Bambara states, two separate West African states, one of which was based on the town of Ségou, between the Sénégal and Niger rivers, and the other on Kaarta, along the middle Niger (both in present-day Mali). According to tradition, the Segu kingdom was founded by two brothers, Barama Ngolo and Nia

Toni Cade Bambara was an American writer, civil-rights activist, and teacher who wrote about the concerns of the African-American community. Reared by her mother in Harlem, Bedford-Stuyvesant, and Queens, N.Y., Bambara (a surname she adopted in 1970) was educated at Queens College (B.A., 1959). In

Melanesian languages: …Mission in the Solomon Islands; Bambatana, a literary language used by the Methodists on Choiseul Island; Bugotu, a lingua franca on Santa Isabel (Ysabel Island); Tolai, a widely used missionary language in New Britain and New Ireland; Yabêm and Graged, lingua francas of the Lutheran Mission in the Madang region…

South Africa: Black, Coloured, and Indian political responses: …an armed rising led by Bambatha, a Zulu chief. At the end of this “reluctant rebellion,” between 3,000 and 4,000 Blacks had been killed and many thousands imprisoned.

Bamberg, city, Bavaria Land (state), south-central Germany. It lies along the canalized Regnitz River, 2 miles (3 km) above the latter’s confluence with the Main River, north of Nürnberg. First mentioned in 902 as the seat of the ancestral castle of the Babenberg family, Bamberg became the seat of

Bamberg, county, south-central South Carolina, U.S. Bordered to the northeast by the South Fork Edisto River and to the southwest by the Salkehatchie River, it is also drained by the Little Salkehatchie River. The county is largely agricultural, with wetlands in the Coastal Plain. The Cathedral Bay

Bamberg: Bamberg’s imperial cathedral (1004–1237) contains many notable statues, the tombs of Henry II, his wife, Cunegund, and Pope Clement II, and a wooden altar carved by Veit Stoss. There are two bishops’ palaces: the Alte Residenz, or old palace (1571–76), which houses a local history museum, and…

Ludwig Bamberger was an economist and publicist, a leading authority on currency problems in Germany. Originally a radical, he became a moderate liberal in Bismarck’s Germany. Born of Jewish parents, Bamberger was studying French law when the Revolutions of 1848 inspired his radicalism. He became a

Bambi, novel by Felix Salten, published in 1923 as Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde. The story is an enduring children’s classic as well as an allegory for adults. It is a realistic, although anthropomorphized, account of a deer from his birth to his final role as a wise and tough old

Bambi, American animated film, released in 1942, that is considered a classic in the Disney canon for its lush hand-drawn animation and its sensitive affective narrative. The story chronicles the adventures of Bambi, a fawn whose father is revered as the Great Prince of the Forest. From birth Bambi

Bambi, novel by Felix Salten, published in 1923 as Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde. The story is an enduring children’s classic as well as an allegory for adults. It is a realistic, although anthropomorphized, account of a deer from his birth to his final role as a wise and tough old

Bambi, novel by Felix Salten, published in 1923 as Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde. The story is an enduring children’s classic as well as an allegory for adults. It is a realistic, although anthropomorphized, account of a deer from his birth to his final role as a wise and tough old

Elfriede Jelinek: , 1997); and Bambiland (2003).

Héctor Espino was a professional baseball player with the Mexican League (an affiliate with U.S. Minor League Baseball). Although virtually unknown in the United States, Espino is considered by many in Mexico to be the greatest native-born hitter of all time and is a national hero in that country.

Boston: 10 Claims to Fame: Boston Red Sox and the Curse of the Bambino: …their team through the “Curse of the Bambino”—or simply “the Curse”—which was an 86-year spell with no World Series titles. It all started when Babe Ruth (“the Bambino”) was traded by Sox owner Harry Frazee to the New York Yankees before the 1920 season. This disastrous decision resulted in…

Rome: The Capitoline: …is the home of “Il Bambino,” a wooden statue (originally a 15th-century statue; now a copy) of the Christ Child, who is called upon to save desperately ill children.

