domestic tragedy, drama in which the tragic protagonists are ordinary middle-class or lower-class individuals, in contrast to classical and Neoclassical tragedy, in which the protagonists are of kingly or aristocratic rank and their downfall is an affair of state as well as a personal matter. The

burgomaster, mayor or chief magistrate of a German town, city, or rural commune. The title is also used in such countries as Belgium (bourgmeistre) and the Netherlands (burgemeester). Most German towns have a burgomaster, but larger cities may have several, one being the chief burgomaster

Bremen: Geography: The best known are the Bürgerpark, with its famous rhododendron gardens, and the former ramparts, which were demolished in 1802 and which now form promenades surrounding the Old Town.

Thomas François Burgers was a theologian and controversial president (1871–77) of the Transvaal who in 1877 allowed the British to annex the republic. After graduating as a doctor of theology from the University of Utrecht, Burgers in 1859 returned to Cape Colony, where he became the minister of

Protestantism: Events under Charles I: Cornelius Burges and Stephen Marshall were appointed to preach that day to members of Parliament. Their sermons urged the nation to renew its covenant with God in order to bring about true religion through the maintenance of “an able, godly, faithful, zealous, profitable, preaching ministry…

William Burges was one of England’s most notable Gothic Revival architects, a critic, and an arbiter of Victorian taste. During Burges’s apprenticeship he studied medieval architecture, visiting the Continent to gain firsthand impressions. In 1856 he received the first award in an international

Elizabeth Strout: Amy and Isabelle and Olive Kitteridge: The Burgess Boys (2013) takes place in Shirley Falls, Maine, the fictional setting of Amy and Isabelle. It explores family dynamics as two brothers try to help their divorced sister and her son, who has been charged with a hate crime.

Burgess Shale, fossil formation containing remarkably detailed traces of soft-bodied biota of the Middle Cambrian Epoch (520 to 512 million years ago). Collected from a fossil bed in the Burgess Pass of the Canadian Rockies, the Burgess Shale is one of the best preserved and most important fossil

Anthony Burgess was an English novelist, critic, and man of letters whose fictional explorations of modern dilemmas combine wit, moral earnestness, and a note of the bizarre. Trained in English literature and phonetics, Burgess taught in the extramural department of Birmingham University (1946–50),

Ernest Watson Burgess was an American sociologist known for his research into the family as a social unit. Burgess received his B.A. (1908) from Kingfisher College (Oklahoma) and his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago (1913). He taught at the Universities of Toledo (Ohio) and Kansas and at Ohio

Gelett Burgess was an American humorist and illustrator, best known for a single, early, whimsical quatrain: Burgess was educated as an engineer and worked briefly for a railroad in that capacity. Between 1891 and 1894 he taught topographical drawing at the University of California. In 1895 Burgess

Gelett Burgess was an American humorist and illustrator, best known for a single, early, whimsical quatrain: Burgess was educated as an engineer and worked briefly for a railroad in that capacity. Between 1891 and 1894 he taught topographical drawing at the University of California. In 1895 Burgess

Guy Burgess was a British diplomat who spied for the Soviet Union in World War II and early in the Cold War period. At the University of Cambridge in the 1930s, Burgess was part of a group of upper-middle-class students—including Donald Maclean, Kim Philby, and Anthony Blunt—who disagreed with the

Hugh Burgess was a British-born American inventor who, with Charles Watt, developed the soda process used to turn wood pulp into paper. Little is known of his early life. In 1851 he and Watt developed a process in which pulpwood was cut into small chips, boiled in a solution of caustic alkali at

goggles: …swimming occurred in 1911, when Thomas Burgess wore something similar to motorcycle goggles while crossing the English Channel. In 1926 Gertrude Ederle used a similar style of goggles sealed with paraffin wax to protect her eyes from the salt water when she swam the channel. The advent of underwater skin…

Thornton W. Burgess was a U.S. children’s author and naturalist. He loved nature as a child. His first book, Old Mother West Wind (1910), introduced the animal characters that were to populate his subsequent stories, which were published in many languages. He promoted conservationism through his

