d, letter that has retained the fourth place in the alphabet from the earliest point at which it appears in history. It corresponds to Semitic daleth and Greek delta (Δ). The form is thought to derive from an early pictograph, possibly Egyptian, indicating the folding door of a tent. The rounded

d, letter that has retained the fourth place in the alphabet from the earliest point at which it appears in history. It corresponds to Semitic daleth and Greek delta (Δ). The form is thought to derive from an early pictograph, possibly Egyptian, indicating the folding door of a tent. The rounded

D, fourth note of the musical alphabet and the second note of the scale of C. Historically it also gave its name to one of two or three clefs which are now no longer in

materials science: Materials for ground transportation: …this about a centre called D&S Plastics International was formed in the Detroit, Mich., area of the United States by three corporations. The specific aim of this centre was to develop materials and a process suitable for forming several connected panels or components (e.g., body panels and bumper fascias) simultaneously…

abortion: …uterus, the procedure is called dilatation and curettage. When combined with dilatation, both evacuation and curettage can be used up to about the 16th week of pregnancy.

human digestive system: Production and secretion of peptides: For example, delta (D) cells, which produce a hormone known as somatostatin, are dispersed throughout the whole gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin has inhibiting effects on the production of acid in the stomach, the motor activity of the intestine, and the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. These…

D region, lowest ionospheric region, at altitudes of about 70 to 90 km (40 to 55 miles). The D region differs from the other ionospheric regions (denoted E and F) in that its free electrons almost totally disappear during the night because they recombine with oxygen ions to form oxygen molecules.

Saturn: The ring system: …radii lies the extremely tenuous D ring, which has no measurable effect on starlight or radio waves passing through it and is visible only in reflected light.

Deuteronomist, (D), one of the supposed sources of a portion of the Hebrew canon known as the Pentateuch, in particular, the source of the book of Deuteronomy, as well as of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings. (The other sources are the Yahwist [J], the Elohist [E], and the Priestly code [P].) D

Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), fantasy role-playing game (RPG), created by American game designers Ernest Gary Gygax and David Arneson in 1974 and published that year by Gygax’s company, Tactical Studies Rules (TSR). The game was acquired in 1997 by Wizards of the Coast, a subsidiary of Hasbro, Inc. The

Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Company (D&RGW), former American railroad chartered in 1870 as the Denver and Rio Grande Railway (D&RG). It began with a narrow-gauge line extending from Denver, Colorado, south to New Mexico and west to Salt Lake City, Utah. Conversion to standard-gauge track

Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Company (D&RGW), former American railroad chartered in 1870 as the Denver and Rio Grande Railway (D&RG). It began with a narrow-gauge line extending from Denver, Colorado, south to New Mexico and west to Salt Lake City, Utah. Conversion to standard-gauge track

Alan Alda is an American actor, director, and screenwriter best known for his role in the long-running television series M*A*S*H (1972–83). Alda was the son of actor Robert Alda (1914–86). He attended Fordham University before acting in such Broadway plays as The Apple Tree and The Owl and the

ion-exchange reaction: Ion-exchange materials: In 1944 Gaetano F. D’Alelio patented styrene–divinylbenzene polymers, substances with large, network-like molecules, into which ionic groups were introduced by chemical treatment. The structure of these compounds may be represented thus:in which X represents the ionic groups, which may occur at various locations on the

Democrats of the Left: …governing coalition, and its leader, Massimo D’Alema, served as prime minister from October 1998 to April 2001. In 2007 the party merged with the centrist Daisy (Margherita) party to form a new centre-left party known simply as the Democratic Party (Partito Democratico).

