Josiah Bounderby, fictional character, a wealthy businessman in Charles Dickens’s novel Hard Times (1854). Bounderby uses everyone around him to further his own interests. He keeps the existence of his mother a secret as he perpetuates the myth that he began life as an orphan who had to struggle to

Pensive: …he caught a glimpse of Bounding Home coming up on his right. The 16–1 long shot surged on, despite McCreary’s urging of Pensive, and won by half a length. Pensive sired 1949 Derby winner Ponder and died that same year.

metes and bounds, limits or boundaries of a tract of land as identified by natural landmarks, such as rivers, or by man-made structures, such as roads, or by stakes or other markers. A principal legal type of land description in the United States, metes-and-bounds descriptions are commonly used

Sir Peter Strawson: In The Bounds of Sense (1966), Strawson attempted to determine how much of the metaphysics of Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (1781; 2nd ed. 1787) could be plausibly defended. His arguably uncharitable assessment of Kant’s transcendental idealism nevertheless inspired much new Anglo-American scholarship on Kant…

Laos: The Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Bounnhang Vorachith, age 78, to replace Choummaly Sayasone, age 79, as general secretary. In April the National Assembly then elected Bounnhang to succeed Choummaly as president and Foreign Minister Thongloun Sisoulith to take over as prime minister from Thongsing Thammavong. Choummaly had served as general…

Pella, ancient capital of King Archelaus of Macedonia at the end of the 5th century bce and birthplace of Alexander the Great. The city lay in northern Greece, about 24 miles (39 km) northwest of Thessaloníki. Originally known as Bounomos, the city developed rapidly under Philip II, but, after the

amesha spenta, in Zoroastrianism, any of the six divine beings or archangels created by Ahura Mazdā, the Wise Lord, to help govern creation. Three are male, three female. Ministers of his power against the evil spirit, Ahriman, they are depicted clustered about Ahura Mazdā on golden thrones

Lao literature: Modern Lao literature: …and outspoken Lao writers was Bounthanong Somsaiphon, whose novels, short stories, and poetry provide invaluable insight into the rapidly changing realities of Lao culture and society under the communist regime. His important works include Long su Thanon Lan Xang (1989; “Entering Lan Xang Avenue”), a semiautobiographical account of his life…

Bountiful, city, Davis county, northern Utah, U.S., between the Wasatch Range and Great Salt Lake, just north of Salt Lake City. The second Mormon settlement (after Salt Lake City) in Utah, the city was originally called Sessions’ Settlement (for Perrigrine Sessions, a Mormon pioneer who arrived in

Bounty, English armed transport ship remembered for the mutiny of her crew on April 28, 1789, while she was under the command of Capt. William Bligh (q.v.). See also Christian,

prize: …past, prize money or “bounty” has been paid, partly as a reward for bravery and as a stimulus to exertion and partly as a compensation for the poor rates of pay prevailing in naval services. However, prize bounty was abolished in the United States in 1899 and in England…

Jennifer Aniston: Rom-coms: …Not That into You (2009), The Bounty Hunter (2010), The Switch (2010), Just Go with It (2011), and Wanderlust (2012).

Bounty Islands, outlying island group of New Zealand, in the South Pacific Ocean, 415 mi (668 km) east of South Island. Comprising 13 granite islets with a total land area of 320 ac (130 ha), they are inhospitable and without human habitation. Discovered and named by Capt. William Bligh of the

Church Commissioners: The Governors of the Bounty of Queen Anne for the Augmentation of the Maintenance of the Poor Clergy was established by Queen Anne in 1704. Into this corporation were paid the first fruits (annates) and tenths (decimae) of the annual profits, originally paid by clergy to…

Bounty System, in U.S. history, program of cash bonuses paid to entice enlistees into the army; the system was much abused, particularly during the Civil War, and was outlawed in the Selective Service Act of 1917. During the French and Indian Wars, the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the

Anthony Hopkins: Initial success: … (1982) and Captain Bligh in The Bounty (1984). During this period Hopkins won Emmy Awards for his performances as Bruno Richard Hauptmann in The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case (1976) and as Adolf Hitler in The Bunker (1981). In 1989 he made his West End stage debut in the musical drama M.…

Bounty System: Bounty-jumping—the widespread practice of enlisting, collecting the bonus, deserting, reenlisting, collecting another bonus, etc.—was an inherent defect in the system. Many bounty brokers recruited men and pocketed a sizable portion of the bonus, or they passed off derelicts as able-bodied men to the recruiting sergeants,…