Thornton W. Burgess was a U.S. children’s author and naturalist. He loved nature as a child. His first book, Old Mother West Wind (1910), introduced the animal characters that were to populate his subsequent stories, which were published in many languages. He promoted conservationism through his

House of Burgesses, representative assembly in colonial Virginia, which was an outgrowth of the first elective governing body in a British overseas possession, the General Assembly of Virginia. The General Assembly was established by Gov. George Yeardley at Jamestown on July 30, 1619. It included

burgrave, in medieval Germany, one appointed to command a burg (fortified town) with the rank of count (Graf or comes). Later the title became hereditary and was associated with a

burgrave, in medieval Germany, one appointed to command a burg (fortified town) with the rank of count (Graf or comes). Later the title became hereditary and was associated with a

Burgh Family, a historic Anglo-Irish family associated with Connaught. Its founder was William de Burgo, of a knightly family from eastern England; he and his descendants were granted much of Connaught in the late 12th century, and his grandson Walter was also granted Ulster. Although Walter’s

Hubert de Burgh was the justiciar for young King Henry III of England (ruled 1216–72) who restored royal authority after a major baronial uprising. Hubert became chamberlain to King John (ruled 1199–1216) in 1197, and in June 1215 he was made justiciar. When recalcitrant barons rebelled against

Richard de Burgh, 2nd earl of Ulster was one of the most powerful Irish nobles of the late 13th and early 14th centuries. He was a member of a historic Anglo-Irish family, the Burghs, and son of Walter de Burgh (c. 1230–71), the 1st earl of Ulster (of the second creation). In 1286 he ravaged

Richard de Burgh, 2nd earl of Ulster: 1230–71), the 1st earl of Ulster (of the second creation).

bourgeoisie, the social order that is dominated by the so-called middle class. In social and political theory, the notion of the bourgeoisie was largely a construct of Karl Marx (1818–83) and of those who were influenced by him. In popular speech, the term connotes philistinism, materialism, and a

Sri Lanka: Ethnic composition: Burghers (a community of mixed European descent), Parsis (immigrants from western India), and Veddas (regarded as the aboriginal inhabitants of the country) total less than 1 percent of the population.

Elaine de Kooning: …drug abuse, in her painting The Burghers of Amsterdam Avenue.

Georg Kaiser: …Die Bürger von Calais (1914; The Burghers of Calais). Produced in 1917 at the height of World War I, the play was an appeal for peace in which Kaiser revealed his outstanding gift for constructing close-knit drama expressed in trenchant and impassioned language. He followed this with a series of…

Auguste Rodin: Toward the achievement of his art: Rodin completed work on The Burghers of Calais within two years, but the monument was not dedicated until 1895. In 1913 a bronze casting of the Calais group was installed in the gardens of Parliament in London to commemorate the intervention of the English queen who had compelled her…

Burghley House, Tudor-era country house and estate located in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England. It was built by Sir William Cecil from 1555–87 and is considered one of the most magnificent houses of the Elizabethan Age. Cecil, later Lord Burghley, was lord treasurer to Queen Elizabeth I and one of

David George Brownlow Cecil was a British athlete and Olympic champion who was an outstanding performer in the athletics (track-and-field) events of hurdling and running. He was also the eldest son and heir of the 5th marquess of Exeter. Cecil was born into an aristocratic family. He had an

William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley was the principal adviser to England’s Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and a peerage. By service to the Tudors and marriage to

Today in History—February 28: M*A*S*H Ends: “Goodbye, Farewell and Amen”: Walter “Radar” O’Reilly (Gary Burghoff).

