Bouri, site of paleoanthropological excavations in the Awash River valley in the Afar region of Ethiopia, best known for its 2.5-million-year-old remains of Australopithecus garhi. Animal bones found there show cut marks—some of the earliest evidence of stone tool use in the record of human

Antoinette Bourignon was a mystic and religious enthusiast who believed herself to be the “woman clothed with the sun” (Revelations 7). Bourignon was a Roman Catholic but took to self-imposed retirement, penance, and mortification. Later she tried convent life and the management of an orphanage;

Bourke, town, north-central New South Wales, Australia. It lies on the Darling River. The town originated with a stockade, Fort Bourke, built in 1835 by Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell as a defense against Aborigines, that was named for Governor Sir Richard Bourke. The town, surveyed in 1862 and

Burgh Family, a historic Anglo-Irish family associated with Connaught. Its founder was William de Burgo, of a knightly family from eastern England; he and his descendants were granted much of Connaught in the late 12th century, and his grandson Walter was also granted Ulster. Although Walter’s

Mary Robinson is an Irish lawyer, politician, and diplomat who served as the first woman president of Ireland (1990–97). She later was United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR; 1997–2002). Robinson was educated at Trinity College and King’s Inns in Dublin and at Harvard University

Port Phillip Association: Moreover, New South Wales governor Richard Bourke (1831–37), prompted by the association’s action, voided all European-Aboriginal land deals in August 1835. Although the members of the association were in effect squatters, the government provided the association with a large indemnity for its trouble. By 1839 only three members remained; the…

Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th earl of Mayo was an Irish politician and civil servant best known for his service as viceroy of India, where he improved relations with Afghanistan, conducted the first census, turned a deficit budget into a surplus, and created a department for agriculture and

Margaret Bourke-White was an American photographer known for her extensive contributions to photojournalism, particularly for her Life magazine work. She is recognized as having been the first female documentary photographer to be accredited by and work with the U.S armed forces. Margaret White was

Blaise Cendrars: His novel Bourlinguer (1948; “Knocking About”) glorifies the dangerous life. His abundant, mainly autobiographical writings were a strong influence on his contemporaries.

Louis-Auguste-Victor, count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont was a French soldier and politician, conqueror of Algiers (1830), for which he received the title of marshal of France. Bourmont entered the French Guard (1788) but fled the French Revolution to join the royalist forces in 1792. He was a leading

Bourne, town (township), Barnstable county, southeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies at the northeastern end of Buzzards Bay, at the base of the Cape Cod peninsula. It is composed of nine villages—Bourne Village, Buzzards Bay, Cataumet, Monument Beach, Pocasset, Sagamore, Sagamore Beach, Gray

Robert Ludlum: …The Matarese Circle (1979), and The Bourne Identity (1980; film, 1988, 2002). Though critics often found his plots unlikely and his prose uninspired, his fast-paced combination of international espionage, conspiracy, and mayhem proved enormously popular.

Chris Cooper: … film The Patriot (2000), and The Bourne Identity (2002), in which he played Bourne’s CIA handler. Cooper brought offbeat charm to his role as passionate horticulturist John Laroche in Spike Jonze’s Adaptation. (2002), a convoluted self-reflexive tale of the attempt by Charlie Kaufman (and his fictional brother Donald) to write…

Oscar Isaac: Career: …Renner in the action thriller The Bourne Legacy (2012).

Brian Cox: Career: …The Bourne Identity (2002) and The Bourne Supremacy (2004), and the supernatural horror film The Ring (2002). He portrayed the father of middle-aged aspiring Major League Baseball pitcher Jim Morris (played by Dennis Quaid) in the sports drama The Rookie (2002). Cox played the villainous colonel William Stryker in the…

Matt Damon: Stardom: Good Will Hunting and the Jason Bourne series: … (2002), The Bourne Supremacy (2004), The Bourne Ultimatum (2007), and Jason Bourne (2016)—Damon portrayed an amnesiac U.S.-trained assassin trying to unravel the secrets of his past. In addition to being commercial successes, the Bourne films also earned critical praise for their intelligence and kinetic pace.

