Bahrām VI Chūbīn was a Sāsānian king (reigned 590–591). A general and head of the house of Mihran at Rayy (near modern Tehrān), he performed, in gaining the throne, a feat exceptional for one not of Sāsānian royal blood. Prominent as master of the household in the Byzantine wars of the Sāsānian

Verethraghna, in Zoroastrianism, the spirit of victory. Together with Mithra, the god of truth, Verethraghna shares martial characteristics that relate him to the Vedic war-god Indra. In Zoroastrian texts, Verethraghna appears as an agent of Mithra and Rashnu, the god of justice, and as the means

Bahrain, small Arab state situated in a bay on the southwestern coast of the Persian Gulf. It is an archipelago consisting of Bahrain Island and some 30 smaller islands. Its name is from the Arabic term al-baḥrayn, meaning “two seas.” Located in one of the world’s chief oil-producing regions,

Carl Friedrich Bahrdt was a German Enlightenment writer, radical theologian, philosopher, and adventurer, best-known for his book Neuesten Offenbarungen Gottes in Briefen und Erzählungen (1773–74; “Latest Revelations of God in Letters and Stories”). At age 16 Bahrdt began to study theology,

Mamluk: The Mamluk dynasty: …call the former the “Baḥrī” period and the latter the “Burjī,” because of the political dominance of the regiments known by these names during the respective times. The contemporary Muslim historians referred to the same divisions as the “Turkish” and “Circassian” periods, in order to call attention to the…

bat, in a measurement system, ancient Hebrew unit of liquid and dry capacity. Estimated at 37 litres (about 6.5 gallons) and approximately equivalent to the Greek metrētēs, the bat contained 10 omers, 1 omer being the quantity (based on tradition) of manna allotted to each Israelite for every day

baht, monetary unit of Thailand. Each baht is subdivided into 100 satang. The Bank of Thailand has the exclusive authority to issue currency in Thailand; banknotes are issued in amounts ranging from 10 to 1,000 baht. The obverse side of each note is adorned with a picture of the reigning king of

Bahubali, According to the traditions of the Indian religion Jainism, the son of the first Tirthankara (literally, “ford maker,” a metaphor for saviour), Rishabhanatha. He is said to have lived many millions of years ago. After Bahubali won a duel with his half brother for control of the kingdom,

10 Conservationists of India: Sunderlal Bahuguna: …movement (1970s to early 1980s), Sunderlal Bahuguna was an Indian social activist and environmentalist who advocated for the protection of Himalayan forests and ecosystems through nonviolent means. Guided by Gandhian principles of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance), he, along with other leaders such as Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Gaura Devi, organized marches,…

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), national political party in India. It was formed in 1984. The BSP states that it represents the people at the lowest levels of the Hindu social system—those officially designated as members of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes—as well as

Mohammad Javad Bahonar was an Iranian politician who was prime minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1981. In office for less than a month, he was killed by antigovernment forces. Bahonar studied in the Shīʿite holy city of Qom, where he was a student of noted cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah

Elijah Bokher Levita was a German-born Jewish grammarian whose writings and teaching furthered the study of Hebrew in European Christendom at a time of widespread hostility toward the Jews. Levita went to Italy early in life and in 1504 settled at Padua. There he wrote a manual of Hebrew (1508)

South Asian arts: Modern theatre: …other actors they founded the Bahurupee group in 1949 and produced many Tagore plays including Rakta Karabi (“Red Oleanders”) and Bisarjan (“Sacrifice”).

al-Bahūtī was a teacher and the last major exponent in Egypt of the Ḥanbalī school of Islamic law. Little is known about al-Bahūtī except that he spent nearly all of his life teaching and practicing Ḥanbalī law. His legal writings, although not original, are noted for their clarity and are still

Hutu, Bantu-speaking people of Rwanda and Burundi. Numbering about 9,500,000 in the late 20th century, the Hutu comprise the vast majority in both countries but were traditionally subject to the Tutsi (q.v.), warrior-pastoralists of Nilotic stock. When the Hutu first entered the area, they found it

Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda was a judge of a rabbinical court in Muslim Spain and author of a highly influential and popular work of ethical guidance. About 1080 Bahya wrote, in Arabic, Al-Hidāyah ilā-farāʾ id al-qulūb (“Duties of the Heart”). In a rather inaccurate 12th-century translation into

Bai, people of northwestern Yunnan province, southwest China. Minjia is the Chinese (Pinyin) name for them; they call themselves Bai or Bo in their own language, which has been classified within the Yi group of Tibeto-Burman languages. Until recently the language was not written. It contains many

Wong Kar-Wai: …and produced the romantic comedy Bai du ren (2016; “See You Tomorrow”). It was directed by Zhang Jiajia, who wrote the story on which it was based. Though it starred Leung and had many of the hallmarks of Wong’s movies, it was undermined by an unevenness of tone.

sanxian: …the 20th century, the musicians Bai Fengyan (1899–1975) and Li Yi (b. 1932) made the sanxian popular as a solo instrument.