Joost Bürgi was a mathematician who invented logarithms independently of the Scottish mathematician John Napier. Bürgi served as court watchmaker to Duke Wilhelm IV of Hesse-Kassel from 1579 to 1592 and worked in the royal observatory at Kassel, where he developed geometrical and astronomical

Joost Bürgi was a mathematician who invented logarithms independently of the Scottish mathematician John Napier. Bürgi served as court watchmaker to Duke Wilhelm IV of Hesse-Kassel from 1579 to 1592 and worked in the royal observatory at Kassel, where he developed geometrical and astronomical

Western painting: Politics, commerce, and abjection in 1980s art: …work of the British artist Victor Burgin was a key precedent for this tendency. As a conceptualist he had produced a clever piece of pseudoadvertising—a poster (Possession, 1976) that appeared on billboards throughout Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, showing a couple embracing (as in ads for deodorant or jewelry), with the words “What…

Toggenburg Succession: …and in 1712 the abbot Leodegar Bürgisser’s efforts to reassert his traditional rights over Toggenburg in order to strengthen Swiss Catholicism provoked the leading Protestant confederates, Zürich and Bern, to undertake the Toggenburg (or Second Villmergen) War, in which they quickly defeated the Abbot’s five Catholic supporters, Luzern, Uri, Schwyz,…

Hans Burgkmair, the Elder was a painter and woodcut artist, one of the first German artists to show the influence of the Italian Renaissance. The son of a painter, he became a member of the painters’ guild in Strasbourg in 1490 and in Augsburg in 1498. Some 700 woodcuts are ascribed to him,

burglary, in criminal law, the breaking and entering of the premises of another with an intent to commit a felony within. Burglary is one of the specific crimes included in the general category of theft

Burgh Family, a historic Anglo-Irish family associated with Connaught. Its founder was William de Burgo, of a knightly family from eastern England; he and his descendants were granted much of Connaught in the late 12th century, and his grandson Walter was also granted Ulster. Although Walter’s

burgomaster, mayor or chief magistrate of a German town, city, or rural commune. The title is also used in such countries as Belgium (bourgmeistre) and the Netherlands (burgemeester). Most German towns have a burgomaster, but larger cities may have several, one being the chief burgomaster

Maurice Maeterlinck: …Le Bourgmestre de Stilmonde (1917; The Burgomaster of Stilmonde), a patriotic play in which he explores the problems of Flanders under the wartime rule of an unprincipled German officer, briefly enjoyed great success.

biblical literature: Literal interpretation: …the 19th-century English biblical scholar John William Burgon:

stew: …tomatoes, okra, and onions; Kentucky’s burgoo is similar, adding beef and potatoes, carrots, turnips, and other vegetables.

Burgos, provincia (province) in the Castile-León comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), north-central Spain. It was created in 1833. Burgos province also includes the enclave of Treviño, which is administratively part of Álava province. Burgos is crossed by the Ebro River in the north and the

Burgos, city, capital of Burgos provincia (province), in Castile-León comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It is located on the lower slopes of a castle-crowned hill overlooking the Arlanzón River, about 2,600 feet (800 metres) above sea level. Founded in 884 as an eastern

10 Iconic Churches in Spain: Burgos Cathedral: Toledo Cathedral, Valladolid Cathedral Northern Spain’s Burgos Cathedral is a masterpiece of Gothic architecture dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Laid out in a Latin cross plan, the church is famous for its stained-glass windows, artworks, choir stalls, chapels, tombs, statuary, and the fine tracery of its open…

Spanish literature: Novecentismo: Among women writers, Carmen de Burgos Seguí (pseudonym Colombine) wrote hundreds of articles, more than 50 short stories, some dozen long novels and numerous short ones, many practical books for women, and socially oriented treatises on subjects such as divorce. An active suffragist and opponent of the death…

Pedro Ponce de León: …achieved his first success with Gaspard Burgos, a deaf man who, because of his difficulty with oral communication, had been denied membership in the Benedictine order. Under Ponce’s tutelage, Burgos learned to speak so that he could make his confession. Burgos later wrote a number of books. Ponce taught several…

José Burgos was a Roman Catholic priest who advocated the reform of Spanish rule in the Philippines. His execution made him a martyr of the period preceding the Philippine Revolution. Burgos studied at San Juan de Letran College and the University of Santo Tomás in Manila, earning a doctorate of

encomienda: …of the system with the Laws of Burgos (1512–13) and the New Law of the Indies (1542) failed in the face of colonial opposition. In fact, a revised form of the repartimiento system was revived after 1550.