Jean Le Rond d’Alembert: Mathematics: …conclusion is known as “d’Alembert’s paradox” and is not accepted by modern physicists. In the Memoirs of the Berlin Academy he published findings of his research on integral calculus—which devises relationships of variables by means of rates of change of their numerical value—a branch of mathematical science that is…

d’Alembert’s principle, alternative form of Newton’s second law of motion, stated by the 18th-century French polymath Jean Le Rond d’Alembert. In effect, the principle reduces a problem in dynamics to a problem in statics. The second law states that the force F acting on a body is equal to the

analysis: D’Alembert’s wave equation: D’Alembert’s wave equation takes the form ytt = c2yxx. (9) Here c is a constant related to the stiffness of the string. The physical interpretation of (9) is that the acceleration (ytt) of a small piece of the string is proportional to the tension (

Jean Le Rond d’Alembert was a French mathematician, philosopher, and writer, who achieved fame as a mathematician and scientist before acquiring a considerable reputation as a contributor to and editor of the famous Encyclopédie. The illegitimate son of a famous hostess, Mme de Tencin, and one of

Nancy Pelosi is an American Democratic politician who represents California in the U.S. House of Representatives (1987– ), where she served as the first female speaker (2007–11 and 2019–23). Her other notable posts have included House minority leader (2003–07 and 2011–19). During her career, Pelosi

Floyd Patterson: …and soon began training with Constantine (“Cus”) D’Amato, who later worked with Mike Tyson. Patterson won New York Golden Gloves titles in 1951 and 1952 and earned the gold medal as a middleweight at the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Fin. His first professional fight took place on Sept. 12,…

Floyd Patterson: …and soon began training with Constantine (“Cus”) D’Amato, who later worked with Mike Tyson. Patterson won New York Golden Gloves titles in 1951 and 1952 and earned the gold medal as a middleweight at the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Fin. His first professional fight took place on Sept. 12,…

Jacques d’Amboise was an American dancer and choreographer of the New York City Ballet (1949–84), admired for his athletic interpretations of both character and classical roles. Trained principally by George Balanchine’s School of American Ballet, he made his professional debut at the age of 12

pear: History and types: …varieties such as Beurré Bosc, Anjou, and Winter Nelis are grown. A highly popular variety in England and the Netherlands is Conference. Common Italian varieties include Curato, Coscia, and Passe Crassane, the latter also being popular in France. In Asian countries the pear crop comprises primarily local varieties of native…

Gabriele D’Annunzio was an Italian poet, novelist, dramatist, short-story writer, journalist, military hero, and protofascist political leader. He was the leading writer of Italy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The son of a politically prominent and wealthy Pescara landowner, D’Annunzio

Rudolph Valentino was an Italian-born American actor who was idolized as the “Great Lover” of the 1920s silent era of film. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent film.) When Guglielmi was 11, his father, a veterinarian, died from malaria. After being rejected for military service,

Roman Polanski: …D’après une histoire vraie (2017; Based on a True Story).

Iva Toguri D’Aquino was one of several announcers on propaganda radio broadcasts directed at U.S. troops from Japan during World War II who were known as Tokyo Rose. After a postwar public outcry in the United States, D’Aquino was convicted of treason in 1949 and served six years in prison. She was

Pop art: Pop art in the United States: Allan D’Arcangelo, Ray Johnson, Mel Ramos, and John Wesley.

John Arden: In 1957 Arden married Margaretta D’Arcy, an actress and playwright, with whom he wrote a number of stage pieces and improvisational works for amateur and student players. The Happy Haven, produced in 1960 in London, is a sardonic farce about an old people’s home. The Workhouse Donkey is a…

William Knox D’Arcy was an English businessman who was the principal founder of the Iranian oil industry. As a youth D’Arcy emigrated with his father to Queensland, Australia, where between 1882 and 1889 he made a fortune in the Mount Morgan goldfield. He returned to London and, with British

Western architecture: Art Nouveau: …of Stile Floreale buildings by Raimondo D’Aronco, such as the main building for the Applied Art Exhibition held at Turin, Italy, in 1902. These qualities, along with dynamic spatial innovations, were manifested in the works of perhaps the most singular Art Nouveau architect, the Spaniard Antoni Gaudí. His imaginative and…

Italian literature: Fiction at the turn of the 21st century: Meanwhile, Stefano D’Arrigo was being supported by publisher Arnoldo Mondadori to compose his ambitious modern epic, Horcynus Orca (1975), 20 years in the making, which narrates the 1943 homecoming through the Strait of Messina (site of the mythical Scylla and Charybdis) of a Sicilian fisherman to…