memory disorder: Fugue states: Ansell Bourne, described by American psychologist William James. This clergyman wandered from home for two months and acquired a new identity. On his return, he was found to have no memory of the period of absence, though it was eventually restored under hypnosis. In not…

Francis Bourne was a cardinal, archbishop of Westminster who was a strong leader of Roman Catholics, pursuing, despite adverse criticism, policies he considered right for church and state. Educated at St. Sulpice, Paris, and the Catholic University of Leuven (Louvain), Bourne was ordained in 1884

Geoffrey Bourne was an Australian-born American anatomist whose studies of the mammalian adrenal gland made him a pioneer in the chemistry of cells and tissues (histochemistry). Bourne was educated at the University of Oxford (D.Sc., 1935; Ph.D., 1943), where he was a demonstrator in physiology

Geoffrey Bourne was an Australian-born American anatomist whose studies of the mammalian adrenal gland made him a pioneer in the chemistry of cells and tissues (histochemistry). Bourne was educated at the University of Oxford (D.Sc., 1935; Ph.D., 1943), where he was a demonstrator in physiology

Matthew Bourne is a British choreographer and dancer noted for his uniquely updated interpretations of traditional ballet repertoire. He is also known for his choreography for popular revivals of classic musicals. Bourne entered the world of dance relatively late. Although he had been a fan of

Randolph Silliman Bourne was an American literary critic and essayist whose polemical articles made him a spokesman for the young radicals who came of age on the eve of World War I. Bourne was disfigured at birth by the attending physician’s forceps, and an attack of spinal tuberculosis at age four

history of photography: Landscape and architectural documentation: …three albums of well-composed images; Samuel Bourne photographed throughout India (with a retinue of equipment bearers); John Thomson produced a descriptive record of life and landscape in China; and French photographer Maxime Du Camp traveled to Egypt with Gustave Flaubert on a government commission to record landscape and monuments.

Matthew Bourne is a British choreographer and dancer noted for his uniquely updated interpretations of traditional ballet repertoire. He is also known for his choreography for popular revivals of classic musicals. Bourne entered the world of dance relatively late. Although he had been a fan of

submarine: Early hand-powered submersibles: …1578 from the pen of William Bourne, a British mathematician and writer on naval subjects. Bourne proposed a completely enclosed boat that could be submerged and rowed underwater. It consisted of a wooden frame covered with waterproof leather; it was to be submerged by reducing its volume by contracting the…

Bournemouth, seaside resort town and unitary authority, geographic county of Dorset, historic county of Hampshire, southern England. It is located on the English Channel just west of Christchurch. The town dates from the erection of a summer residence there by a Dorset squire, Lewis Tregonwell,

bournonite, sulfosalt mineral, a lead, copper, and antimony sulfide (PbCuSbS3), that occurs as heavy, dark crystal aggregates and masses with a metallic lustre in association with other sulfur-containing minerals in many locations, including the Harz Mountains of Germany; a number of localities in

August Bournonville was a dancer and choreographer who directed the Royal Danish Ballet for nearly 50 years and established the Danish style based on bravura dancing and expressive mime. He studied under his father, Antoine Bournonville, one of the major dancers of his day, before going to Paris

George Cadbury: …a rural site they called Bournville (then in Worcestershire, but now part of Birmingham). There they introduced a private social security program and improved working conditions much in advance of their time. In 1893 George Cadbury (who became chairman of the firm on Richard’s death in 1899), bought 120 acres…

Boston Bruins: Future Hall of Fame defenseman Ray Bourque joined the Bruins in 1979 and quickly became the new face of the franchise, playing for the team for almost two decades. The Bruins consistently contended during this period, as evidenced by their NHL-record 29 consecutive playoff appearances between 1968 and 1996, but…

bourrée, French folk dance with many varieties, characteristically danced with quick, skipping steps. The dancers occasionally wear wooden clogs to emphasize the sounds made by their feet. Notably associated with Auvergne, bourrées are also danced elsewhere in France and in Vizcaya, Spain. Michael

Louis-Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne was a French diplomat and one-time secretary to Napoleon Bonaparte. His Mémoires provide a colourful but not very reliable commentary on the First Empire. Bourrienne claimed to have been a friend of the future emperor at the military school of Brienne. In the

