Bouvard and Pécuchet

Bouvard et P\u00e9cuchet is an unfinished novel by Gustave Flaubert, published posthumously in 1881. The story follows two retired clerks, Bouvard and P\u00e9cuchet, who embark on various unsuccessful experiments and pursuits after inheriting a fortune. Their attempts range from scientific farming and archaeology to chemistry and historiography, often driven by a superficial understanding and a lack of judgment.1

Flaubert uses the characters to satirize "scientism"—the uncritical application of scientific methods or beliefs outside their proper domain. The novel critiques the confusion of doctrines and the illusion of understanding fundamental concepts without grasping basic phenomena. Despite the satirical tone, Flaubert expresses compassion for his characters, highlighting their growing awareness of stupidity and their increased suffering as their understanding expands. The work is considered a critique of the misuse of knowledge and the limitations of superficial learning.12