The Crack-Up, essay by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published serially in Esquire magazine in 1936 and posthumously, in book form, in The Crack-Up: With Other Uncollected Pieces, Note-Books, and Unpublished Letters (1945). This confessional essay documents Fitzgerald’s spiritual and physical deterioration

baking: Sheeting and cutting: Many cookies and crackers are made in this way, and designs may be impressed in the dough pieces by docking pins (used primarily to puncture the sheet, preventing formation of excessively large gas bubbles) or by cutting edges partially penetrating the dough pieces.

Sean Penn: Early career, Fast Times at Ridgemont High, and marriage to Madonna: … (1983), a punk rocker-burglar in Crackers (1984), a World War II marine about to ship out in the romance Racing with the Moon (1984), and a spy selling U.S. government secrets to the KGB in The Falcon and the Snowman (1985)—garnering favorable notices from critics even when the vehicle he…

Gill v. Whitford: …to have Republican majorities (“cracking”). By thus reducing the total number of districts that were likely to elect Democrats, the drafters hoped to limit Democratic representation in the state legislature and to maintain Republican control of the body even following elections in which Democrats won a majority of the…

cracking, in petroleum refining, the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure and sometimes catalysts. Cracking is the most important process for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel. Cracking of

mechanics of solids: Stress concentrations and fracture: …as the basis for predicting crack growth response under service loadings in terms of laboratory data that is correlated in terms of that factor. That stress intensity factor is the coefficient of a characteristic singularity in the linear elastic solution for the stress field near a crack tip; it is…

cardiovascular disease: Myocardial infarction: …by subtle evidence such as rales (abnormal respiratory sounds) in the lungs or a gallop rhythm of the heartbeat may the evidence of some minor degree of heart failure be detected. In a small percentage of cases, the state of shock occurs, with pallor, coolness of the hands and feet,…

Neil Diamond: Songwriting superstar: …Traveling Salvation Show” (1969), “Cracklin’ Rosie” (1970; his first record to reach number one on the pop charts), and “I Am…I Said” (1971), the last of which earned him his first Grammy Award nomination.

lard: …vessels; the residue is called cracklings. Neutral lard is prepared by melting leaf fat (from around the kidneys) and back fat. Continuous rendering involves grinding, rapid heating, and separation of fat from the cells by centrifuging. Lard composition varies with the diet of the hogs. The predominant fatty acids are…

crakow, long, pointed, spiked shoe worn by both men and women first in the mid-14th century and then condemned by law. Crakows were named after the city of Kraków (Cracow), Pol., and they were also known as poulaines (Polish). Crakows were admired on the feet of the courtiers of Anne of Bohemia,

ghost town: Craco, Italy, was abandoned by many of its residents during the 1960s following a series of damaging landslides. The rest left after the devastating Irpinia earthquake of 1980. Craco is now a popular tourist attraction where parts of several movies have been filmed, including the…

Kraków, city and capital of Małopolskie województwo (province), southern Poland, lying on both sides of the upper Vistula River. One of the largest cities in Poland, it is known primarily for its grand historic architecture and cultural leadership; UNESCO designated its old town area a World

Republic of Cracow, tiny state that for the 31 years of its existence (1815–46) was the only remaining independent portion of Poland. Established by the Congress of Vienna at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars (1815), the free Republic of Cracow consisted of the ancient city of Cracow (Kraków)

Casimir III: Domestic achievements: …the Academy of Kraków (now Jagiellonian University) in 1364.

Cracticidae, songbird family, of the order Passeriformes, that includes species of the bell-magpie, butcherbird, and currawong (qq.v.) groups of Australia. They are sometimes collectively called songshrikes, from their vocal powers and their shrikelike

butcherbird: A familiar species is the gray butcherbird (C. torquatus).

Mary Noailles Murfree was an American writer in the local-colour movement, most of whose stories present the narrow, stern life of the Tennessee mountaineers who were left behind in the advance of civilization. Mary Murfree studied at Chegaray Institute, a French school in Philadelphia, in 1867–69.