Skirophoria: …the ceremonial ox slaying, or Bouphoria, took place. Oxen were driven around an altar on which grain offerings had been placed. The first ox to eat the offerings was killed with an ax; its slayer ran away. A trial followed, at the end of which the ax was found guilty…

floral decoration: Forms of floral decoration: Flower bouquets that are carried include the nosegay and corsage. In the mid-19th century, the nosegay, or posy (a small bunch of mixed flowers), was much in fashion. No well-dressed Victorian lady appeared at a social gathering without carrying one, edged with a paper frill or…

cigar: 5 inches long; bouquet is a smaller torpedo-shaped cigar; Londres is a straight cigar about 4.75 inches long. These descriptive terms appear after the brand name. A panatela is a thin cigar open at both ends, usually about 5 inches long with a straight shape but sometimes having…

bouquet garni, bundle or faggot of herbs that is added to a soup, stew, sauce, or poaching liquid to give flavour. It is removed before the dish is served. The classic bouquet garni consists of sprigs of parsley and thyme and a bay leaf, tied together if fresh or wrapped in cheesecloth if dried.

Jeff Koons: Koons’s sculpture Bouquet of Tulips, a work featuring a colossal hand offering a bunch of 11 metal balloon tulips, was unveiled in 2019 in the gardens of the Petit Palais in Paris. Koons offered the concept as a memorial to the victims of the 2015 and 2016…

guerrilla warfare: Counterguerrilla warfare: …results until a Swiss mercenary, Henry Bouquet, trained his new light-infantry regiment to fight Indian-style in the French and Indian War (1754–63). (See also Robert Rogers.) Bouquet’s treatise on tactics, clothing, arms, training, logistics, and decentralized tactical formations is reminiscent of Caesar’s work on Gaul. British generals fighting in the…

Hédi Bouraoui is a Tunisian poet and scholar whose creative and critical works seek to illuminate the human condition and transcend cultural boundaries. Bouraoui specialized in English literature at the University of Toulouse in France and then, in the United States, received degrees in English and

Henri Bourassa was a politician and journalist, spokesman for Canadian nationalism, and founder of the Montreal newspaper Le Devoir (1910). Bourassa studied law but built a reputation as a writer on political affairs. He became mayor of Montebello, Labelle County, Que., in 1890 and represented

Henri Bourassa was a politician and journalist, spokesman for Canadian nationalism, and founder of the Montreal newspaper Le Devoir (1910). Bourassa studied law but built a reputation as a writer on political affairs. He became mayor of Montebello, Labelle County, Que., in 1890 and represented

Charles-Denis-Sauter Bourbaki was a French general who served with distinction in Algeria, the Crimean War, and the Franco-German War. Bourbaki was the son of a colonel who lost his life in the War of Greek Independence. After studying at the military school at La Flèche and at Saint Cyr (1834–36),

Nicolas Bourbaki, pseudonym chosen by eight or nine young mathematicians in France in the mid 1930s to represent the essence of a “contemporary mathematician.” The surname, selected in jest, was that of a French general who fought in the Franco-German War (1870–71). The mathematicians who

bourbon whiskey, whiskey distilled from corn mash; specifically, a whiskey distilled from a mash containing at least 51 percent corn, the rest being malt and rye, and aged in new charred oak containers. See

Bourbon Restoration, (1814–30) in France, the period that began when Napoleon I abdicated and the Bourbon monarchs were restored to the throne. The First Restoration occurred when Napoleon fell from power and Louis XVIII became king. Louis’ reign was interrupted by Napoleon’s return to France (see

Caserta: …the construction there of the Bourbon Royal Palace in the 18th century. San Leucio, 2 miles (3 km) north, is a village founded by Ferdinand IV, king of Naples, in 1789; it has large silk factories. In the Italian Risorgimento (movement for political unity), the Battle of the Volturno (1860),…

New Orleans: Cultural life: Bourbon Street is famous for its nightclubs, where music (notably jazz) and risqué floor shows are a specialty. Devotees of jazz may also visit Preservation Hall, where revivals of traditional styles may be heard. The New Orleans Jazz Club established a Jazz Museum and later…

vanilla: …unripe fruit of Mexican or Bourbon vanilla (Vanilla planifolia), Tahiti vanilla (V. tahitensis), and occasionally West Indian vanilla (V. pompona); all three species are thought to be derived from a single species native to Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Vanilla had been used to

lone star tick: Heartland and Bourbon viruses: …virus, discovered in 2009, and Bourbon virus, discovered in 2014, are very rare; the latter is not conclusively known to be transmitted by ticks. They both are associated with flulike symptoms and gastrointestinal distress.