John Burgoyne was a British general, best remembered for his defeat by superior American forces in the Saratoga (New York) campaign of 1777, during the American Revolution. After serving with distinction in the Seven Years’ War (1756–63), Burgoyne was elected to the House of Commons in 1761 and

burgrave, in medieval Germany, one appointed to command a burg (fortified town) with the rank of count (Graf or comes). Later the title became hereditary and was associated with a

Victor, 3 duke de Broglie: …conservative group known as the “Burgraves,” he did his best to stem the tide of socialism and to avert the reaction in favour of autocracy. After the coup d’état of Dec. 3, 1851, he was one of the bitterest enemies of Napoleon III’s regime. From 1855 he was a member…

French literature: Hugo: The failure of Hugo’s Les Burgraves (1843; “The Commanders”), an overinflated epic melodrama, is commonly seen as the beginning of the end of Romantic theater.

burgrave, in medieval Germany, one appointed to command a burg (fortified town) with the rank of count (Graf or comes). Later the title became hereditary and was associated with a

Burgred was the king of Mercia (from 852/853) who was driven out by the Danes and went to Rome. In 852 or 853 he called upon Aethelwulf of Wessex to aid him in subduing the North Welsh. The request was granted and the campaign proved successful, the alliance being sealed by the marriage of Burgred

Vienna: Music and theatre: The Burgtheater, founded in 1776, is one of the most highly regarded German-language theatres in Europe. In addition to several large theatres, Vienna has numerous small theatres, which provide a home for more avant-garde works.

Doug Burgum is an American politician and businessman who is secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior (2025– ) in the Republican administration of Pres. Donald Trump. Burgum previously served as governor of North Dakota (2016–24). For some six months in 2023, he was a candidate in the 2024

Germanic peoples: …nothing of the Saxons, the Burgundians, and others who became prominent after his time.

history of the Low Countries: The Habsburgs: …from the empire as “Burgundian Kreis” (“Circle”) (1548) and in the Pragmatic Sanction (1549), which stated that succession would be regulated in identical fashion in all the regions of the Low Countries that he had included in his empire. The Low Countries were thus prevented from being split up.

Burgundian Romanesque style, architectural and sculptural style (c. 1075–c. 1125) that emerged in the duchy of Burgundy in eastern France and marked some of the highest achievements of Romanesque art (q.v.). The architecture of the Burgundian school arose from the great abbey church at Cluny (the

Burgundian school, dominant musical style of Europe during most of the 15th century, when the prosperous and powerful dukes of Burgundy, particularly Philip the Good and Charles the Bold, maintained large chapels of musicians, including composers, singers, and instrumentalists. Among the chapel

Switzerland: Expansion and position of power: …as a result of the Burgundian War (1474–77), Switzerland became a dynamic European power for half a century. Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, had tried to establish an empire extending from the Netherlands to the Mediterranean and gradually gained control of pawned Austrian territory from Alsace to the Rhine…

classical scholarship: Greek in the West: …scholars, James of Venice and Burgundio of Pisa, traveled to Constantinople in search of theological and philosophical learning; Burgundio brought back literary as well as theological manuscripts, though he was probably incapable of reading them. The Aristotelian revival of the 13th century led to the production of many translations of…

Gundobad: …two codes of law, the Lex Gundobada, applying to all his subjects, and, somewhat later, the Lex Romana Burgundionum, applying to his Roman subjects.

Burgundy, historical region and former région of France. As a région, it encompassed the central départements of Côte-d’Or, Saône-et-Loire, Nièvre, and Yonne. In 2016 the Burgundy région was joined with the région of Franche-Comté to form the new administrative entity of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Belfort, town, capital of the Territoire de Belfort, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté région, eastern France, on the Savoureuse River, southwest of Mulhouse. Inhabited in Gallo-Roman times, Belfort was first recorded in the 13th century as a possession of the counts of Montbéliard, who granted it a charter

fungicide: Bordeaux mixture and Burgundy mixture, a similar composition, are still widely used to treat orchard trees. Copper compounds and sulfur have been used on plants separately and as combinations, and some are considered suitable for organic farming. Other organic fungicides include neem oil, horticultural oil, and bicarbonates. Synthetic…

