi, town, eastern Thailand. Chanthaburi is a commercial centre near the mouth of the Chanthaburi River, serving the region’s pepper, rubber, fruit, and coffee plantations. The Chanthaburi Range is to the north, and the Gulf of Thailand is about 15 miles (25 km) to the south. Pop. (2000

Chanthakuman was the ruler of the Lao kingdom of Luang Prabang who was confronted by increasingly serious local, regional, and international threats to his state’s survival. Chanthakuman was the second son of King Mangthaturat, and succeeded his elder brother Suk Soem (Souka-Seum) in 1852 as a

Chanthakuman was the ruler of the Lao kingdom of Luang Prabang who was confronted by increasingly serious local, regional, and international threats to his state’s survival. Chanthakuman was the second son of King Mangthaturat, and succeeded his elder brother Suk Soem (Souka-Seum) in 1852 as a

Chanticleer, character in several medieval beast tales in which human society is satirized through the actions of animals endowed with human characteristics. Most famous of these works is a 13th-century collection of related satirical tales called Roman de Renart, whose hero is Reynard the Fox. The

Chantilly, residential town and tourist center, Oise département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France, 26 miles (42 km) north of Paris by road. Situated near the forest of Chantilly, it is celebrated for its château, park, and racecourse and associated stables. In the 18th century Chantilly

Chantilly lace, bobbin lace made at Chantilly, north of Paris, from the 17th century; the silk laces for which Chantilly is famous date from the 18th century. In the 19th century both black and white laces were made in matte silk. Half-stitch was used for the solid design areas, giving the lace a

Chantilly porcelain, celebrated soft-paste porcelain produced from 1725 to c. 1789 by a factory established in the Prince de Condé’s château at Chantilly, Fr. Two periods can be distinguished, according to the composition of the porcelain; in the first, up to about 1740, a unique, opaque milk-white

goshawk: …wings and short tail; the chanting goshawks of Africa (two species of Melierax), named for their piping calls during breeding season, large, long-winged, strongly patterned birds of open country that forage on the ground, chiefly for lizards; and the closely related Gabar goshawk (Melierax, or Micronisus, gabar), also widespread in…

Boğazköy: Excavations: …travelers, it was another Frenchman, Ernest Chantre, who in 1892–93 made the first soundings and found the first cuneiform tablets there. The language in which those texts were written was not known at the time, but its identity with that of the so-called Arzawa letters found in Tell el-Amarna in…

Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey was a prolific early 19th-century English sculptor whose work is noted for its naturalism and psychological vitality. Though his work was Classical in format, like that of his contemporaries, these unusual qualities inspired the next generation of English sculptors in

education: The English Reformation: …Henry’s son Edward VI, the Chantries Act was passed, confiscating the estates of the church expressly for use in education; but the turmoil of the times, under the boy Edward and then his Roman Catholic sister Mary I, allowed the funds allocated to education to be diverted elsewhere. Many primary…

chantry, chapel, generally within a church, endowed for the singing of masses for the founder after his death. The practice of founding chantries, or chantry chapels, in western Europe began during the 13th century. A chantry was added to the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris in 1258. During the

Joseph Canteloube: …most widely admired are the Chants d’Auvergne (1923–30), scored for voice with orchestra.

Nabile Farès: …“The Song of Akli”) and Chants d’histoire et de vie pour des roses de sable: texte bilingue pour un peuple sahrawi (1978; “Songs of History and Life for the Sand Roses”). The latter, written in Spanish and French, is a celebration of the struggle of the Saharoui people against the…

comte de Lautréamont: …stanza of Lautréamont’s prose poem Les Chants de Maldoror was published anonymously in 1868. A complete edition was printed in 1869, but the Belgian publisher, alarmed by its violence and fearing prosecution, refused to distribute it to booksellers. The Poésies, a shorter work, was printed in June 1870. Lautréamont died…

Victor Hugo: Success (1830–51): …intimate and personal in inspiration; Les Chants du crépuscule (1835; Songs of Twilight), overtly political; Les Voix intérieures (1837; “Inner Voices”), both personal and philosophical; and Les Rayons et les ombres (1840; “Sunlight and Shadows”), in which the poet, renewing these different themes, indulges his gift for color and picturesque…

shanty, also spelled Chantey, or Chanty (from French chanter, “to sing”), English-language sailors’ work song dating from the days of sailing ships, when manipulating heavy sails, by means of ropes, from positions on the deck constituted a large part of a sailor’s work. The leader, or shantyman,

Khanty-Mansiysk, city and administrative centre of Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug (district), Russia, in the West Siberian Plain. Situated on the Irtysh River near its confluence with the Ob River, the city was formed in 1950 from the urban settlement of Khanty-Mansiysk (founded 1931) and the