bourbon whiskey, whiskey distilled from corn mash; specifically, a whiskey distilled from a mash containing at least 51 percent corn, the rest being malt and rye, and aged in new charred oak containers. See

France: The Wars of Religion: …of the opposing leaders—the Protestant Anthony of Bourbon, king consort of Navarra, and the Catholic marshal Jacques d’Albon, seigneur de Saint-André—and the capture of Condé caused both sides to seek peace. After the Battle of Dreux (December 1562) the war drew to a close, despite the assassination of the duc…

Charles I, 5th duke de Bourbon was the 5th duke de Bourbon and count of Clermont. After having rendered notable services to Charles VII of France, he turned about and became—with Jean II, duke of Alençon—the leader of the short-lived Praguerie (1440), a revolt of nobles nominally led by the Dauphin

Charles III, 8th duke de Bourbon was the constable of France (from 1515) under King Francis I and later a leading general under Francis’ chief adversary, the Holy Roman emperor Charles V. The second son of Gilbert, comte de Montpensier, head of a junior branch of the House of Bourbon, Charles

Louis-Henri, 7e prince de Condé was the chief minister of King Louis XV (ruled 1715–74) from 1723 until 1726. Condé was the son of Louis III de Condé and Mademoiselle de Nantes, an illegitimate daughter of King Louis XIV. After the death of Louis XIV on Sept. 1, 1715, Condé became duc de Bourbon

Louis-Henri-Joseph, 9e prince de Condé was the last of the princes of Condé, whose unfortunate son and sole heir, the Duc d’Enghien, was tried and shot for treason on Napoleon’s orders in 1804, ending the princely line. The 9th Prince of Condé was married in 1770 to Louise-Marie-Thérèse d’Orléans

Louis III, 6e prince de Condé was a prince of Condé who distinguished himself in the Dutch Wars. He was the 5th prince’s second son and eventual successor. He was short, with an enormous head and a yellow complexion, and was notoriously malevolent and offensive. In 1685 he was married to one of

Louis-Joseph, 8e prince de Condé was one of the princely émigrés during the French Revolution. He was the only son of the Duc de Bourbon and Charlotte of Hesse and assumed the Condé title on his father’s death (1740). In 1753 he married Godefride de Rohan-Soubise (d. 1760). Brought up for the army,

Affair of the Spanish Marriages: … of Spain to her cousin Francisco de Asís de Bourbon, duque de Cadiz, and of her younger sister and heiress to the throne, Luisa Fernanda, to Antoine, duc de Montpensier, the youngest son of King Louis-Philippe of France. The marriages revived dynastic ties between Spain and France but caused the…

house of Bourbon, one of the most important ruling houses of Europe. Its members were descended from Louis I, duc de Bourbon from 1327 to 1342, the grandson of the French king Louis IX (ruled 1226–70). It provided reigning kings of France from 1589 to 1792 and from 1814 to 1830, after which another

Réunion, island of the Mascarene Islands that is a French overseas département and overseas région. It is located in the western Indian Ocean about 420 miles (680 km) east of Madagascar and 110 miles (180 km) southwest of Mauritius. Réunion is almost elliptical in shape, about 40 miles (65 km) long

Jean I, 4e duke de Bourbon was the count of Clermont (from 1404) and duke of Bourbon (from 1410), who was a champion of the House of Orléans in the Hundred Years’ War. He helped lead the Armagnacs in their resistance to the English king Henry V’s invasion of France but was captured at Agincourt

Jean II, 6e duc de Bourbon was a duke of Bourbon (from 1456) whose military successes, as at Formigny (1450) and Châtillon (1453), contributed greatly to the conquest of Normandy and Guyenne and the rout of the English. From Louis XI of France he received the governance of Orléanais, Berry,

Louis I, 1st duke de Bourbon was the son of Robert, count of Clermont, and Beatrix of Bourbon, who was made duke of Bourbon by Charles IV of France in 1327. He took part in several military campaigns, including those at Courtrai (1302) and Mons-en-Pévèle (1304), and twice was put at the head of

Louis II de Bourbon, 4e prince de Condé was the leader of the last of the series of aristocratic uprisings in France known as the Fronde (1648–53). He later became one of King Louis XIV’s greatest generals. The princes de Condé were the heads of an important French branch of the House of Bourbon.