St. John Vianney ; canonized May 31, 1925; feast day August 4 [formerly August 9]) was a French Roman Catholic priest who was renowned as a confessor and for the many healing miracles that he performed. He is the patron saint of parish priests. Vianney was the son of farmers. Because of the French

galvanometer: …most common type is the D’Arsonval galvanometer, in which the indicating system consists of a light coil of wire suspended from a metallic ribbon between the poles of a permanent magnet. The magnetic field produced by a current passing through the coil reacts with the magnetic field of the permanent…

D’Artagnan, a protagonist of The Three Musketeers (published 1844, performed 1845) by Alexandre Dumas père. The character was based on a real person who had served as a captain of the musketeers under Louis XIV, but Dumas’s account of this young, impressionable, swashbuckling hero must be regarded

Around the World in Eighty Days: Response and adaptations: …by Verne and French playwright Adolphe d’Ennery, was also wildly successful and ran for several decades. The novel inspired numerous attempts to travel around the world in 80 days or less, most notably by American journalist Nellie Bly in 1889–90. The best-known film version, Around the World in 80 Days…

D’Entrecasteaux Channel, inlet of the Tasman Sea, extending northeast for about 35 miles (55 km) between Bruny Island (east) and the southeast coast of mainland Tasmania, Australia, to merge with the River Derwent estuary. It was sighted in 1642 by the Dutch navigator Abel Janszoon Tasman and was

D’Entrecasteaux Islands, islands in Papua New Guinea, lying across Ward Hunt Strait from the eastern tip of New Guinea, in the Solomon Sea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. The large islands of Normanby, Fergusson, and Goodenough and the much smaller Sanaroa (Welle) and Watoa (Dobu) islands are

Louis-Félix-François Franchet d’Esperey was a marshal of France and one of the most effective French military leaders of World War I. He was responsible for driving Bulgaria out of the war, thereby opening the road to Vienna for the Allies. Trained at Saint-Cyr, d’Esperey served during the prewar

Henri Matisse: Revolutionary years of Henri Matisse: …Revue Blanche his principal manifesto, “D’Eugène Delacroix au Néo-Impressionnisme.” Matisse, back in Paris in 1899, read the articles and, without turning into an immediate convert, became interested in the pointillist idea of obtaining additive mixtures of color on the retina by means of juxtaposed dots (points in French) on the…

Céline Dion: Superstardom and My Heart Will Go On: …to record in French, with D’eux (1995; also released as The French Album) becoming the best-selling Francophone album of all time.

John XXII was the second Avignon pope (reigned 1316–34), who centralized church administration, condemned the Spiritual Franciscans, expanded papal control over the appointment of bishops, and, against Emperor Louis IV, upheld papal authority over imperial elections. Born of a wealthy bourgeois

Petrus Borel was a French poet, novelist, and critic active in the Romantic movement. The 12th of an ironmonger’s 14 children, Borel was trained as an architect but turned to literature and became one of the most eccentric young writers of the 1830s, assuming the name of “Lycanthrope” (“Wolf-Man”).

proportional representation: Party-list system: …latter referred to as the d’Hondt rule, named after Belgian Victor d’Hondt). Under the largest-remainder rule a quota is set, and each party is assigned one seat for each time it meets the quota. These votes are deducted from each party’s total, and when no party has enough votes remaining…

proportional representation: Party-list system: …latter referred to as the d’Hondt rule, named after Belgian Victor d’Hondt). Under the largest-remainder rule a quota is set, and each party is assigned one seat for each time it meets the quota. These votes are deducted from each party’s total, and when no party has enough votes remaining…

Vincent d’Indy was a French composer and teacher, remarkable for his attempted, and partially successful, reform of French symphonic and dramatic music along lines indicated by César Franck. D’Indy studied under Albert Lavignac, Antoine Marmontel, and Franck (for composition). In 1874 he was

Vincent D’Onofrio is an American film and television actor who is known for the depth and intensity of his performances and for his imposing physicality. In spite of his vast oeuvre playing offbeat characters in small critically acclaimed films, he is perhaps most widely recognized for his role as