Mary Noailles Murfree was an American writer in the local-colour movement, most of whose stories present the narrow, stern life of the Tennessee mountaineers who were left behind in the advance of civilization. Mary Murfree studied at Chegaray Institute, a French school in Philadelphia, in 1867–69.

Gene Vincent American rockabilly singer whose swaggering, black-leather-clad image defined the look of the rock rebel. Discharged from the U.S. Navy in 1955 following a motorcycle accident in which his leg was seriously injured, Vincent tried his hand at country music. In 1956, with record

cradle, in furniture, infant’s bed of wood, wicker, or iron, having enclosed sides and suspended from a bar, slung upon pivots, or mounted on rockers. The rocking motion of the cradle is intended to lull the infant to sleep. The cradle is an ancient type of furniture, and its origins are unknown.

mezzotint: …later an instrument called a cradle, or rocker, was used. It resembles a small spade with a toothed edge, and its cutting action throws up rough ridges of metal called burrs. The burrs are scraped away in places intended to be white in the finished print. In the 21st century,…

placer mining: …pan was the rocker, or cradle, named for its resemblance to a child’s cradle. As it was rocked, it sifted large quantities of ore. Gravel was shoveled onto a perforated iron plate, and water was poured over it, causing finer material to drop through the perforations and onto an apron…

cradle, in agriculture, rakelike harvesting implement of wood, devised in ancient times for gathering the stalks of wheat, oats, barley, and other grains (first cut with the sickle) and laying them in rows for binding. The later cradle scythe invented in Europe consisted of a framework of long,

Cradle Mountain, mountain situated at the northern boundary of the 622-square-mile (1,611-square-kilometre) Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park, in northwest-central Tasmania, Australia. Located on Tasmania’s central plateau, its lava basalt peak rises to 5,069 feet (1,545 m). It is an

Cradles of Civilization: …in a select number of places around the world, including the Fertile Crescent, certain river valleys in what is now China, the Indus River valley, Mesoamerica, and the Andes.

Louis Adamic: …successful sequels, Grandsons (1935) and Cradle of Life (1936), were followed by his first novel, The House in Antigua (1937). His following book, My America (1938), a mixture of memoir and social philosophy, outlines his dream of a unified American people.

Olduvai Gorge, paleoanthropological site in the eastern Serengeti Plain, within the boundaries of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in northern Tanzania. It is a steep-sided ravine consisting of two branches that have a combined length of about 30 miles (48 km) and are 295 feet (90 metres) deep.

barrel vault, ceiling or roof consisting of a series of semicylindrical arches. See

Tim Robbins: …(as well as acted in) Cradle Will Rock (1999), about the pro-union play The Cradle Will Rock, written in 1937 by Marc Blitzstein for the WPA Federal Theatre Project; the movie was nominated for the Palm d’Or at Cannes. Also in 1999 he played The President in the Mike Myers…

Marc Blitzstein: His first opera, The Cradle Will Rock (1937), is the story of a capitalist’s resistance to unionization. Controversy surrounded much of Blitzstein’s work, which is experimental in subject matter and characterized by unexpected tonalities. Blitzstein believed fascism should be fought with art, and he had a gift for…

Western painting: Impressionism: …Races (1870–73) and Berthe Morisot’s The Cradle (1872). Manet himself was absent, hoping for academic success; his Gare Saint-Lazare (1873), influenced by the Impressionist palette, was accepted at the Salon. Modeling himself on Pissarro, Cézanne sublimated the turbulent emotions of his earlier work in pictures that were studied directly and…

extended producer responsibility: Benefits of extended producer responsibility: …a life-cycle or a “cradle-to-grave” perspective. Extended producer responsibility policies attempt to change how a product is produced—the “cradle”—to affect how a product may be disposed of—the “grave.”

Indigenous peoples of the American Southwest: Socialization and education: Cradles and cradleboards were used, especially during the first year of life; the Hopi viewed swaddling as the first of many periods of conditioning that helped the individual to gain self-control. From birth, children were treated as an integral part of the family; among the Navajo, for…

Buffy Sainte-Marie: Activism: …the mid-1990s she established the Cradleboard Teaching Project, which facilitated educational partnerships—typically over long distances—between Native and non-Native American communities and promoted development of culturally sensitive school curricula. Meanwhile, in the 1980s she began to create, exhibit, and teach computer-based visual art at various venues across North America.