Hanukkah, Jewish festival that begins at sundown on Kislev 25 (usually in December, according to the Gregorian calendar) and is celebrated for eight days. Hanukkah reaffirms the ideals of Judaism and commemorates in particular the rededication of the Second Temple of Jerusalem by the lighting of

Hanukkah, Jewish festival that begins at sundown on Kislev 25 (usually in December, according to the Gregorian calendar) and is celebrated for eight days. Hanukkah reaffirms the ideals of Judaism and commemorates in particular the rededication of the Second Temple of Jerusalem by the lighting of

Albania: Creating the new state: …given the greater part of Çamëria, a part of the old region of Epirus centred on the Thíamis River. Many observers doubted whether the new state would be viable with about one-half of Albanian lands and population left outside its borders, especially since those lands were the most productive in…

René Descartes: Final years and heritage of René Descartes: Clerselier’s brother-in-law, Hector Pierre Chanut, who was French resident in Sweden and later ambassador, helped to procure a pension for Descartes from Louis XIV, though it was never paid. Later, Chanut engineered an invitation for Descartes to the court of Queen Christina, who by the close of…

Chanute, city, Neosho county, southeastern Kansas, U.S., on the Neosho River. Settled c. 1870 and named for Octave Chanute, a civil engineer and aviation pioneer, the settlement developed as a trading and shipping centre for an agricultural and oil-producing region. Manufactures include drilling

Rantoul: …economy was largely dependent on Chanute Air Force Base, adjacent to Rantoul. Built in 1917 and named for Octave Chanute (1832–1910), a pioneer in aviation engineering, it was one of the oldest and one of the largest technical-training centres of the U.S. Air Force. The base closed in 1993, and…

Chanute glider of 1896, biplane hang glider designed and built by American aviation pioneers Octave Chanute, Augustus M. Herring, and William Avery in Chicago during the early summer of 1896. Along with the standard glider flown by Otto Lilienthal of Germany, the Chanute glider, designed by Chanute

Chanute glider of 1896, biplane hang glider designed and built by American aviation pioneers Octave Chanute, Augustus M. Herring, and William Avery in Chicago during the early summer of 1896. Along with the standard glider flown by Otto Lilienthal of Germany, the Chanute glider, designed by Chanute

Octave Chanute was a leading American civil engineer and aeronautical pioneer. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Immigrating to the United States with his father in 1838, Chanute attended private schools in New York City. His first job was as a member of a surveying

Novosibirsk: Lake Chany, which has no outlet, is a basin of inland drainage. The swampy forest, or taiga, of the north gives way southward to forest-steppe of birch groves and finally to true steppe on fertile soils.

Xiongnu: …a ruler known as the chanyu, the rough equivalent of the Chinese emperor’s designation as the tianzi (“son of heaven”). They ruled over a territory that extended from western Manchuria (Northeast Provinces) to the Pamirs and covered much of present Siberia and Mongolia. The Xiongnu were fierce mounted warriors who…

Zhenzong: As a result of the Treaty of Chanyuan (1004), the Song agreed to the permanent loss of the northern territory between China and the Great Wall.

Thailand: The Ayutthayan period, 1351–1767: …governed by hereditary lords, or chao. The inner circles, however, were administered by officeholders appointed by the king; to a limited degree these operated on bureaucratic rather than hereditary lines.

Zhao, ancient Chinese feudal state, one of the seven powers that achieved ascendancy during the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (475–221 bce) of Chinese history. In 403 bce Zhao Ji, the founder of Zhao, and the leaders of the states of Wei and Han partitioned the state of Jin. The state of Zhao

Wareru was a famous king of Hanthawaddy (Hansavadi, or Pegu), who ruled (1287–96) over the Mon people of Lower Burma. Wareru was a Tai adventurer of humble origins who had married a daughter of King Ramkhamhaeng of Sukhothai and had established himself as overlord of Martaban on the Salween River

Zhao Rukuo was a Chinese trade official whose two-volume work Zhufan zhi (“Description of the Barbarians”) is one of the best-known and most wide-ranging accounts of foreign places and goods at the time of the Song dynasty (960–1279). Zhao was a member of the Song imperial family and once held the

Zhao Gao was a Chinese eunuch who conspired to seize power on the death of Shihuangdi, first emperor of the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce). His action eventually led to the downfall of the dynasty. As the chief eunuch to Shihuangdi, Zhao Gao handled all the emperor’s communications with the outside