Vincent D’Onofrio is an American film and television actor who is known for the depth and intensity of his performances and for his imposing physicality. In spite of his vast oeuvre playing offbeat characters in small critically acclaimed films, he is perhaps most widely recognized for his role as

Doria Family, leading family in the political, military, and economic life of Genoa, from the 12th century onward. Apparently of feudal origin, from Liguria and Provence, the Dorias first appeared in Genoese records early in the 12th century. Ansaldo Doria was elected consul of the commune of Genoa

Petrus Aureoli was a French churchman, philosopher, and critical thinker, called Doctor facundus (“eloquent teacher”), who was important as a forerunner to William of Ockham. Petrus may have become a Franciscan at Gourdon before 1300; he was in Paris (1304) to study, possibly under John Duns

Christian d’Oriola was a French foil fencer who won four world titles and six Olympic medals between 1947 and 1956, cementing his stature as one of the great fencers in the history of the sport. D’Oriola was born to a sporting family—a cousin won two Olympic gold medals in equestrian jumping—and

Eugenio d’Ors y Rovira was a Catalan essayist, philosopher, and art critic who was a leading ideologue of the Catalan cultural renaissance of the early 20th century. Although d’Ors studied law in Barcelona and earned a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Madrid, he was by profession a

Richard D’Oyly Carte: …he established, known as the D’Oyly Carte Opera Company, continued to produce Gilbert and Sullivan works into the 21st century.

Richard D’Oyly Carte was an English impresario remembered for having managed the first productions of operas by Sir W. S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan, for elevating his era’s musical taste, and for contributing to the development of theatre technology. Originally an aspiring composer, Carte

Louis-Ferdinand Céline: …of D’un Château l’autre (1957; Castle to Castle), Nord (1960; North), and Rigodon (1969; Rigadoon), depict World War II as seen from within Germany; they are viewed by some critics as equal in power and style to his two celebrated early novels. Other works include Guignol’s Band (1944), Casse Pipe…

Sir Benjamin D’Urban was a British general and colonial administrator chiefly remembered for his frontier policy as governor in the Cape Colony (now in South Africa). D’Urban began his service as a soldier in 1793 and later fought in the Napoleonic Wars, where he won distinction in the Peninsular

Thomas D’Urfey was an English dramatist, satirist, and songwriter with a light satirical touch whose plays were very popular in their time; his comedies, with complicated plots carried forward by lively dialogue, to some extent pointed the way to sentimental comedy of the later 18th century.

stripping reaction: An example is the (d, p) stripping reaction involving an aluminum-27 nucleus and a deuteron. The deuteron (consisting of one proton and one neutron) grazes the aluminum nucleus, which captures the neutron to become aluminum-28, and the proton continues on with a velocity comparable to that of the incident…

military aircraft: Civilian design improvements: …were powered by the innovative D-12, a 12-cylinder liquid-cooled engine, also of Curtiss design, that set international standards for speed and streamlining. One of the Curtiss planes, an R3C-2 piloted by Lieut. James Doolittle, won the 1925 Schneider race with a speed of 232.5 miles (374.1 km) per hour—in sharp…

deoxyribose, five-carbon sugar component of DNA (q.v.; deoxyribonucleic acid), where it alternates with phosphate groups to form the “backbone” of the DNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases. The presence of deoxyribose instead of ribose is one difference between DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

dextromethorphan, synthetic drug related to morphine and used in medicine as a cough suppressant. The hydrobromide salt of dextromethorphan occurs as white crystals or a white crystalline powder, soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform. It acts upon the central nervous system to suppress the

alanine: D-alanine, or beta-alanine (β-alanine), is not found in proteins but occurs naturally in two peptides, carnosine and anserine, found in mammalian muscle. It is an important constituent of the vitamin pantothenic acid. The chemical structure of D-alanine is

Arizona Diamondbacks, American professional baseball franchise based in Phoenix that plays in the National League (NL). In 2001, in only their fourth season in Major League Baseball, the Diamondbacks won the World Series. The Diamondbacks were founded in 1998 as an expansion franchise, along with

transition metal, any of various chemical elements that have valence electrons—i.e., electrons that can participate in the formation of chemical bonds—in two shells instead of only one. While the term transition has no particular chemical significance, it is a convenient name by which to

brane: …dimensions rather than spherical; and D-branes, which have the distinctive property that fundamental strings can end on them with the strings’ end points stuck to the brane.

asteroid: Composition: D-class asteroids have low albedos and show reflectance spectra similar to the spectrum exhibited by a relatively new type of carbonaceous chondrite, represented by the Tagish Lake meteorite, which fell in January 2000.