Edme Boursault was a French man of letters, active in the literary world of mid-17th-century Paris. Boursault first went to Paris at the age of 13 and was brought up by the poet Jacques Vallée, Sieur Des Barreaux. He composed light verse that appeared in the collection Délices de la poésie galante

Sir Thomas Gresham: …financier, and founder of the Royal Exchange.

stock exchange, organized market for the sale and purchase of securities such as shares, stocks, and bonds. In most countries the stock exchange has two important functions. As a ready market for securities, it ensures their liquidity and thus encourages people to channel savings into corporate

Marseille: The city layout: …buildings in the city, the Bourse, which houses the Chamber of Commerce and a maritime museum.

telephone: Early sound transmitters: …transmitted electrically was a Frenchman, Charles Bourseul, who indicated that a diaphragm making and breaking contact with an electrode might be used for this purpose. In the 1850s Italian American inventor Antonio Meucci had electrical devices in his home called telettrofoni that he used to communicate between rooms, though he…

cream cheese: …an Italian soft cheese, and Boursin, a creamy cheese that originated in Normandy.

Dion Boucicault was an Irish-American playwright and actor, a major influence on the form and content of American drama. Educated in England, Boucicault began acting in 1837 and in 1840 submitted his first play to Mme Vestris at Covent Garden; it was rejected. His second play, London Assurance

Carlos Bousoño was a Spanish poet and critic, a leading theorist of Hispanic literature. Bousoño studied literature and philosophy in Madrid and in 1945 published his first volume of poetry, Subida al amor (“Ascent to Love”), which deals with struggles for religious faith. In 1946 he went to Mexico

Marcel Boussac was a French industrialist and textile manufacturer whose introduction of colour into clothing ended the “black look” in France. The second son of a dry-goods dealer and clothing manufacturer, Boussac took over the family business at age 18. In 1910 he set up his cotton works in the

Belgian literature: Prose: …critical work of Hugo Brems, Hugo Bousset, and Herman de Coninck. Brems proved an astute and skeptical chronicler of contemporary literature in general, Bousset championed postmodernist fragmentation and formal experimentation in prose fiction, and de Coninck became the most eloquent advocate of the muted, accessible, and ironic poetry of Neorealist…

Wilhelm Bousset was a New Testament scholar and theologian, professor successively at the universities of Göttingen and Giessen, and co-founder of the so-called Religionsgeschichtliche Schule (history of religions school) of biblical study. His many publications include works on New Testament

mechanics of solids: The general theory of elasticity: …space by the French mathematician Joseph Valentin Boussinesq and the Italian mathematician Valentino Cerruti. The Prussian mathematician Leo August Pochhammer analyzed the vibrations of an elastic cylinder, and Lamb and the Prussian physicist Paul Jaerisch derived the equations of general vibration of an elastic sphere in the 1880s, an effort…

Jean-Baptiste Boussingault was a French agricultural chemist who helped identify the basic scheme of the biological nitrogen cycle when he demonstrated that plants do not absorb the element from air but from the soil in the form of nitrates. A director of French mining explorations in South

Basellaceae: Madeira-vine, or mignonette-vine (Anredera cordifolia or Boussingaultia baselloides), and Malabar nightshade (several species of Basella) are cultivated as ornamentals. Malabar spinach (Basella alba) is a hot-weather substitute for spinach.

Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse: …La Pérouse commanding the ship La Boussole and accompanied by the Astrolabe, the explorers sailed from France on August 1, 1785. After rounding Cape Horn, La Pérouse made a stop in the South Pacific at Easter Island (April 9, 1786). Investigating tropical Pacific waters, he visited the Sandwich Islands (now…

Borinage: …of Jemappes) and glassmaking (at Boussu). The city and workshops of Grand Hornu constitute a remarkable reconstruction (begun c. 1820) of an ancient mine and its attendant industrial complex.

boustrophedon, the writing of alternate lines in opposite directions, one line from left to right and the next from right to left. Some Etruscan texts are written in boustrophedon style, as are some Greek ones of about the 6th century bc. The word is from the Greek boustrophēdon, meaning literally

boxing: Bouts range from 3 to 12 rounds, each round normally lasting three minutes.