Bai Juyi was a Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty (618–907) who used his elegantly simple verse to protest the social evils of his day, including corruption and militarism. Bai Juyi began composing poetry at age five. Because of his father’s death in 794 and straitened family circumstances, Bai did

Bai Juyi was a Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty (618–907) who used his elegantly simple verse to protest the social evils of his day, including corruption and militarism. Bai Juyi began composing poetry at age five. Because of his father’s death in 794 and straitened family circumstances, Bai did

Chaobai River: …main tributaries, the Chao and Bai ("White") rivers, about 2 miles (3 km) south of the town of Miyun and 10 miles (16 km) south of the Miyun Reservoir (in Beijing municipality). The Chao is fed by source streams in the mountains of northern Hebei and flows southeast on its…

Henan: Drainage: …southeast, and the Tang and Bai rivers in the southwest. The latter two drain southward into Hubei, eventually joining the Han River (a major tributary of the Yangtze River [Chang Jiang]).

Chinese literature: Prose: …Yu’s pupil Shen Yazhi and Bai Xingjian, younger brother of the poet Bai Juyi. These prose romances, generally short, were written in the classical prose style for the amusement of the literati and did not reach the masses until some of the popular ones were adapted by playwrights in later…

Baiae, ancient city of Campania, Italy, located on the west coast of the Gulf of Puteoli (Pozzuoli) and lying 10 miles (16 km) west of Naples and 2 1 2 miles (4 km) from Cumae, of which it was a dependency. According to tradition, Baiae was named after Baios, the helmsman of Ulysses. In 178 bce the

Guanabara Bay, bay of the Atlantic Ocean, southeastern Brazil, with Rio de Janeiro on its southwest shore and Niterói on its southeast. Discovered around 1502, it was originally named Rio de Janeiro Bay. About 19 miles (31 km) long with a maximum width of 18 miles, it has a mile-wide entrance that

Todos os Santos Bay, sheltered bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the eastern coast of Brazil. A natural harbour, it is 25 miles (40 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) wide. Salvador, the principal seaport and capital of Bahia state, is on the peninsula that separates the bay from the Atlantic. Todos os

Baia Mare, city, capital of Maramureș județ (county), northwestern Romania. It is situated in the Săsar River valley, surrounded by mountains. This location affords the city protection from the cold northeastern winds and sustains a quasi-Mediterranean vegetation. Founded in the 12th century by

Baiae, ancient city of Campania, Italy, located on the west coast of the Gulf of Puteoli (Pozzuoli) and lying 10 miles (16 km) west of Naples and 2 1 2 miles (4 km) from Cumae, of which it was a dependency. According to tradition, Baiae was named after Baios, the helmsman of Ulysses. In 178 bce the

beta-aminoisobutyric acid excretion, a metabolic process under simple genetic control in human beings and the higher primates, the significance of which is not fully understood. Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB), an amino acid end product of pyrimidine metabolism, is excreted in trace quantities

Baybars I was the most eminent of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria, which he ruled from 1260 to 1277. He is noted both for his military campaigns against Mongols and crusaders and for his internal administrative reforms. The Sirat Baybars, a folk account purporting to be his life story, is

Tibeto-Burman languages: Language groups: …seven major subgroups of Tibeto-Burman: Baic, Karenic, Lolo-Burmese-Naxi, Jingpo-Nungish-Luish, Qiangic, Himalayish, and Kamarupan.

Baicheng, city, northwestern Jilin sheng (province), northeastern China. The region was originally a hunting ground reserved for the Mongols, and farming was not allowed legally by the Qing government until 1902; it is now an area of extensive agriculture, with pastoral activities playing a major

Zāwiyat al-Bayḍāʾ, town, northeastern Libya. It is a new town lying on a high ridge 20 miles (32 km) from the Mediterranean Sea. Built in the late 1950s on the site of the tomb of Rawayfī ibn Thābit (a Companion of the Prophet Muhammad), it was planned as the future national capital. Although

kayak, one of the two common types of canoe used for recreation and sport. It originated with the Eskimos of Greenland and was later also used by Alaskan Eskimos. It has a pointed bow and stern and no keel and is covered except for a cockpit in which the paddler or paddlers sit, facing forward and