For most of its history, humanity lived in mobile groups that hunted wild animals and gathered various edible plants. But few communities still live this way. Instead, the majority of people live in permanent villages, towns, and cities and get their food from farms. This incredible transformation

lacrosse: The game: …of the game is “cradling,” in which the player rapidly rotates the stick in half-turns while holding it nearly upright as he runs. The centrifugal force developed keeps the ball in the pocket of the crosse and also puts it in position for accurate throwing. Defensive players are allowed…

World War I: The war at sea, 1914–15: …on a British force, under Sir Christopher Cradock, which had sailed from the Atlantic to hunt it down: without losing a single ship, it sank Cradock’s two major cruisers, Cradock himself being killed. But the fortunes of the war on the high seas were reversed when, on December 8, the…

work: …the products of artisans and craftsmen; peasants worked family farms; and slaves worked in mines and craft workshops. These workshops were prototypes of the modern factory, producing metal weapons and tools with fewer than a dozen workers under the direction of a master craftsman. Larger projects, such as pyramids and…

craft beer, carbonated fermented malted alcoholic beverage created by small, independent breweries that produce a limited annual volume. Production runs are often modest, usually fewer than 1,000 barrels each year per brewery. With this narrow focus comes the freedom to experiment with styles and

beer: Maturation and packaging: microbrewed ales are packaged in bottles together with yeast to make “bottle-conditioned” beer.

organized labour: Origins in Britain: Medieval guilds, which regulated craft production, clearly differed in function from trade unions, in that guilds were combinations of both masters and workers while modern unions emerged to serve workers’ interests alone. However, aspects of guild regulation—as in matters relating to apprenticeship—were incorporated into the objectives of early unionism,…

craft lace, group of laces made by knitting, crochet, tatting, and macramé, as well as tape laces using straight machine tapes for the outer borders of the design motifs. Though some varieties were made professionally for commercial purposes, most craft laces were popular as domestic pastimes from

craft union, trade union combining workers who are engaged in a particular craft or skill but who may work for various employers and at various locations. Formed to improve wage levels and working conditions, craft unions were established in Britain and in the United States during the middle of the

Igor Stravinsky: Life and career: ) According to Craft, who entered Stravinsky’s household in 1948 and remained his intimate associate until the composer’s death, the realization that he was regarded as a spent force threw Stravinsky into a major creative depression, from which he emerged, with Craft’s help, into a phase of serial…

ship: History of ships: Boats are still vital aids to movement, even those little changed in form during that 6,000-year history. The very fact that boats may be quite easily identified in illustrations of great antiquity shows how slow and continuous had been this evolution until just 150 years…

African American literature: Prose, drama, and poetry: …real-world experiences of its author, Hannah Bond (who published under the pseudonym Hannah Crafts)—was discovered in manuscript in the early 21st century and is among the earliest contributions to African American women’s fiction. Harper was renowned in mid-19th-century Black America as the poetic voice of her people, a writer whose…

Cennino Cennini: …writing Il libro dell’arte (1437; The Craftsman’s Handbook), the most informative source on the methods, techniques, and attitudes of medieval artists. Painting, according to Cennini, holds a high place among human occupations because it combines theory or imagination with the skill of the hand. In Il libro dell’arte, Cennini gave…

Nicholas Amhurst: …the Whigs, and editor of The Craftsman, a political journal of unprecedented popularity that was hostile to the Whig government of Sir Robert Walpole.

Harvey Ellis: …designs published in 1903 in The Craftsman, Stickley’s monthly magazine.

sculpture: The sculptor as designer and as craftsman: …is the task of a craftsman. A sculptor often functions as both designer and craftsman, but these two aspects of sculpture may be separated.

Affirmed: Breeding and early years: …Tell You, a daughter of Crafty Admiral. Both grandsires were champions. On the maternal side of Affirmed’s lineage, Crafty Admiral earned $499,200 in four years of racing. On the paternal side, Affirmed’s grandsire, Raise a Native, was undefeated in four races before becoming injured and having to retire.

roche moutonnée: A crag and tail is distinguished from a roche moutonnée by the presence of an elongate, tapered ridge of till extending downstream. Often produced by selective erosion of softer strata, roche moutonnée landscapes are characteristic of glaciated crystalline shield areas.