Zhao Mengfu was a Chinese painter and calligrapher who, though occasionally condemned for having served in the foreign Mongol court (Yuan dynasty, 1206–1368), has been honoured as an early master within the tradition of the literati painters (wenrenhua), who sought personal expression rather than

Laos: Ethnic groups and languages: …muong was led by a chao muong, a hereditary ruler and member of the nobility. While communes were also ruled by nobles, villages were headed by commoners selected from the heads of households. The muong were ethnically diverse social and administrative units. Among the Black Tai, for instance, the nobility…

Chao Phraya River, principal river of Thailand. It flows south through the nation’s fertile central plain for more than 225 miles (365 km) to the Gulf of Thailand. Thailand’s capitals, past and present (Bangkok), have all been situated on its banks or those of its tributaries and distributaries, as

Thailand: Relief: …Khorat Plateau is the extensive Chao Phraya River basin, which is the cultural and economic heartland of Thailand. The region, sometimes called the Central Plain, consists of two portions: heavily dissected rolling plains in the north and the flat, low-lying floodplain and delta of the Chao Phraya in the south.…

Chaobai River: …its two main tributaries, the Chao and Bai ("White") rivers, about 2 miles (3 km) south of the town of Miyun and 10 miles (16 km) south of the Miyun Reservoir (in Beijing municipality). The Chao is fed by source streams in the mountains of northern Hebei and flows southeast…

Zhao Shuli was a Chinese novelist and short-story writer. Zhao’s familiarity with rural life in North China and his fascination with folk literature and art determined the substance and style of his later writings. After attending a teachers college, he taught in primary schools. To supplement his

Zhao Ziyang was the premier of China (1980–87) and general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (1987–89). Born into a landlord family in Henan province, Zhao joined the Young Communist League in 1932 and became a member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1938. He served in local party

Zhao Youqin was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, and Daoist who calculated the value of π, constructed astronomical instruments, conducted experiments with a camera obscura, and compiled an influential astronomical compendium. Zhao was one of the patriarchs of the northern branch of the

Chaozhou, city, eastern Guangdong sheng (province), China. It is located at the head of the delta of the Han River, some 25 miles (40 km) north of Shantou (Swatow). Chaozhou—having good communications with northern Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces via the Han River system—has been an

Mitch McConnell: Personal life: He later wed (1993) Elaine Chao, who subsequently served as secretary of labor under Pres. George W. Bush and secretary of transportation under Pres. Donald Trump.

Amadou and Mariam: …in earnest when French singer Manu Chao began working with the duo. He not only produced Dimanche à Bamako (2005) but also cowrote and sang on some of the songs, adding his slinky, rhythmic style to the duo’s rousing blend of African R&B. The result was a crossover success that…

Zhaoqing, city, western Guangdong sheng (province), China. It lies on the north bank of the Xi River, 50 miles (80 km) west of the provincial capital of Guangzhou (Canton), just above the famous Lingyang Gorge, commanding the river route to Guangzhou. Zhaoqing is an ancient city. A county town was

Zhaohui was a famous Qing dynasty general who played a prominent part in the conquest of East Turkistan (now Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, China). A member of the imperial family, Zhaohui volunteered to lead an expedition against the western Mongols, whose continued history of usurpations,

Chaobai River, river in Hebei province and Beijing and Tianjin municipalities, northern China. The Chaobai originates in metropolitan Beijing at the confluence of its two main tributaries, the Chao and Bai ("White") rivers, about 2 miles (3 km) south of the town of Miyun and 10 miles (16 km) south

Chaobai River, river in Hebei province and Beijing and Tianjin municipalities, northern China. The Chaobai originates in metropolitan Beijing at the confluence of its two main tributaries, the Chao and Bai ("White") rivers, about 2 miles (3 km) south of the town of Miyun and 10 miles (16 km) south

phantom midge, any insect of the family Chaoboridae (order Diptera), similar in appearance to the mosquito. The common name is derived from the fact that the larvae are almost transparent. Their antennae are modified into grasping organs. The larvae, found in pools, often feed on mosquito larvae.

dress: China: …by the Manchus was the chaofu, designed to be worn only at great state sacrifices and at the most important court functions. Men’s chaofu had a kimono-style upper body, with long, close-fitting sleeves that terminated in the “horsehoof” cuff introduced by the Manchus, and a closely fitted neckband over which…

Patricia Cornwell: Bone Bed (2012), Dust (2013), Chaos (2016), and Autopsy (2021). Early efforts in the series maintained a first-person voice, allowing the reader insight into the mind of the preternaturally observant Scarpetta. Several later novels employed third-person narration. Cornwell used the latter approach to explore the disturbed minds of her heroine’s…