Louis II, 3e duc de Bourbon was the duke of Bourbon (from 1356), count of Clermont and of Forez. He was an ally of Bertrand du Guesclin, the Breton-French hero, and a staunch supporter of John II of France; when John was taken prisoner by the English at Poitiers, Bourbon became one of the hostages

Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, count de Toulouse was a French admiral general, a son of Louis XIV and his mistress Mme de Montespan. Legitimized in 1681, he was an admiral of France at 5, and at 12 he accompanied his father to Holland, where he was wounded in the siege of Naumur. In 1702 Toulouse was

Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duke du Maine was an illegitimate son of King Louis XIV of France who attempted without success to wrest control of the government from Philippe II, Duke d’Orléans, who was the regent (1715–23) for Louis XIV’s successor, Louis XV. The eldest surviving child of Louis XIV by

Pierre I, 2e duke de Bourbon was the 2nd duke of Bourbon. He served as a diplomat and governor during the reigns of Philip VI and John II of France. After campaigns in Brittany (1341–43), he was made governor of the Languedoc. He subsequently negotiated numerous treaties and was made lieutenant

Pierre II, 7e duke de Bourbon was the 7th duke of Bourbon (from 1488) and seigneur de Beaujeu (from 1474). Louis XI of France espoused his eldest daughter, Anne of France (q.v.), to Pierre de Beaujeu in 1474 and, on his deathbed, entrusted to Pierre the charge of his 13-year-old son, Charles VIII.

Anne-Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé, duchess de Longueville was a French princess remembered for her beauty and amours, her influence during the civil wars of the Fronde, and her final conversion to Jansenism. Anne-Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé was the only daughter of Henri II de Bourbon, Prince de

Bourbonnais, historic and cultural region encompassing approximately the same area as the central French département of Allier and coextensive with the former province of Bourbonnais. In Roman times the area that became Bourbonnais was divided between Aquitania and Lugdunensis. Bourbonnais itself

Mourad Bourboune is an Algerian novelist who, like many young Algerian writers in the decades following their country’s independence, criticized the oppressiveness of the new state as well as its religious traditionalism. Bourboune’s first novel, Le Mont des genêts (1962; “The Mountain of Broom”),

John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners was an English writer and statesman, best known for his simple, fresh, and energetic translation (vol. 1, 1523; vol. 2, 1525) from the French of Jean Froissart’s Chroniques. Berners’ active political and military career started early when at the age of 15 he was

Thomas Bourchier was an English cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury who maintained the stability of the English church during the Wars of the Roses (1455–85) between the houses of York and Lancaster. Bourchier was the son of William Bourchier, made Count of Eu in 1419, and Anne, a granddaughter

Anthony Bourdain was an American chef, author, and television personality who helped popularize “foodie” culture in the early 21st century through his books and television programs. Raised in New Jersey, Bourdain first took an interest in food when he ate an oyster as a young boy on a trip to

Anthony Bourdain was an American chef, author, and television personality who helped popularize “foodie” culture in the early 21st century through his books and television programs. Raised in New Jersey, Bourdain first took an interest in food when he ate an oyster as a young boy on a trip to

Louis Bourdaloue was a French Jesuit, held by many to have been the greatest of the 17th-century court preachers. Bourdaloue became a Jesuit in 1648 and very soon manifested his gift for oratory. After preaching in the provinces, he was sent in 1669 to Paris, where he preached in the Church of

Pierre de Brantôme was a soldier and chronicler, author of a valuable and informative account of his own life and times. (Read Sir Walter Scott’s 1824 Britannica essay on chivalry.) His works, characterized by frankness and naïveté, consist mainly of accounts of battles or tales of chivalry. Though

Antoine Bourdelle was a French sculptor whose works—exhibiting exaggerated, rippling surfaces mingled with the flat, decorative simplifications of Archaic Greek and Romanesque art—introduced a new vigour and strength into the sculpture of the early 20th century. Bourdelle studied at the École des

Antoine Bourdelle was a French sculptor whose works—exhibiting exaggerated, rippling surfaces mingled with the flat, decorative simplifications of Archaic Greek and Romanesque art—introduced a new vigour and strength into the sculpture of the early 20th century. Bourdelle studied at the École des

Édouard Bourdet was a French dramatist noted for his satirical and psychological analyses of contemporary social problems. Bourdet’s first plays, Le Rubicon (1910) and L’Homme enchaîné (1923; “The Man Enchained”), were not successful. His reputation was secured, however, by La Prisonnière (1926;