Normandy Invasion, during World War II, the Allied invasion of western Europe, which was launched on June 6, 1944 (the most celebrated D-Day of the war), with the simultaneous landing of U.S., British, and Canadian forces on five separate beachheads in Normandy, France. By the end of August 1944

After a prolonged naval and aerial bombardment of German defenses on the Channel coast of France and the Low Countries, the Allied invasion of Normandy began in the early morning hours of June 6, 1944. Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower issued this statement as his order of the day: In

Henry Koster: The 1950s: D-Day the Sixth of June (1956) was an anomaly in Koster’s career, a war movie with soap-opera overtones. While waiting for the Normandy invasion to begin, two soldiers (Robert Taylor and Todd) muse over their competing desire for the same woman (Dana Wynter). My Man…

methamphetamine, potent and addictive synthetic stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system (the spinal cord and brain). Methamphetamine is prescribed for the treatment of certain medical conditions, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. In

Ipomoea: Major species: …the alkaloids d-lysergic and d-isolysergic acids (similar to LSD), and the seeds are traditionally used among Mexico’s Zapotec peoples for ceremonial and curative purposes.

D-lines, in spectroscopy, a pair of lines, characteristic of sodium, in the yellow region of the spectrum. Their separation is too small to be detected with a spectroscope of low resolving power. The line is the fourth prominent absorption line in the Sun’s spectrum, starting from the red end, and

ergot: …is also the source of lysergic acid, from which the powerful hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is easily synthesized.

LSD, potent synthetic hallucinogenic drug that can be derived from the ergot alkaloids (as ergotamine and ergonovine, principal constituents of ergot, the grain deformity and toxic infectant of flour caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea). LSD is usually prepared by chemical synthesis in a

Dansgaard-Oeschger event, any of several dramatic but fleeting global climatic swings characterized by a period of abrupt warming followed by a period of slow cooling that occurred during the last ice age. Evidence of Dansgaard-Oeschger events is primarily observed in and around the North Atlantic

Dansgaard-Oeschger event, any of several dramatic but fleeting global climatic swings characterized by a period of abrupt warming followed by a period of slow cooling that occurred during the last ice age. Evidence of Dansgaard-Oeschger events is primarily observed in and around the North Atlantic

crystal: Covalent bonds: Filled atomic shells with d-orbitals have an important role in covalent bonding. Electrons in atomic orbits have angular momentum (L), which is quantized in integer (n) multiples of Planck’s constant h: L = nh. Electron orbitals with n = 0 are called s-states, with n = 1 are

ribose, five-carbon sugar found in RNA (ribonucleic acid), where it alternates with phosphate groups to form the “backbone” of the RNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases. The molecular formula of ribose is C5H10O5​. Ribose plays a vital role in certain biological processes, particularly in

Derrick Rose is a former professional basketball player who in 2011 became, at age 22, the youngest player to be named the Most Valuable Player in the history of the NBA. A 6-foot 3-inch (1.9-meter) point guard, Rose was known in his early career for his explosive speed and towering leaping

dream: Physiological dream research: D-state (desynchronized or dreaming) sleep has been reported for all mammals studied. It has been observed, for example, among monkeys, dogs, cats, rats, elephants, shrews, and opossums; these signs also have been reported in some birds and

crystal: Covalent bonds: Filled atomic shells with d-orbitals have an important role in covalent bonding. Electrons in atomic orbits have angular momentum (L), which is quantized in integer (n) multiples of Planck’s constant h: L = nh. Electron orbitals with n = 0 are called s-states, with n = 1 are