James Craggs was an English politician implicated in the South Sea Bubble (1720), a widespread speculation in shares of the South Sea Company, which had taken over most of the British national debt. The company persuaded investors to exchange their state annuities for the greatly overvalued stock,

shrimp: The common European shrimp, or sand shrimp, Crangon vulgaris (Crago septemspinosus), occurs in coastal waters on both sides of the North Atlantic and grows to about 8 cm (3 inches); it is gray or dark brown with brown or reddish spots. The shrimp Peneus setiferus feeds on small plants and…

Craigslist, private corporation operating over the Internet to provide classified advertisements, community information services, and community forums. Most of these listings are restricted to specific locations, which include some 500 cities in 50 countries. Craig’s list was launched in 1995 by

George Kelly: In Craig’s Wife (1925), Kelly shifted his vision to the upper middle class and abandoned comedy to write a savage drama of a woman who sacrifices her husband to her possessions, ultimately losing both. Kelly wrote several other plays, but none was a popular success. He…

Dorothy Arzner: Films of the 1930s and ’40s: In Craig’s Wife (1936), an adaptation of a popular play by George Kelly, Arzner tried to create some sympathy for the cold, domineering title character (played by Rosalind Russell), who is less interested in her husband (John Boles) than in maintaining the gleam of her showcase…

Daniel Craig is an English actor known for his restrained gravitas and ruggedly handsome features. Craig achieved international fame with his portrayal of playboy spy James Bond in several films, beginning with Casino Royale (2006). Craig’s father was a steelworker and later a pub owner, and his

Daniel Craig is an English actor known for his restrained gravitas and ruggedly handsome features. Craig achieved international fame with his portrayal of playboy spy James Bond in several films, beginning with Casino Royale (2006). Craig’s father was a steelworker and later a pub owner, and his

Edward Godwin: …both of whom Terry reared: Edith Ailsa Craig (1869–1947), who was an active theatre director and costumier, as well as a suffragist, and Edward Gordon Craig, a noted stage designer.

Edward Gordon Craig was an English actor, theatre director-designer, producer, and theorist who influenced the development of the theatre in the 20th century. Craig was the second child of a liaison between the actress Ellen Terry and the architect Edward William Godwin. Like Edith (the other child

Edward Gordon Craig was an English actor, theatre director-designer, producer, and theorist who influenced the development of the theatre in the 20th century. Craig was the second child of a liaison between the actress Ellen Terry and the architect Edward William Godwin. Like Edith (the other child

James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon was a soldier and statesman, a leading advocate of maintaining the union between Ireland and Great Britain, and the first prime minister of Northern Ireland (from June 22, 1921, until his death). Craig became a stockbroker, served with an Irish unit in the South

Edinburgh: The New Town: ” The architect, James Craig, set out a vision of order and space: a grid five streets deep and seven streets wide with a broad central axis terminating in grand squares at each end. St. George’s Church would anchor the western end of the scheme, St. Andrew’s the…

Jim Craig is an American ice hockey goaltender who was part of the U.S. hockey team that won the gold medal at the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, New York, U.S. The American victory in the hockey tournament, known as the Miracle on Ice, was one of the greatest surprises in the history of the

Jim Craig is an American ice hockey goaltender who was part of the U.S. hockey team that won the gold medal at the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, New York, U.S. The American victory in the hockey tournament, known as the Miracle on Ice, was one of the greatest surprises in the history of the

probability and statistics: The probability of causes: In 1699 the British mathematician John Craig used probability to vindicate the truth of scripture and, more idiosyncratically, to forecast the end of time, when, due to the gradual attrition of truth through successive testimonies, the Christian religion would become no longer probable. The Scottish philosopher David Hume, more skeptically,…

Boy George: Culture Club: …In Praise of Lemmings, with Mikey Craig on bass and Jon Suede on guitar. They soon renamed themselves Sex Gang Children. In 1981, following the replacement of Suede with Roy Hay on guitar and the addition of Jon Moss on drums, the group’s name changed again, this time to Culture…