Wars of the Vendée: The peasant leaders Jacques Cathelineau, Gaston Bourdic, and Jean-Nicolas Stofflet were joined by royalist nobles such as Charles Bonchamps, Marquis de Bonchamps, Maurice Gigost d’Elbée, François-Athanase Charette de La Contrie, and Henri du Vergier, Count de La Rochejaquelein. In May the rebels (about 30,000 strong) took the towns of Thouars,…

Pierre Bourdieu was a French sociologist who was a public intellectual in the tradition of Émile Zola and Jean-Paul Sartre. Bourdieu’s concept of habitus (socially acquired dispositions) was influential in recent postmodernist humanities and social sciences. Bourdieu was born into a working-class

Gregory (VIII) was an antipope from 1118 to 1121. A Benedictine educated at the abbey of Cluny, he was made bishop of Coimbra, Port., in 1098. While archbishop of Braga, Port. (consecrated 1111), he quarrelled with Archbishop Bernard of Toledo, Castile, and was suspended by Pope Paschal II in 1114.

drone, in music, a sustained tone, usually rather low in pitch, providing a sonorous foundation for a melody or melodies sounding at a higher pitch level. The term also describes an instrumental string or pipe sustaining such a tone—e.g., the drone strings of a hurdy-gurdy or the three drone pipes

Sébastien Bourdon was a French painter with a considerable reputation for landscapes who used nature largely as a backdrop for historical and religious works. He also was known for his colourful caricatures and strikingly lifelike portraits. Bourdon excelled at imitating the styles of other

pressure gauge: The Bourdon-tube gauge, invented about 1850, is still one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the pressure of liquids and gases of all kinds, including steam, water, and air up to pressures of 100,000 pounds per square inch (70,000 newtons per square cm). The…

Bertrand-François Mahé count de la Bourdonnais was a French naval commander who played an important part in the struggle between the French and the British for control of India. La Bourdonnais entered the service of the French East India Company as a lieutenant at 19, was promoted to captain in

chess: The world championship and FIDE: …leading French and British players, Louis-Charles de la Bourdonnais of Paris and Alexander McDonnell of London, which ended with Bourdonnais’s victory. For the first time, a major chess event was reported extensively in newspapers and analyzed in books.

Charlesbourg, former city, Québec region, southern Quebec province, Canada. In 2002 it was incorporated into Quebec city, becoming a borough of the enlarged city. It lies in the northwestern part of the city. First known as Bourg Royal and later renamed in honour of its patron saint, Charles

Bourg-en-Bresse, town, capital of Ain département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, eastern France. It lies on the Reyssouze River, west of Geneva, Switzerland. It is the main centre for the Bresse-Dombes lowlands, west of the Jura. Its market dates from the 11th century. A franchise charter was

Jean Bourgain was a Belgian mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1994 for his work in analysis. Bourgain received a Ph.D. from the Free University of Brussels (1977). He held appointments at the Free University (1981–85); jointly at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (U.S.),

Louis Bourgault-Ducoudray was a French composer and musicologist who influenced his contemporaries through his research on folk music. Bourgault-Ducoudray studied at the Paris Conservatoire, where he was a pupil of composer Ambroise Thomas. He wrote his first opera, L’Atelier de Prague, at age 18

Louis Bourgault-Ducoudray was a French composer and musicologist who influenced his contemporaries through his research on folk music. Bourgault-Ducoudray studied at the Paris Conservatoire, where he was a pupil of composer Ambroise Thomas. He wrote his first opera, L’Atelier de Prague, at age 18

game theory: Biological applications: …behaviour, which he called “bourgeois,” would be more stable than that of either pure hawks or pure doves. A bourgeois may act like either a hawk or a dove, depending on some external cues; for example, it may fight tenaciously when it meets a rival in its own territory…

The Bourgeois Gentleman, comedy in five acts by Molière, gently satirizing the pretensions of the social climber whose affectations are absurd to everyone but himself. It was first performed as Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme in 1670, with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully, and was published in 1671. It has

The Bourgeois Gentleman, comedy in five acts by Molière, gently satirizing the pretensions of the social climber whose affectations are absurd to everyone but himself. It was first performed as Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme in 1670, with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully, and was published in 1671. It has

domestic tragedy, drama in which the tragic protagonists are ordinary middle-class or lower-class individuals, in contrast to classical and Neoclassical tragedy, in which the protagonists are of kingly or aristocratic rank and their downfall is an affair of state as well as a personal matter. The

Mistinguett was a popular French comedienne noted especially for her beautiful legs and stage personality. The name Mistinguett (Miss Tinguett), derived from a song in a musical show, Miss Helyett, was suggested by her allegedly English-looking, protruding front teeth. Her greatest fame was

Léon Bourgeois was a French politician and statesman, an ardent promoter of the League of Nations, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1920. Trained in law, Bourgeois entered the civil service in 1876 and by 1887 had advanced to the position of prefect of police for the Seine département.