Dwyane Wade is an American professional basketball player who was one of the best players of his era and who won three National Basketball Association (NBA) championships (2006, 2012, and 2013) as a member of the Miami Heat. Coming out of high school, Wade was lightly recruited by colleges and

D.A.R.E., American educational program aimed at preventing drug use among students by helping them to develop decision-making skills. Age-appropriate lessons are taught by certified police officers in K–12 classrooms. The program was well regarded by parents and teachers and often lauded by

ARCHIVED TOPIC: This topic was archived on June 22, 2017, and will no longer be updated. D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) is a school-based substance abuse, gang, and violence prevention program in 75% of U.S. school districts and in 52 countries (as of 2016). Since its creation in 1983,

The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, British order of knighthood instituted in 1917 by King George V to reward both civilian and military wartime service, although currently the honour is bestowed for meritorious service to the government in peace as well as for gallantry in wartime. In

Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul (D.C.), Roman Catholic religious congregation founded at Paris in 1633 by St. Vincent de Paul and St. Louise de Marillac. The congregation was a radical innovation by 17th-century standards: it was the first noncloistered religious institute of women

Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States of America and a cosmopolitan city in its own right, one that continues to struggle with the impact of the compromise that created it more than 235 years ago. Located on the banks of the Potomac River and socially, economically, and

The debate to grant statehood to Washington, D.C., and Puerto Ricopops up periodically in the news or the halls of U.S. Congress, especially during election years. Versions of these debates have been popular since the early 1800s for D.C., and since the 1950s for Puerto Rico, though debate over the

Irene Cara: Fame, Flashdance, and pop music stardom: …herself in the comedy film D.C. Cab (1983), and she collaborated with Moroder and music producer Pete Bellotte to write “The Dream (Hold on to Your Dream),” which appears on the film’s soundtrack. In 1984 she performed alongside Clint Eastwood and Burt Reynolds in the crime-comedy City Heat and cowrote…

Beltway sniper attacks, shooting spree in the Washington, D.C., area that killed 10 people and injured 3 over a three-week period in October 2002. The shooters, John Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, chose targets seemingly at random and brought daily life in the area to a virtual standstill. The

Wayne Rooney: …team, however, Rooney signed with D.C. United of Major League Soccer. In 2020 he became player and coach for Derby County of the English Football Championship league. He retired from competitive play the following year and was named manager of the team. However, he left in 2022 to become manager…

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, order of British knighthood established by King George I in 1725, conferred as a reward either for military service or for exemplary civilian merit. Like most chivalric orders, it has antecedents that reach far before the actual date of its founding. Bathing

The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, British order of knighthood founded in 1818 by the Prince Regent, later King George IV, to commemorate the British protectorate over the Ionian islands (now in Greece) and Malta, which came under British rule in 1814. Originally

Royal Victorian Order, British order of knighthood instituted by Queen Victoria in 1896 to reward personal services rendered the monarch. As it is a family order, conferment of this honour is solely at the discretion of the British sovereign. Unlike other British orders, there is no limit on the

dentistry: Dental school and training: …dentistry to qualify as a doctor of dental surgery (D.D.S.) or doctor of dental medicine (D.M.D.), both degrees being equivalent. The program of studies during the four-year course includes the following biological sciences: human anatomy, biochemistry, bacteriology, histology, pathology, pharmacology,

cereal processing: Sweeteners: (dextrose equivalents), and confectionery syrups have a D.E. of about 36 to 55, while the fuller conversion of products with D.E. of 96 to 99 can be made for the production of almost pure glucose or dextrose, used in many food products.

aerospace engineering: Aeronautical engineering: …1949 the British de Havilland Comet inaugurated commercial jet transport flight. The Comet, however, experienced structural failures that curtailed the service, and it was not until 1958 that the highly successful Boeing 707 jet transport began nonstop transatlantic flights. While civil aircraft designs utilize most new technological advancements, the transport…

Daniel Burnham: D.H. Burnham and Company: When he was able to return to his architecture practice, Burnham reorganized it as D.H. Burnham and Company. Aesthetically, he embraced a traditional Neoclassical vocabulary utilized at the Court of Honor at the fair and exemplified by his friend the architect…