Brittney Griner: Detainment and conviction in Russia: …was released in exchange for Viktor Bout, a Russian arms dealer serving a 25-year sentence in a U.S. federal prison.

Abdelaziz Bouteflika was a Moroccan-born Algerian politician who served as president of Algeria from April 1999 until April 2019, when popular unrest forced his resignation. Bouteflika’s family was from Tlemcen, Algeria, and he spent much of his early life in Algeria. In 1957, three years into the

grama grass, (genus Bouteloua), genus of about 50 species of annual or perennial grasses in the family Poaceae. Grama grasses are native mostly to North America, with a few species in Central and South America. The plants are important forage grasses, and several occasionally are grown as

grama grass: Sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), blue grama (B. gracilis), black grama (B. eriopoda), and hairy grama (B. hirsuta) are some of the most important North American range species. Blue grama is sometimes cultivated for its attractive flower spikes, which can be dried for floral arrangements.

buffalo grass, (Bouteloua dactyloides), perennial western North American grass of the family Poaceae. Buffalo grass is native to short-grass and mixed-grass prairies and is an important year-round forage grass. The plant forms a dense turf and thick sod, which early settlers used in the

grama grass: gracilis), black grama (B. eriopoda), and hairy grama (B. hirsuta) are some of the most important North American range species. Blue grama is sometimes cultivated for its attractive flower spikes, which can be dried for floral arrangements.

grassland: Biota: …a short-grass steppe dominated by Bouteloua gracilis and Buchloe dactyloides; and to the east, to a tall-grass prairie with the bluestem grasses Andropogon gerardii and A. scoparium. Trees and shrubs were generally absent, but a large variety of herbaceous plants occurred with the grasses.

grama grass: eriopoda), and hairy grama (B. hirsuta) are some of the most important North American range species. Blue grama is sometimes cultivated for its attractive flower spikes, which can be dried for floral arrangements.

Pieter Cornelis Boutens was a Dutch poet, mystic, and classical scholar who evolved a very personal and sometimes esoteric style and influenced a number of other poets. Boutens studied classical languages at Utrecht and established himself at The Hague as a private tutor and man of letters. His

Suriname: Suriname since independence: …Front, headed by Lieutenant Colonel Dési Bouterse. The Front included the Revolutionary People’s Party (Revolutionaire Volkspartij; RVP), the PNR, and some of the trade and farm workers’ unions. By the following year, however, as military leaders showed few signs of willingness to surrender control, trade unions, business associations, and professional…

Friedrich Bouterwek was a German philosopher and critic of aesthetics and literature who, after embracing the philosophical school of Immanuel Kant, later criticized it while using its analytic method; he also deeply influenced German and Italian idealism (the view that reality is essentially the

François-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duke de Luxembourg was one of King Louis XIV’s most successful generals in the Dutch War (1672–78) and the War of the Grand Alliance (1689–97). The posthumous son of François de Montmorency-Bouteville, he was reared by a distant relative, Charlotte de

Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny et de Buzançais was a prominent figure during the French civil wars of the Fronde. The son of one of Cardinal de Richelieu’s principal adjutants, he was created Count de Chavigny and secretary of state in 1632; in 1635 he was also made chancellor in the household

history of photography: Daguerreotype: …which he and his partner Charles-Marie Bouton displayed immense paintings, 45.5 by 71.5 feet (14 by 22 meters) in size, of famous places and historical events. The partners painted the scenes on translucent paper or muslin and, by the careful use of changing lighting effects, were able to present vividly…

boutonneuse fever, a mild typhuslike fever caused by the bacterium Rickettsia conorii conorii and transmitted by the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The disease is endemic to the Mediterranean region. Similar forms of boutonneuse fever occur in Africa, India, and southern Europe but are caused

Boutros Boutros-Ghali was an Egyptian scholar and statesman who served as secretary-general of the United Nations (UN) from January 1, 1992 to December 31, 1996. He was the first Arab and first African to hold the UN’s highest position. A descendant of one of Egypt’s most distinguished Coptic

African literature: French: …de bois de Dieu (1960; God’s Bits of Wood), his greatest novel, describes the last gasp of colonialism through the story of a railroad strike. In it Bakayoko is the spokesman for a future that will combine African humanism and European technology. The characters Fa Keïta, Penda, and Ramatoulaye are…