Léon Bourgeois was a French politician and statesman, an ardent promoter of the League of Nations, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1920. Trained in law, Bourgeois entered the civil service in 1876 and by 1887 had advanced to the position of prefect of police for the Seine département.

Loys Bourgeois was a Huguenot composer who wrote, compiled, and edited many melodic settings of Psalms in the Genevan Psalter. Little is known of Bourgeois’s early life. He moved to Geneva in 1541 and lived there until 1557, when he returned to Paris. He was a friend of John Calvin and lived with

Louise Bourgeois was a French-born sculptor known for her monumental abstract and often biomorphic works that deal with the relationships of men and women. Born to a family of tapestry weavers, Bourgeois made her first drawings to assist her parents in their restoration of ancient tapestries. She

Loys Bourgeois was a Huguenot composer who wrote, compiled, and edited many melodic settings of Psalms in the Genevan Psalter. Little is known of Bourgeois’s early life. He moved to Geneva in 1541 and lived there until 1557, when he returned to Paris. He was a friend of John Calvin and lived with

bourgeoisie, the social order that is dominated by the so-called middle class. In social and political theory, the notion of the bourgeoisie was largely a construct of Karl Marx (1818–83) and of those who were influenced by him. In popular speech, the term connotes philistinism, materialism, and a

flintlock: …early 17th century, probably by Marin le Bourgeoys. It had a frizzen (striker) and pan cover made in one piece. When the trigger was pulled, a spring action caused the frizzen to strike the flint, showering sparks onto the gunpowder in the priming pan; the ignited powder, in turn, fired…

Bourges, city, capital of Cher département, Centre région, almost exactly in the centre of France. It lies on the Canal du Berry, at the confluence of the Yèvre and Auron rivers, in marshy country watered by the Cher, southeast of Orléans. As ancient Avaricum, capital of the Bituriges, it was

Aix-les-Bains: …resort with a beach on Bourget Lake (France’s largest lake) and an aerial cableway up fir-covered Mount Revard (5,125 feet [1,562 metres]), it is a fashionable Alpine spa maintaining the sedate luxury of the Victorian era. Its sulfur and alkaline springs were exploited by the Romans, to whom they were…

Paul Bourget was a French novelist and critic who was a master of the psychological novel and a molder of opinion among French conservative intellectuals in the pre-World War I period. After completing his studies in philosophy, Bourget began his career as a poet, and several of his poems were set

Paul Bourget was a French novelist and critic who was a master of the psychological novel and a molder of opinion among French conservative intellectuals in the pre-World War I period. After completing his studies in philosophy, Bourget began his career as a poet, and several of his poems were set

Maurice Maeterlinck: …Le Bourgmestre de Stilmonde (1917; The Burgomaster of Stilmonde), a patriotic play in which he explores the problems of Flanders under the wartime rule of an unprincipled German officer, briefly enjoyed great success.

Burgundy, historical region and former région of France. As a région, it encompassed the central départements of Côte-d’Or, Saône-et-Loire, Nièvre, and Yonne. In 2016 the Burgundy région was joined with the région of Franche-Comté to form the new administrative entity of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Bourgogne–Franche-Comté, région of eastern France created in 2016 by the union of the former régions of Bourgogne and Franche-Comté. It encompasses the départements of Côte-d’Or, Doubs, Haute-Saône, Jura, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, the Territoire de Belfort, and Yonne. It is bounded by the régions of

Habib Bourguiba was the architect of Tunisia’s independence and first president of Tunisia (1957–87), one of the major voices of moderation and gradualism in the Arab world. Bourguiba was born the seventh child of Ali Bourguiba, a former lieutenant in the army of the bey (ruler) of Tunisia, in the

Habib Bourguiba was the architect of Tunisia’s independence and first president of Tunisia (1957–87), one of the major voices of moderation and gradualism in the Arab world. Bourguiba was born the seventh child of Ali Bourguiba, a former lieutenant in the army of the bey (ruler) of Tunisia, in the