chaofu

The chaofu was a formal robe in China, introduced during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) and reserved for significant state sacrifices and important court functions. Men's chaofu featured a kimono-style upper body with long, close-fitting sleeves and a distinctive collar with winglike tips extending over the shoulders. A full, pleated skirt was attached to a waistband.1

The design, colors, and patterns of the chaofu, such as five-clawed dragons and clouds, were precisely stipulated based on rank. Emperors' robes were bright yellow and bore 12 imperial symbols, while others wore "stone blue" chaofu with specific dragon motifs. Only women of very high rank were permitted to wear chaofu, which were less voluminous than men's robes and cut in long, straight lines. These robes had capelike collars and flaring epaulets, and were always worn with stole-like vests.1