Czetwertyński family, Polish princely family descended from the Kievan grand prince Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich (d. 1113) of the house of Rurik. Among its prominent members was Antoni Czetwertyński (1748–94), the castellan of Przemyśl and last leader of the pro-Russian Confederation of Targowica that

Czetwertyński family: Among its prominent members was Antoni Czetwertyński (1748–94), the castellan of Przemyśl and last leader of the pro-Russian Confederation of Targowica that opposed the Polish constitution of 1791; he was finally hanged as a traitor to Poland during Tadeusz Kościuszko’s insurrection. Other family members included the philanthropist Włodzimierz (1837–1918) and…

cimbalom, an elaborate stringed instrument of the dulcimer family used in small music ensembles by central European Roma (Gypsies). The instrument has a trapezoidal body that stands on four legs. It has a chromatic range of four octaves and, unlike other dulcimers, a pedal mechanism for damping the

Andrzej Wajda: …and Człowiek z żelaza (1981; Man of Iron). The latter, which was regarded as a manifesto against the ruling communist party in Poland and in support of the Solidarity opposition movement, won the Cannes film festival’s top prize, the Palme d’Or.

Béla Czóbel was a painter and graphic artist, one of the most highly regarded figures in 20th-century Hungarian arts. Czóbel was a student of Béla Iványi Grünwald at the Free School of Painting in Nagybánya (now Baia Mare, Rom.), and from 1902 to 1903 he studied in Munich and at the Académie Julian

Béla Czóbel was a painter and graphic artist, one of the most highly regarded figures in 20th-century Hungarian arts. Czóbel was a student of Béla Iványi Grünwald at the Free School of Painting in Nagybánya (now Baia Mare, Rom.), and from 1902 to 1903 he studied in Munich and at the Académie Julian

integrated circuit: Making a base wafer: …is now known as the Czochralski method. To create a single crystal of silicon by using the Czochralski method, electronic-grade silicon (refined to less than one part impurity in 100 billion) is heated to about 1,500 °C (2,700 °F) in a fused quartz crucible. Either an electron-donating element such as…

Leon Czolgosz was an American labourer and anarchist who fatally shot U.S. Pres. William McKinley on September 6, 1901; McKinley died eight days later. Czolgosz was found guilty and executed. While various sources, including police documents, list his birthplace as Detroit, others claim that

Olga Tokarczuk: Novels and other works: …book of short stories; and Czuły narrator (2020; “The Tender Narrator”), a collection of essays and lectures. In 2024 she published Empuzjon (The Empusium), her first novel since winning the Nobel Prize. Set in a Polish sanitarium on the eve of World War I, the book is a subversive reimagining…

Leonard Chess was a Polish-born U.S. record producer. He immigrated to the U.S in 1928 with his mother, sister, and brother—and future partner—Fiszel (later Philip); they joined his father, who had preceded them, in Chicago. After working at several trades, Leonard Chess opened a lounge, and Phil