Sir James Craig was a British soldier in the American Revolutionary War who later served as governor-general of Canada (1807–11) and was charged by French-Canadians with conducting a “reign of terror” in Quebec. Craig entered the British army at the age of 15 and was made captain in 1771. In his

Sir James Craig was a British soldier in the American Revolutionary War who later served as governor-general of Canada (1807–11) and was charged by French-Canadians with conducting a “reign of terror” in Quebec. Craig entered the British army at the age of 15 and was made captain in 1771. In his

Hirwaun: …uplands of Hirwaun Common and Craig-y-Llyn peak, with an elevation of 1,969 feet (600 metres). Many Iron Age tools and weapons, as well as 6th-century-bce tools and ornaments fashioned from bronze, were found in the area when a small natural lake on the slopes of Craig-y-Llyn was drained to form…

Craigavon, new town (built after 1966), Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon district, Northern Ireland, lying southwest of Belfast. Craigavon new town was developed under the New Towns Act of 1965 as a commercial, light industrial, and residential centre linking the older towns of Lurgan and

Craigavon, former district and borough (1973–2015) established from portions of the former counties of Antrim, Down, and Armagh, now part of the district of Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon, southeastern Northern Ireland. Situated south of Lough (lake) Neagh, it was bordered by the former

James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon was a soldier and statesman, a leading advocate of maintaining the union between Ireland and Great Britain, and the first prime minister of Northern Ireland (from June 22, 1921, until his death). Craig became a stockbroker, served with an Irish unit in the South

railroad: Canadian railroads: …a joining of tracks at Craigellachie in British Columbia, Burrard Inlet, north of the Fraser mouth, was selected as a new port and was named for George Vancouver, the British naval captain who conducted the most detailed survey of this coast.

bridge: Early designs: The 1814 Craigellachie Bridge, over the River Spey in Scotland, is the oldest surviving metal bridge of Telford’s. Its 45-meter (150-foot) arch has a flat, nearly parabolic profile made up of two curved arches connected by X-bracing. The roadway has a slight vertical curve and is supported…

Rebecca Lancefield was an American bacteriologist who created a system of classification of the more than 60 different types of Group A streptococcal bacteria while conducting research at Rockefeller Institute (later Rockefeller University). Lancefield graduated from Wellesley College and in 1918

Sir William Alexander Craigie was a Scottish lexicographer and language and literature scholar who was joint editor (1901–33) of The Oxford English Dictionary and chief editor (1923–36) of the four-volume Historical Dictionary of American English. (Read H.L. Mencken’s 1926 Britannica essay on

Craigslist, private corporation operating over the Internet to provide classified advertisements, community information services, and community forums. Most of these listings are restricted to specific locations, which include some 500 cities in 50 countries. Craig’s list was launched in 1995 by

Romanian literature: Between the wars: …styles can be illustrated by Nichifor Crainic’s religious traditionalist tendency, the programmatic esoterica of Ion Barbu (who was also an internationally renowned mathematician), the influence of French and German lyric poetry on Ion Pillat, and the bitter Symbolist poetry of George Bacovia. After Eminescu, who remained influential throughout the 20th…

Jacques Feyder: …box-office success, but it was Crainquebille (1922), from Anatole France’s novel of daily Parisian life, that established his reputation as a director. He became a naturalized French citizen in 1928.

Anatole France: Crainquebille (1903), a comedy in three acts adapted by France from an earlier short story, dramatizes the unjust treatment of a small tradesman and proclaims the hostility toward the bourgeois order that led France eventually to embrace socialism. Toward the end of his life, his…

Craiova, city, capital of Dolj județ (county), southwestern Romania. It is situated near the Jiu River, 115 miles (185 km) west of Bucharest. Settlement there is of long standing. Close to the city archaeologists have discovered the remains of a Roman fortress built under Trajan. From the late 15th