Chaos, in early Greek cosmology, either the primeval emptiness of the universe before things came into being or the abyss of Tartarus, the underworld. Both concepts occur in the Theogony of Hesiod. First there was Chaos in Hesiod’s system, then Gaea and Eros (Earth and Desire). Chaos, however, did

Paul McCartney: Wings and solo career: …century include Driving Rain (2001), Chaos and Creation in the Backyard (2005), Memory Almost Full (2007), New (2013), and Egypt Station, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart in September 2018.

creation myth: Creation through emergence: …to the created order appear chaotic; the beings inhabiting these places seem without form or stability, or they commit immoral acts. The seeming chaos is moving toward a definite form of order, however, an order latent in the very forms themselves rather than from an imposition of order from the…

volcanic dome: The Chaos Crags, located just north of Lassen Peak, constitute a row of spectacular domes.

Ryan Reynolds: Hollywood career: …in the Garden (2008), and Chaos Theory (2008) were all poorly received both critically and commercially, and Atom Egoyan’s thriller The Captive (2014), in which Reynolds starred as the father of a kidnapped girl, was booed by audiences and panned by critics upon its debut at the Cannes film festival.…

chaos theory, in mechanics and mathematics, the study of apparently random or unpredictable behaviour in systems governed by deterministic laws. A more accurate term, deterministic chaos, suggests a paradox because it connects two notions that are familiar and commonly regarded as incompatible. The

Tom Holland: Spider-Man stardom and other roles: … (2020), and the action fantasy Chaos Walking and the psychological drama Cherry (both 2021). In 2022 he starred opposite Mark Wahlberg in the action adventure Uncharted; Holland also coproduced the movie. In addition, he lent his voice to several animated features, including Spies in Disguise (2019) and Onward (2020).

chaos theory, in mechanics and mathematics, the study of apparently random or unpredictable behaviour in systems governed by deterministic laws. A more accurate term, deterministic chaos, suggests a paradox because it connects two notions that are familiar and commonly regarded as incompatible. The

meteor and meteoroid: Directing meteoroids to Earth: …the asteroidal fragment to become chaotic, and its perihelion (the point of its orbit nearest the Sun) becomes shifted inside Earth’s orbit over a period of about one million years. Numerical simulations on computers support the idea that the 3:1 resonance is one of the principal mechanisms that inject asteroidal…

Mars: Character of the surface: …channels, areas of collapse called chaotic terrain, and an enigmatic mix of valleys and ridges known as fretted terrain. Straddling the boundary in the western hemisphere is the Tharsis rise, a vast volcanic pile 4,000 km (2,500 miles) across and 8 km (5 miles) above the reference level at its…

celestial mechanics: Chaotic orbits: …said to lie in a chaotic zone. If the chaotic zone is bounded, in the sense that only limited ranges of initial values of the variables describing the motion lead to chaotic behaviour, the uncertainty in the state of the system in the future is limited by the extent of…

Chefchaouene, town, northern Morocco, situated in the Rif mountain range. Founded as a holy city in 1471 by the warrior Abū Youma and later moved by Sīdī ʿAlī ibn Rashīd to its present site at the base of Mount El-Chaouene, it became a refuge for Moors expelled from Spain. A site long closed to

Shawiya, Berber ethnic and linguistic group of the Aurès Plateau region of the Atlas Mountains of northeastern Algeria. The Shawiya speak one of four major Algerian Amazigh languages. The Shawiya practice cereal agriculture in the uplands and pastoral nomadism and horticulture in the oases along

Chaozhou, city, eastern Guangdong sheng (province), China. It is located at the head of the delta of the Han River, some 25 miles (40 km) north of Shantou (Swatow). Chaozhou—having good communications with northern Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces via the Han River system—has been an

Asian tree mouse: cinereus) and the Chapa blind tree mouse (T. chapensis). They are probably nocturnal and arboreal, inhabiting mountain forests of southern China and northern Vietnam, respectively. Aside from their physical traits, little is known of these rodents. They resemble the Malabar mouse in body form, but their fur is…

Chapayevsk, city, Samara oblast (province), western Russia, on the Chapayevka River, a tributary of the Volga. Formerly a centre of the defense industry specializing in explosives, it now concentrates on nitrogen production and ammonia synthesis. A college of technology is located in the city. Pop.