Babe Ruth was chosen as one of the first five members of the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936, a year after he finished his career. He transformed baseball through his home-run hitting, which produced an offensive revolution in the sport. His accomplishments, together with his personal charisma and

Bamboccianti, group of painters working in Rome in the mid-17th century who were known for their relatively small, often anecdotal paintings of everyday life. The word derives from the nickname “Il Bamboccio” (“Large Baby”), applied to the physically malformed Dutch painter Pieter van Laer

Bamboccianti: …the physically malformed Dutch painter Pieter van Laer (1592/95–1642). Generally regarded as the originator of the style and its most important exponent, van Laer arrived in Rome from Haarlem about 1625 and was soon well known for paintings in which his Netherlandish interest in the picturesque was combined with the…

bamboo, (subfamily Bambusoideae), subfamily of tall treelike grasses of the family Poaceae, comprising more than 115 genera and 1,400 species. Bamboos are distributed in tropical and subtropical to mild temperate regions, with the heaviest concentration and largest number of species in East and

Bamboo Annals, set of Chinese court records written on bamboo slips, from the state of Wei, one of the many small states into which China was divided during the Dong (Eastern) Zhou dynasty (770–256 bce). The state records were hidden in a tomb uncovered some 6 miles (10 km) southwest of the

bat: Locomotion: …as the bamboo bats (Tylonycteris), have specialized wrist and sole pads for moving along and roosting on the smooth surface of leaves or bamboo stalks. Bats are not known to swim in nature except, perhaps, by accident. When they do fall into water, however, they generally swim competently.

Anthony Mann: The 1940s: film noirs: The Bamboo Blonde (1946) was a hybrid of a musical and a war movie about a bomber pilot who falls in love with a nightclub singer.

houseplant: Trees: The parlour palms and bamboo palms of the genus Chamaedorea have dainty fronds on slender stalks; they keep well even in fairly dark places. Similar in appearance is the areca palm (Chrysalidocarpus) with slender yellowish stems carrying feathery fronds in clusters. The pygmy date (Phoenix roebelenii), a compact palm…

bamboo rat, any of four Asiatic species of burrowing, slow-moving, nocturnal rodents. Bamboo rats have a robust, cylindrical body, small ears and eyes, and short, stout legs. The three species of Rhizomys are 23 to 50 cm (9.1 to 19.7 inches) long with a short and bald or sparsely haired tail (5 to

annelid: Annotated classification: Maldane, Axiothella. Order Flabelligerida Sedentary; setae of anterior segments directed forward to form a cephalic (head) cage; prostomium and peristome retractile, with 2 palpi and retractile branchiae; size, 1 to 10 cm; examples of genera: Flabelligera, Stylariodes.

Savion Glover: …in director Spike Lee’s film Bamboozled, and in 2001 he made an appearance in Bojangles, a television biopic of tap dancer Bill (“Bojangles”) Robinson starring Hines. He premiered “Classical Savion,” a production that featured him tapping to classical music, in New York City in 2005; the show later toured the…

Latin American dance: Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela: zamacueca—are called the bambuco and joropo. The bambuco combines features of the fandango, Andean, and Afro-Latin dances as partners use a handkerchief to flirt and to embellish the courtship theme of the dance. The joropo is distinctive beyond the separation of the couple, with the man dancing the…

Luba: A powerful religious lodge, the bambudye, acted as an effective check on the behaviour of the king and even had the power to execute him in case of excessive abuse of power. It was assumed that the king had to obey the mandate of heaven by governing according to the…

Bamburgh, coastal village, unitary authority and historic county of Northumberland, northeastern England. The site is dominated by Bamburgh Castle, which stands on a cliff 150 feet (45 metres) above the North Sea. The fortress was founded in the 6th century by Ida, first monarch of the Anglo-Saxon