10 Organisms Named for David Attenborough: Burgundy snail: •What: small land snail, less than 40 mm (1.6 inches) in length. Brilliantly colored in speckled red and bright green, the animal is considered a semi-slug because its thin, brittle shell is too small for its body to retract inside.

escargot: Helix pomatia, called the Roman or Burgundy snail (escargot de Bourgnone), is the most prized of the escargot species. H. lucorum, the Turkish snail (escargot du turc), and Cornu aspersum, the common garden snail (escargot petit gris), are also eaten. All three species, as well…

Burgundy wine, any of numerous wines of the region of Burgundy in east-central France. The region’s vineyards include those of the Chablis district, the Côte de Nuits just south of Dijon, the area around Beaune and Mâcon, and the Beaujolais district just north of Lyons. Burgundy is a region of

Brabant: …rely for aid on the house of Burgundy. In 1390 she ceded her rights to her niece Margaret of Flanders, who was married to Philip II the Bold of Burgundy. When the family line died out in 1430, inheritance passed to Philip III the Good of Burgundy, an event that…

Balaghat, town, southeastern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The town lies in a plateau region at the southern base of the Satpura Range, just east of the Wainganga River, and is about 95 miles (155 km) south of Jabalpur. Balaghat formerly consisted of two villages, Burha and Burhi, which

al-Ḥalabī was a jurist who maintained the traditions of Islamic jurisprudence in the 16th century. Personal details of his life are obscure, except that after studying in Ḥalab and Cairo, he spent more than 40 years in Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, where he became a preacher in the

Rūmī: Early life and travels: A year later, Burhān al-Dīn Muḥaqqiq, one of Bahāʾ al-Dīn’s former disciples, arrived in Konya and acquainted Jalāl al-Dīn more deeply with some mystical theories that had developed in Iran. Burhān al-Dīn, who contributed considerably to Jalāl al-Dīn’s spiritual formation, left Konya about 1240. Jalāl al-Dīn is said…

India: Successors to the Bahmanī: …south and by Murtaḍā’s brother Burhān, who had the support of the Mughal emperor Akbar, from the north. Burhān defeated the army of Ahmadnagar, recalled the foreign nobles (as the newcomers of Bahmanī times were by then designated) who had been expelled from the kingdom, and assumed the throne in…

Sudan: Transition: Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who had been leading the military-led transition council, was named president. Abdalla Hamdok, selected by the civilian groups’ alliance, was appointed prime minister, and he formed a cabinet on September 5. Citing the civilian-led government now in place, the AU lifted its…

Eretna dynasty: …Eretna ruler, was killed, and Burhaneddin, a former vizier, proclaimed himself sultan over Eretna lands.

Burhanpur, city, southwestern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies just north of the Tapti River, about 35 miles (55 km) south of Khandwa. Burhanpur was founded in 1399 by Naṣīr Khan, the first independent prince of the Fārūqī dynasty of Khandesh, and it was annexed by the Mughal emperor

Eliza Wood Burhans Farnham was an American reformer and writer, an early advocate of the importance of rehabilitation as a focus of prison internment. Eliza Burhans grew up from age four in the unhappy home of foster parents. At age 15 she came into the care of an uncle, and she briefly attended

burhead, (genus Echinodorus), genus of some 28 species of annual or perennial herbs of the family Alismataceae, named for their round, bristly fruit. The aquatic plants grow in shallow ponds and swamps in North and South America. They are slender plants that are seldom more than 30 cm (12 inches)

Gandak River: The Burhi (“Old”) Gandak flows parallel to and east of the Gandak River in an old channel. It joins the Ganges northeast of Munger.