Lake Chapala, lake, west-central Mexico. It lies on the Mexican Plateau at 6,000 feet (1,800 meters) above sea level in the states of Jalisco and Michoacán. Chapala is Mexico’s largest lake, measuring approximately 48 miles (77 km) east-west by 10 miles (16 km) north-south and covering an area of

chaparral, scrubland plant communities composed of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs, bushes, and small trees usually less than 2.5 metres (about 8 feet) tall—the characteristic vegetation of coastal and inland mountain areas of southwestern North America. Chaparral is largely found in regions of

roadrunner, either of two species of terrestrial cuckoos, especially Geococcyx californianus, of the deserts of Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is about 56 cm (22 inches) long, with streaked olive-brown and white plumage, a short shaggy crest, bare blue and red skin behind the eyes,

mallow: Chaparral mallows (Malacothamnus species), a group of shrubs and small trees, are native to California and Baja California. The Carolina mallow (Modiola caroliniana) is a weedy, creeping wild flower of the southern United States.

chapati, fried flatbread of Indian origin, often served with vegetables and stew, commonly considered a variation of roti. The word chapati is derived from the Sanskrit word carpatī, meaning “thin cake,” which is in turn derived from the word carpata or “flat.” This refers to the traditional method

chapati: …what had started the so-called chapati movement, but the British interpreted it as an act of defiance by Indian villagers against British governance, an interpretation shaped by the fact that few officers understood or spoke Indian languages. Conversely, many Indians thought the movement to be a British operation, with rumors…

Alphonse Daudet: Life: …fruits of this visit was Chapatin le tueur de lions (1863; “Chapatin the Killer of Lions”), whose lion-hunter hero can be seen as the first sketch of the author’s future Tartarin. Daudet’s first play, La Dernière Idole (“The Last Idol”), made a great impact when it was produced at the…

chapati, fried flatbread of Indian origin, often served with vegetables and stew, commonly considered a variation of roti. The word chapati is derived from the Sanskrit word carpatī, meaning “thin cake,” which is in turn derived from the word carpata or “flat.” This refers to the traditional method

Sergey Dmitriyevich Vasilyev: …directed their most important picture, Chapayev, a sweeping Civil War tale of a Bolshevik guerrilla leader that influenced the “big films” that followed.

Chapayevsk, city, Samara oblast (province), western Russia, on the Chapayevka River, a tributary of the Volga. Formerly a centre of the defense industry specializing in explosives, it now concentrates on nitrogen production and ammonia synthesis. A college of technology is located in the city. Pop.

chapbook, small, inexpensive stitched tract formerly sold by itinerant dealers, or chapmen, in western Europe and in North America. Most chapbooks were 5 12 by 4 14 inches (14 by 11 cm) in size and were made up of four pages (or multiples of four), illustrated with woodcuts. They contained tales of

CHAPEA, series of analog missions conducted by NASA that are intended to simulate human habitation on the surface of Mars. The missions, the first of which began on June 25, 2023, are meant to simulate yearlong stays on the red planet in preparation for future missions there. Subsequent missions

heraldry: Crowns and coronets: Another relic is the chapeau, or cap of maintenance, a cap with ermine lining that was once worn on the helmet before the development of mantling and that is sometimes used instead of the wreath to support the crest. In Scotland the chapeau indicates the rank of a feudal…

jingling Johnny, musical instrument consisting of a pole ornamented with a canopy (pavillon), a crescent, and other shapes hung with bells and metal jingling objects, and often surmounted by horsetails. It possibly originated as the staff of a Central Asian shaman, and it was part of the Turkish

René Clair: Early life and first films: Subsequently, in such films as Un Chapeau de paille d’Italie, based on the farce by Eugène Labiche, Clair combined the avant-garde and the popular, modernity and tradition, in an original way. During this time he also published a novel, Adams (1926), written in a cerebral and elliptical style.

Disney Company: Leadership and succession: …was replaced as CEO by Bob Chapek, who had been in charge of the company’s parks, experiences, and products division. After several quarters of declining financial performance and what the board of directors viewed as strategic missteps, Chapek was removed in late 2022 and Iger returned to the helm, initiating…

chapel, small, intimate place of worship. The name was originally applied to the shrine in which the kings of France preserved the cape (late Latin cappella, diminutive of cappa) of St. Martin. By tradition, this garment had been torn into two pieces by St. Martin of Tours (c. 316–397) that he

Kapellbrücke, covered wooden pedestrian truss bridge in Lucerne, Switzerland, crossing the Reuss River. The majority of it was destroyed by fire in 1993 and subsequently rebuilt. Kapellbrücke (Chapel Bridge), named for St. Peter’s Chapel close to the bridge on the northern bank of the Reuss, is

Children of the Chapel, prominent and long-lived company of boy actors that was active during most of the 16th and early 17th centuries in England. The troupe was originally composed of boy choristers affiliated with the Chapel Royal in London who first performed during the reign of Henry IV. From