Dieric Bouts was a northern Netherlandish painter who, while lacking the grace of expression and intellectual depth of his contemporaries Rogier van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck, was an accomplished master. Little is known of Bouts’s early years in Haarlem, although it is possible that he studied in

Dieric Bouts was a northern Netherlandish painter who, while lacking the grace of expression and intellectual depth of his contemporaries Rogier van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck, was an accomplished master. Little is known of Bouts’s early years in Haarlem, although it is possible that he studied in

Dieric Bouts was a northern Netherlandish painter who, while lacking the grace of expression and intellectual depth of his contemporaries Rogier van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck, was an accomplished master. Little is known of Bouts’s early years in Haarlem, although it is possible that he studied in

Dieric Bouts was a northern Netherlandish painter who, while lacking the grace of expression and intellectual depth of his contemporaries Rogier van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck, was an accomplished master. Little is known of Bouts’s early years in Haarlem, although it is possible that he studied in

Dieric Bouts was a northern Netherlandish painter who, while lacking the grace of expression and intellectual depth of his contemporaries Rogier van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck, was an accomplished master. Little is known of Bouts’s early years in Haarlem, although it is possible that he studied in

bouts-rimés, (French: “rhymed ends”), rhymed words or syllables to which verses are written, best known from a literary game of making verses from a list of rhyming words supplied by another person. The game, which requires that the rhymes follow a given order and that the result make a modicum of

George Sewall Boutwell was a leading Radical Republican during the American Civil War and Reconstruction era. Boutwell worked as a clerk while teaching himself law and in 1842 was elected to the state legislature. In 1851 a coalition of antislavery Democrats and Free Soilers elected Boutwell

Gustave Flaubert: Later years of Gustave Flaubert: The heroes of Bouvard et Pécuchet are two clerks who receive a legacy and retire to the country together. Not knowing how to use their leisure, they busy themselves with one abortive experiment after another and plunge successively into scientific farming, archaeology, chemistry, and historiography, as well as…

Gustave Flaubert: Later years of Gustave Flaubert: The heroes of Bouvard et Pécuchet are two clerks who receive a legacy and retire to the country together. Not knowing how to use their leisure, they busy themselves with one abortive experiment after another and plunge successively into scientific farming, archaeology, chemistry, and historiography, as well as…

Alexis Bouvard was an astronomer and director of the Paris Observatory, who is noted for discovering eight comets and writing Tables astronomiques of Jupiter and Saturn (1808) and of Uranus (1821). Bouvard’s tables accurately predicted orbital locations of Jupiter and Saturn, but his tables for

bouvardia, (genus Bouvardia), any of about 30 species of evergreen shrubs or herbs of the family Rubiaceae, mostly natives of tropical America. Known for their attractive blooms, a number of Bouvardia species, such as B. longiflora, are used in the floral industry and are grown as houseplants or in

soap and detergent: Raw materials: The first such process, the Bouveault-Blanc method of 1903, long used in laboratories, employed metallic sodium; it became commercially feasible in the 1950s when sodium prices fell to acceptable levels. When the chemical processing industry developed high-pressure hydrogenation and oil-hardening processes for natural oils, detergent manufacturers began to adopt these…

Bouvet Island: …1739 by the French navigator Jean-Baptiste-Charles Bouvet de Lozier (1705–86), for whom it is named. It was rediscovered by a German expedition in 1898, and Norwegian expeditions to the Antarctic in the 1920s claimed it for Norway as a potential whaling station. The Norwegian flag was first hoisted over the…

Bouvet Island, islet in the South Atlantic Ocean. One of the world’s most isolated islands, it lies about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) southwest of the Cape of Good Hope of southern Africa and about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) north of the mainland of Antarctica. Of volcanic origin, it is rocky and almost

Bouvet Island, islet in the South Atlantic Ocean. One of the world’s most isolated islands, it lies about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) southwest of the Cape of Good Hope of southern Africa and about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) north of the mainland of Antarctica. Of volcanic origin, it is rocky and almost

Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de La Motte Guyon was a French Roman Catholic mystic and writer, a central figure in the theological debates of 17th-century France through her advocacy of Quietism, an extreme passivity and indifference of the soul, even to eternal salvation, wherein she believed that one

bouvier des Flandres, cattle-driving dog noted for its working ability. The breed originated in southwestern Flanders and the northern hills of France. It served as an ambulance dog and messenger in World War I. In Belgium it must win a prize in police work or as a guard or army dog before it can

The True Story Behind Feud: Capote vs. the Swans: Lee Radziwill:

heraldry: Rolls of arms: …work of a French herald, Gilles le Bouvier, who traveled widely and recorded arms borne in France, England, Scotland, Germany, Italy, and other European countries.

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was an American first lady (1961–63), who was the wife of John F. Kennedy, 35th president of the United States, and was noted for her style and elegance. Her second husband, Aristotle Onassis, was one of the wealthiest men in the world. Jacqueline was the elder of two

Battle of Bouvines, battle on July 27, 1214, that gave a decisive victory to the French king Philip II Augustus over an international coalition of the Holy Roman emperor Otto IV, King John of England, and the French vassals Ferdinand (Ferrand) of Portugal, count of Flanders, and Renaud (Raynald) of

bouzouki, long-necked plucked lute of Greece. Resembling a mandolin, the bouzouki has a round wooden body, with metal strings arranged in three or four double courses over a fretted fingerboard. The musician plucks the strings over the soundhole with a plectrum held in the right hand, while

Emma Bovary, fictional character, heroine of the novel Madame Bovary (1857) by Gustave Flaubert. Flaubert’s depiction of Bovary made her the best-known heroine in 19th-century French

Elijah Bokher Levita: He is noted for the Bove-bukh (written in 1507 and printed in 1541; “The Book of Bove”), based on an Italian version of an Anglo-Norman tale about a queen who betrays her husband and causes his death. He may also have written Pariz un Viene (printed in 1594; “Paris and…

Emil Bove (born 1981, Geneva, New York) is the principal associate deputy attorney general in U.S. Pres. Donald Trump’s second administration (2025– ) and a Senate-confirmed nominee for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which oversees Pennsylvania, New Jersey,

Emil Bove (born 1981, Geneva, New York) is the principal associate deputy attorney general in U.S. Pres. Donald Trump’s second administration (2025– ) and a Senate-confirmed nominee for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which oversees Pennsylvania, New Jersey,

Elijah Bokher Levita: He is noted for the Bove-bukh (written in 1507 and printed in 1541; “The Book of Bove”), based on an Italian version of an Anglo-Norman tale about a queen who betrays her husband and causes his death. He may also have written Pariz un Viene (printed in 1594; “Paris and…

Theodor Heinrich Boveri was a German cytologist whose work with roundworm eggs proved that chromosomes are separate, continuous entities within the nucleus of a cell. Boveri received an M.D. degree (1885) from the University of Munich and from 1885 until 1893 was engaged in cytological research at

Simón Bolívar: Independence movement: …the llaneros (cowboys) led by José Tomás Boves into an undisciplined but savagely effective cavalry that Bolívar was unable to repulse. Boves subjected Creole patriots to terrible atrocities, and his capture of Caracas and other principal cities ended the second Venezuelan republic. Narrowly escaping Miranda’s fate, Bolívar fled to New…

Philip II: Early life and kingship: In the Peace of Boves, in July 1185 (confirmed by the Treaty of Gisors in May 1186), the king and the count of Flanders composed their differences (which had been chiefly over possession of Vermandois, in Picardy) so that the disputed territory was partitioned, Amiens and numerous…

Daniel Bovet was a Swiss-born Italian pharmacologist who received the 1957 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of certain chemotherapeutic agents—namely, sulfa drugs, antihistamines, and muscle relaxants. Bovet studied at the University of Geneva, graduating with a doctorate

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Bovichthyidae About 11 species in subantarctic and south temperate seas, off Chile, Argentina, southern New Zealand, and southern Australia; 1 species in rivers of South Australia and Tasmania. Family Nototheniidae (Antarctic cods) Miocene to present; 17 genera with about 50 species, most in subantarctic waters;…