Bamburgh Castle, castle in Bamburgh, England, on a site that has been occupied since ancient times. The oldest surviving aboveground parts of the castle date from the 12th century. Standing above the Northumbrian coast, with commanding views of Lindisfarne and the Farne Islands, this castle was in

bamboo: especially Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa bambos, are used to make fine-quality paper. The jointed stems of bamboo have perhaps the most numerous uses; the largest stems supply planks for houses and rafts, while both large and small stems are lashed together to form the scaffoldings used on building-construction sites.…

bamboo: especially Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa bambos, are used to make fine-quality paper. The jointed stems of bamboo have perhaps the most numerous uses; the largest stems supply planks for houses and rafts, while both large and small stems are lashed together to form the scaffoldings used on building-construction sites.…

bamboo, (subfamily Bambusoideae), subfamily of tall treelike grasses of the family Poaceae, comprising more than 115 genera and 1,400 species. Bamboos are distributed in tropical and subtropical to mild temperate regions, with the heaviest concentration and largest number of species in East and

Bambuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. In addition to their stature, they also differ in blood type from their Bantu- and

Hierapolis, ancient Syrian city, now partly occupied by Manbij (Membij), about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Aleppo. The place first appears in Greek as Bambyce, but its Syrian name was probably Mabbog. The Seleucids made it the chief station on their main road between Antioch and

Bamenda, town located in northwestern Cameroon. It is situated in the volcanic Bamenda Highlands. Although communications are difficult because of heavy precipitation and rugged relief, the town serves as a trade and export centre for local agricultural products such as hides, coffee, and tobacco.

Samuel Bamford was an English radical reformer who was the author of several widely popular poems (principally in the Lancashire dialect) showing sympathy with the condition of the working class. He became a working weaver and earned great respect in northern radical circles as a reformer. Bamford

Kingdom of Rwanda: …communities were subdued by the mwami (“king”) Ruganzu II Ndori in the 17th century. The borders of the kingdom were rounded out in the late 19th century by Kigeri IV Rwabugiri, who is regarded as Rwanda’s greatest king. By 1900 Rwanda was a unified state with a centralized military structure.

Bamiyan, town located in central Afghanistan, about 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Kabul in the Bamiyan valley. The town is famous for its Buddhist architecture, particularly the two large Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Bamileke, any of about 90 West African peoples in the Bamileke region of Cameroon. They speak a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family. They do not refer to themselves as Bamileke but instead use the names of the individual kingdoms to which they belong or else refer to

Bamiyan, town located in central Afghanistan, about 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Kabul in the Bamiyan valley. The town is famous for its Buddhist architecture, particularly the two large Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

South Asian arts: 14th–19th century: Bammera Pōtana, a great Śaiva devotee in life and poetry, unschooled yet a scholar, is widely known for his Bhāgavatam, a masterpiece that is said to excel the original Sanskrit Bhāgavata-Purāṇa. Tāḷḷapāka Annāmācārya, son of a great family of scholars, fathered an exciting new genre…

high place, Israelite or Canaanite open-air shrine usually erected on an elevated site. Prior to the conquest of Canaan (Palestine) by the Israelites in the 12th–11th century bc, the high places served as shrines of the Canaanite fertility deities, the Baals (Lords) and the Asherot (Semitic

Bamum, a West African people speaking a language that is often used as a lingua franca and belongs to the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family. Their kingdom, with its capital at Foumban (q.v.) in the high western grasslands of Cameroon, is ruled over by a king (mfon) whose position is

Bamum: …West African people speaking a language that is often used as a lingua franca and belongs to the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family. Their kingdom, with its capital at Foumban (q.v.) in the high western grasslands of Cameroon, is ruled over by a king (mfon) whose position is hereditary…

John Bampton: …Christendom’s most distinguished lectureships, the Bampton lectures at Oxford University.

John Bampton was an English clergyman who gave his name to one of Protestant Christendom’s most distinguished lectureships, the Bampton lectures at Oxford University. Bampton studied at Trinity College, Oxford, and was a prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral from 1718 until his death. The Bampton

Bamum, a West African people speaking a language that is often used as a lingua franca and belongs to the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family. Their kingdom, with its capital at Foumban (q.v.) in the high western grasslands of Cameroon, is ruled over by a king (mfon) whose position is

Bamum: …West African people speaking a language that is often used as a lingua franca and belongs to the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family. Their kingdom, with its capital at Foumban (q.v.) in the high western grasslands of Cameroon, is ruled over by a king (mfon) whose position is hereditary…

Bamiyan, town located in central Afghanistan, about 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Kabul in the Bamiyan valley. The town is famous for its Buddhist architecture, particularly the two large Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

luogu: …thin plate), ling (handbells), and ban (woodblock) are sometimes added. Whatever the ensemble’s composition, the drummer is usually the leader.