thickknee, any of numerous shorebirds that constitute the family Burhinidae (order Charadriiformes). The bird is named for the thickened intertarsal joint of its long, yellowish or greenish legs; or, alternatively, for its size (about that of a curlew, 35 to 50 centimetres, or 14 to 20 inches) and

thickknee: The double-striped thickknee (B. bistriatus) inhabits the American tropics. Others are the great stone curlew (Esacus recurvirostris), also called stone plover or reef thickknee, of coastal rivers of India; and the beach stone curlew (Orthorhamphus magnirostris) of Australia.

thickknee: The European stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus), called Norfolk plover in England, breeds across southern Europe to India and northern Africa. A tropical African species is known as the water dikkop (B. vermiculatus). The double-striped thickknee (B. bistriatus) inhabits the American tropics. Others are the great stone…

Eric Henry Stoneley Burhop was an Australian-born nuclear physicist who made important contributions to the study of elementary particle physics, particularly in connection with K-meson and neutrino research. A graduate of the Universities of Melbourne and Cambridge, Burhop worked (1933–35) at the

Aurgelmir: …of a man; this was Buri, who became the grandfather of the great god Odin and his brothers. These gods later killed Aurgelmir, and the flow of his blood drowned all but one frost giant. The three gods put Aurgelmir’s body in the void, Ginnungagap, and fashioned the earth from…

study of religion: Neo-orthodoxy and demythologization: A follower of Bultmann, Fritz Buri, considered Bultmann’s stance to be insufficiently radical, for Bultmann differentiated between the kerygma (the essential proclamation of the early church) and the myths, desiring to retain the former but not the latter. Buri attempted to overcome this distinction. Authentic existence is not, according…

burial, the disposal of human remains by depositing in the earth, a grave, or a tomb, by consigning to the water, or by exposing to the elements or to carrion-consuming animals. Geography, religion, and the social system all influence burial practices. Climate and topography determine whether the

metamorphic rock: Pressure: …metamorphism are brought about by burial or uplift of the sample. Burial can occur in response either to ongoing deposition of sediments above the sample or tectonic loading brought about, for example, by thrust-faulting or large-scale folding of the region. Uplift, or more properly unroofing, takes place when overlying rocks…

A Burial at Ornans, influential oil painting created by French artist Gustave Courbet between 1849 and 1850. The monumental canvas (10.33 × 21.92 feet [3.15 × 6.68 meters]) depicting a funeral outside a rural village departed radically from the prevailing conventions of the art world and is now

English literature: The 21st century: …striking instance of which was The Burial at Thebes (2004), which infused Sophocles’ Antigone with contemporary resonances. Although they had entered into a new millennium, writers seemed to find greater imaginative stimulus in the past than in the present and the future.

mask: Funerary and commemorative uses: Funerary masks were frequently used to cover the face of the deceased. Generally their purpose was to represent the features of the deceased, both to honour them and to establish a relationship through the mask with the spirit world. Sometimes they were used to force…

metamorphic rock: Zeolite facies: This is the facies of burial metamorphism.

burial mound, artificial hill of earth and stones built over the remains of the dead. In England the equivalent term is barrow; in Scotland, cairn; and in Europe and elsewhere, tumulus. In western Europe and the British Isles, burial cairns and barrows date primarily from the Neolithic Period (New

Caravaggio: Naples, Malta, Sicily, Naples, Porto Ercole: 1606–10: …1608–09, a large altarpiece of The Burial of St. Lucy for the Basilica di Santa Lucia al Sepolcro in Syracuse; a heartbreakingly desolate Adoration of the Shepherds; and a starkly simplified, almost neo-Byzantine Resurrection of Lazarus.

Latin American art: Modernismo (1890–1920): In Burial of St. Rose of Lima (1918), for example, his passionate, disconnected brushstrokes render the kneeling indigenous mother in strong colours in the foreground, while pale, insubstantial smoke from incense rises in the procession behind her.

Iranian art and architecture: Median period: …in date and excavated from burial grounds in the eastern Zagros Mountains. There appear to have been more than 400 of these burial grounds, each comprising about 200 graves, so that the number of ornamental bronze objects reaching museums and private collections must have been very great. The burials appear…

7 Unique Burial Rituals Across the World: Let’s look at seven distinct burial rituals.