20th-century international relations: The Eastern front: The Treaty of Craiova (August 21) awarded the Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria, and the so-called Vienna Award by Hitler and Mussolini ceded northern Transylvania to Hungary. Romania’s King Carol II abdicated in protest, General Ion Antonescu took power, and a German military mission arrived in Bucharest…

crake, any of numerous marsh birds of the family Rallidae (order Gruiformes), generally any small rail in which the bill is short and conical. The name is chiefly European but can be extended to New World rails of this type. The most widespread genus is Porzana (13 species), typified by the spotted

crakow, long, pointed, spiked shoe worn by both men and women first in the mid-14th century and then condemned by law. Crakows were named after the city of Kraków (Cracow), Pol., and they were also known as poulaines (Polish). Crakows were admired on the feet of the courtiers of Anne of Bohemia,

Donald J. Cram was an American chemist who, along with Charles J. Pedersen and Jean-Marie Lehn, was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his creation of molecules that mimic the chemical behaviour of molecules found in living systems. Cram was educated at Rollins College in Winter Park,

Donald J. Cram was an American chemist who, along with Charles J. Pedersen and Jean-Marie Lehn, was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his creation of molecules that mimic the chemical behaviour of molecules found in living systems. Cram was educated at Rollins College in Winter Park,

Donald J. Cram was an American chemist who, along with Charles J. Pedersen and Jean-Marie Lehn, was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his creation of molecules that mimic the chemical behaviour of molecules found in living systems. Cram was educated at Rollins College in Winter Park,

Ralph Adams Cram was an architect and writer, and the foremost Gothic revival architect in the United States. Inspired by the influential English critic John Ruskin, Cram became an ardent advocate of and authority on English and French Gothic styles. In 1888 he opened an architectural firm in

sea kale, (Crambe maritima), perennial plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Native to seashores and cliffs of Eurasia, sea kale can tolerate salty soils and is sometimes cultivated for its edible leaves and shoots. Young or blanched leaves are cooked and eaten like kale or spinach, and the

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Family Crambidae (webworms) Approximately 11,600 species worldwide; small, often abundant moths, many larvae producing silk webbing in feeding sites; subfamily Crambinae contains almost 1,900 species, larvae feeding mainly on roots, grasses, or mosses on the ground or boring into stems of grasses, sedges, or rushes; subfamily Pyraustinae…

crambo, a game in which one player gave a word or line of verse to be matched in rhyme by other players. Thus, one said, “I know a word that rhymes with bird.” A second asked, “Is it ridiculous?” “No, it is not absurd.” “Is it a part of speech?” “No, it is not a word.” This proceeded until the

Cramer’s rule, in linear and multilinear algebra, procedure for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations by means of determinants (see also determinant; linear equation). Although Cramer’s rule is not an effective method for solving systems of linear equations in more than three variables,

Jim Cramer is an American television personality known for his investment advice show Mad Money (2005– ). Cramer first became interested in the stock market as a child; he memorized corporate stock symbols and organized an imaginary portfolio. In 1977 he graduated from Harvard University, where he

Jim Cramer is an American television personality known for his investment advice show Mad Money (2005– ). Cramer first became interested in the stock market as a child; he memorized corporate stock symbols and organized an imaginary portfolio. In 1977 he graduated from Harvard University, where he

Johann Baptist Cramer was one of the leading pianists of the period of transition from Classicism to Romanticism, a composer, and the founder (1824) of the London music publishing firm Cramer & Company. Cramer was taken to England in 1772 by his father. His piano teachers included the noted pianist

Cramlington, town (parish), unitary authority and historic county of Northumberland, northern England. It lies north-northeast of Newcastle upon Tyne on the northern edge of the Tyne and Wear metropolitan county. Cramlington is a new town developed to provide alternative diversified employment in a

cramp, painful, involuntary, and sustained contraction of muscle, most common in the limbs but also affecting certain internal organs. Examples of cramping include menstrual cramps and spasms of the circular muscles of the bowel (irritable colon), blood vessels (vasospasm), and pylorus of the

electric ray, any of the rays of the families Torpedinidae, Narkidae, Narcinidae, and Hypnidae, named for their ability to produce electrical shocks. They are found worldwide in warm and temperate waters. There are numerous species of electric ray; most inhabit shallow water, but some (Benthobatis)