The Protestant Heritage: Church discipline: …the established churches, and “the ban,” a form of excommunication, was used to enforce discipline by expelling members from the congregation of believers and the broader community. The ban was not merely punitive; brotherly admonition and discipline were to continue, with the hope that the wayward could be rescued.

ban, former Hungarian title denoting a governor of a military district (banat) and later designating a local representative of the Hungarian king in outlying possessions—e.g., Bosnia and Croatia. The etymology of the word ban has been contested. Some linguists argue that it was originally a Persian

ban, former Hungarian title denoting a governor of a military district (banat) and later designating a local representative of the Hungarian king in outlying possessions—e.g., Bosnia and Croatia. The etymology of the word ban has been contested. Some linguists argue that it was originally a Persian

Ban Biao was an eminent Chinese official of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) who is reported to have begun the famous Han shu (“Book of Han”), considered the Confucian historiographic model on which all later dynastic histories were patterned. Ban Biao intended the work to supplement the Shiji

Ban Chao was a Chinese general and colonial administrator of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) who reestablished Chinese control over Central Asia. The brother of the historian Ban Gu (32?–92), Ban Chao early tired of literary pursuits and turned to military affairs. In 73 he was dispatched with a

Japanese art: Calligraphy and painting: The Ban Dainagon ekotoba (“Story of the Courtier Ban Dainagon”) narrates the incidents surrounding the arson of a gate at the imperial palace in the mid-9th century. This work of the later 12th century is a masterful blend of technical styles. Movements of tension, suspense, thunderous…

Surat Thani, city, southern Thailand, on the Malay Peninsula. Locally the city is called Ban Don. It is a port at the head of the Ta Pi River delta near the Gulf of Thailand and a station on the Bangkok-Singapore railway. The surrounding area is important for its production of tin, fish, rice, and

Ban Gu was a Chinese scholar-official of the Dong (Eastern), or Hou (Later), Han dynasty and one of China’s most noteworthy historians. His Han shu (translated as The History of the Former Han Dynasty) became the model most frequently used by later Chinese historians. Ban Gu was the son of Ban Biao

Ban Ki-Moon is a South Korean diplomat and politician, who served as the eighth secretary-general (2007–16) of the United Nations (UN). At age 18 Ban won a competition that took him to the White House to meet U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy, a visit that Ban claimed inspired his public career. He

Buon Me Thuot, largest city in the central highlands of southern Vietnam. It lies at an elevation of 1,759 feet (536 metres) at the southern end of the Dac Lac Plateau, 55 miles (89 km) north-northwest of Da Lat. It has teacher-training and vocational schools, hospitals, and a commercial airport.

Richard Wagner: Early life: …second opera, Das Liebesverbot (The Ban on Love), after Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure, was a disaster.

Zhang Ailing: It was later republished as Half a Lifelong Romance (1966) and served as the basis for a film (1997) and a television series (2003).

banshee, (“woman of the fairies”) supernatural being in Irish and other Celtic folklore whose mournful “keening,” or wailing screaming or lamentation, at night was believed to foretell the death of a member of the family of the person who heard the spirit. In Ireland banshees were believed to warn

Ban Zhao was a renowned Chinese scholar and historian of the Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty. The daughter of a prominent family, Ban Zhao married at age 14, but her husband died while she was still young. She never remarried, devoting herself instead to literature and the education of her son. Her

Shigeru Ban is a Japanese architect who is known for his pioneering use of recycled paper in building construction and for his efforts in disaster relief around the globe. In 2014 he was awarded the Pritzker Prize. In its citation the Pritzker jury noted his creatively designed structures, such as

Bana was one of the greatest masters of Sanskrit prose, famed principally for his chronicle, Harshacharita (c. 640; “The Life of Harsha”), depicting the court and times of the Buddhist emperor Harsha (reigned c. 606–647) of northern India. Bana gives some autobiographical account of himself in the

Banaba, coral and phosphate formation, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. It is located 250 miles (400 km) west of the nearest Gilbert Islands and has a circumference of about 6 miles (10 km). Banaba is the location of the highest point in Kiribati, reaching 285 feet (87 metres)

Martyrs of Uganda: Luke Banabakintu were martyred with them.

Bana was one of the greatest masters of Sanskrit prose, famed principally for his chronicle, Harshacharita (c. 640; “The Life of Harsha”), depicting the court and times of the Buddhist emperor Harsha (reigned c. 606–647) of northern India. Bana gives some autobiographical account of himself in the

analysis: Functional analysis: …a Hilbert space and a Banach space, named after the German mathematician David Hilbert and the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach, respectively. Together they laid the foundations for what is now called functional analysis.

Stefan Banach was a Polish mathematician who founded modern functional analysis and helped develop the theory of topological vector spaces. Banach was given the surname of his mother, who was identified as Katarzyna Banach on his birth certificate, and the first name of his father, Stefan Greczek.

axiom of choice: …best-known of these is the Banach-Tarski paradox. This shows that for a solid sphere there exists (in the sense that the axioms assert the existence of sets) a decomposition into a finite number of pieces that can be reassembled to produce a sphere with twice the radius of the original…

Celtic religion: The impact of Christianity: …sovereignty: the sexual union, or banais ríghi (“wedding of kingship”), that constituted the core of the royal inauguration seems to have been purged from the ritual at an early date through ecclesiastical influence, but it remains at least implicit, and often quite explicit, for many centuries in the literary tradition.

banana, domesticated fruit of the genus Musa, one of the most important fruit crops of the world. There are hundreds of varieties of bananas, with plantains accounting for about 85 percent of all banana cultivation worldwide. Indeed, nearly all bananas are grown and consumed in the tropics, where

Banana, port on the Atlantic coast in far southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo, central Africa, at the mouth of the Congo River. One of the nation’s older towns, it was known as a trading centre in the 19th century, mainly during the slaving era. In the 1970s and 1980s its port was

Musaceae, the banana family of plants (order Zingiberales), consisting of 2 genera, Musa and Ensete, with about 50 species native to Africa, Asia, and Australia. The common banana (M. sapientum) is a subspecies of the plantain (M. paradisiaca). Both are important food plants. The slender or conical

bonefish, (Albula vulpes), marine game fish of the family Albulidae (order Elopiformes). It inhabits shallow coastal and island waters in tropical seas and is admired by anglers for its speed and strength. Maximum length and weight are about 76 cm (30 inches) and 6.4 kg (14 pounds). The bonefish

Banana Massacre, the unprovoked killing of United Fruit Company workers and their supporters in Ciénaga, Magdalena department, Colombia, by federal troops under the command of Colombian Gen. Carlos Cortés Vargas on December 6, 1928. Estimates of the number of deaths range from fewer than 50 to more

Zingiberales, the ginger and banana order of flowering plants, consisting of 8 families, 92 genera, and more than 2,100 species. Members of Zingiberales are widely distributed in the tropics, particularly as shade plants in tropical regions. Several genera of the order are of major economic

banana republic, derogatory term for a country that has an economy dependent solely on revenue from exporting a single product or commodity. As a result, such countries are typically controlled by foreign-owned companies or industries. Banana republics usually have a highly stratified socioeconomic

wandering spider: Brazilian wandering spiders: The Brazilian wandering spiders, Phoneutria fera and P. nigriventer, are sometimes also referred to as banana spiders because they are frequently found on banana leaves. They have an aggressive defense posture, in which they raise their front legs straight up into the air. Phoneutria are venomous,…

Panama disease, a devastating disease of bananas caused by the soil-inhabiting fungus species Fusarium oxysporum forma specialis cubense. A form of fusarium wilt, Panama disease is widespread throughout the tropics and can be found wherever susceptible banana cultivars are grown. Notoriously

Bananal Island, island, Tocantins estado (state), central Brazil. The island is formed by the Araguaia River, which for 200 miles (320 km) divides into major (western) and minor (eastern) branches, with Bananal Island lying between them. The major branch of the Araguaia forms part of the boundary

Bananal Island, island, Tocantins estado (state), central Brazil. The island is formed by the Araguaia River, which for 200 miles (320 km) divides into major (western) and minor (eastern) branches, with Bananal Island lying between them. The major branch of the Araguaia forms part of the boundary

bananaquit, (Coereba flaveola), bird of the West Indies (except Cuba) and southern Mexico to Argentina. It is sometimes placed with honeycreepers in the family Emberizidae (order Passeriformes); however, because of disagreements over its taxonomy, many authorities assign the bananaquit to its own

Woody Allen: The 1970s: Bananas (1971), the first of Allen’s directorial efforts for United Artists, starred him as a hapless, neurotic Manhattanite who is drawn into a revolution in a fictional Central American country. Though somewhat undisciplined, Bananas offered snatches of absurdist humor that rank among Allen’s funniest film…

Bonanno crime family: History: …appointments before his death was Joseph Bonanno (“Joe Bananas”), a young battle commander and enforcer who served under him. When Maranzano died, Bonanno took charge of the family that later came to bear his name. He remained in power for more than 30 years. Under his leadership, the family’s criminal…

Varanasi, city, southeastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is located on the left bank of the Ganges (Ganga) River and is one of the seven sacred cities of Hinduism. Pop. (2001) city, 1,091,918; urban agglom., 1,203,961; (2011) city, 1,198,491; urban agglom., 1,432,280. Varanasi is one of

India: The first partition of Bengal: …Malaviya (1861–1946) founded his private Banaras Hindu University in 1910.

Treaties of Banaras: …is otherwise known as the Treaty of Faizabad. It was forced on the new vizier of Oudh by the company’s governing council after the death of Shujāʿ. The vizier had to pay a larger subsidy for the use of British troops and cede Banaras (now Varanasi) to the East India…

Treaties of Banaras, (1773 and 1775), two agreements regulating relations between the British government of Bengal and the ruler of the Muslim state of Oudh (Ayodhya). The defense of Oudh had been guaranteed in 1765 on the condition that the state’s ruler, Shujāʿ al-Dawlah, pay the cost of the

Satyajit Ray: Early life: …the novel Pather Panchali by Bibhuti Bhushan Banarjee, the cinematic possibilities of which began to intrigue him. Ray had long been an avid filmgoer, and his deepening interest in the medium inspired his first attempts to write screenplays and his cofounding (1947) of the Calcutta Film Society. In 1949 Ray…

Banas River, river in Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It rises near Kumbhalgarh and cuts its way tortuously through the Aravalli Range. It then flows in a northeasterly course onto the plains and joins the Chambal River, just north of Sheopur, after a course of 310 miles (500 km). The Banas is

Banat, ethnically mixed historic region of eastern Europe; it is bounded by Transylvania and Walachia in the east, by the Tisza River in the west, by the Mures River in the north, and by the Danube River in the south. After 1920 Banat was divided among the states of Romania, Yugoslavia, and

Romania: Relief: Among the massifs themselves, the Banat and Poiana Ruscăi mountains contain a rich variety of mineral resources and are the site of two of the country’s three largest metallurgical complexes, at Reșița and Hunedoara. The marble of Ruschița is well known. To the north lie the Apuseni Mountains, centered on…

Banat, ethnically mixed historic region of eastern Europe; it is bounded by Transylvania and Walachia in the east, by the Tisza River in the west, by the Mures River in the north, and by the Danube River in the south. After 1920 Banat was divided among the states of Romania, Yugoslavia, and

Banaue rice terraces, system of irrigated rice terraces in the mountains of north-central Luzon, Philippines, that were created more than 2,000 years ago by the Ifugao people. Although located in several villages, they are collectively known as the Banaue rice terraces. In 1995 various sections of

India: Subsistence and technology: From Banawali and sites in the desiccated Sarasvati River valley came terra-cotta models of plows, supporting the earlier interpretation of the field pattern.