Beijing: Recreation: …of Worship (Baidian), now the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, which dates to the early 15th century; its simple form, masterly design, and sturdy woodwork bear the characteristic marks of early Ming architecture. The Water Pavilion, built out over a lotus pond on three sides to provide a gathering place for…

search engine: Mode of operation: …Russian Yandex, and the Chinese Baidu—cannot keep up with the proliferation of Web pages, and each leaves large portions of the Internet uncovered. Moreover, the Internet is layered, with common information easily accessible on the "surface web" by general search engines while other content (on the deep web) is protected…

Ungava Bay, inlet off the Hudson Strait, on the northeast coast of Nord-du-Québec region, northern Quebec province, Canada. The bay is approximately 200 miles (320 km) long, 160 miles (260 km) wide at the mouth, and has a maximum depth of 978 feet (298 m). It is fed by several large rivers, notably

Chaleur Bay, inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, extending between Quebec’s Gaspé Peninsula and northern New Brunswick, Canada, and called by the Indians the “sea of fish.” It is a submerged valley of the Restigouche River and is 90 miles (145 km) long and 15 to 25 miles (24 to 40 km) wide. The bay

Baie-Comeau, town, regional county municipality (RCM) of Côte-Nord region, east-central Quebec province, Canada. It lies on the north bank of the St. Lawrence River near the mouth of the Manicouagan River. Named after Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau, a local naturalist, it was founded in 1936 at the

rationalism: Ethical: …Toulmin (1922–2009), the contemporary philosopher Kurt Baier, and others, which examined the contexts of various moral situations and explored the kinds of justification appropriate for each.

ginkgophyte: General features: …is given the generic designation Baiera. The leaf is deeply lobed into four segments and lacks a stalk (petiole). Following the Mesozoic Era, Ginkgo declined progressively in its distribution, and some botanists believe that remote portions of southeastern China are the last natural home of the maidenhair tree. After the…

Jean-Antoine de Baïf was the most learned of the seven French poets who constituted the group known as La Pléiade. Baïf received a classical education and in 1547 went with Pierre de Ronsard to study under Jean Dorat at the Collège de Coqueret, Paris, where they planned, with Joachim du Bellay, to

Bathers at Asnières, French artist Georges Seurat’s first large-scale painting (measuring 6.59 × 9.84 feet [2.01 × 3.00 meters]). It depicts factory workers relaxing in the sunshine by the Seine River. Images of “lowly” workingmen were more typical of small-scale genre paintings, but here they are

Baigong pipes, pipelike formations found near the town of Delingha, Qinghai province, China. Although numerous theories have been proposed concerning their origins, including paranormal explanations, many scientists believe they are the fossilized casts of tree roots. The pipes were found in 1996

baihua, vernacular style of Chinese that was adopted as a written language in a movement to revitalize the Classical Chinese literary language and make it more accessible to the common people. Started in 1917 by the philosopher and historian Hu Shi, the baihua literary movement succeeded in making

dolphin: Paleontology and classification: The Chinese river dolphin, or baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), remains in this group, but most sources consider it to be extinct. Assorted Referencesmajor reference

Anhui: Relief: The Baiji Mountains lie south and east of the Yangtze and form the southeastern border between Anhui and Zhejiang. Composed mainly of granite, metamorphic rock (rock formed in the solid state by heat and pressure), and sandstone, they include the Huang Mountains, which rise to a…

Northern Territory: Prehistory and European exploration: …Land legends speak of the “Baijini,” seafaring people who came from the northwest long ago in search of the sea cucumber. These people may have been Chinese sailors, known to have reached nearby Timor early in the 15th century. It is also possible that they were Arab traders, who brought…

scorpaeniform: Ecology: …of the family Comephoridae, called Baikal cods (Comephorus baicalensis and C. dybowskii), are pelagic fishes, the latter living at depths to 1,000 metres (more than 3,000 feet). The feeding habits of these Baikal cottoid fishes all exploit potential food resources; the pelagic species feed mainly on various pelagic crustaceans and…

Asia: The Precambrian: …years ago and created the Baikal mountain belt.

Baikalsky Nature Reserve, natural area set aside for research in the natural sciences, on the southern shore of Lake Baikal, southeastern Russia. The reserve was established in 1969 and has an area of 640 square miles (1,657 square km). It includes part of the Khamar-Daban mountain range. The

scorpaeniform: Annotated classification: Family Comephoridae (Baikal oilfishes) Size to about 20 cm (8 inches). Freshwater, endemic to Lake Baikal in Russia. 1 genus (Comephorus) with 2 species. Family Psychrolutidae (fathead sculpins) Body naked, with loose skin, or with plates bearing prickles; lateral line reduced; pelvic fin with one spine and…

mountain: The Himalayan chain: The Baikal Rift Zone in Siberia and the Shansi Graben in northern China seem to have resulted from the east-southeastward extrusion of material out of India’s path. Moreover, crustal thickening in the Tibetan Plateau has ceased, and now east–west extension of the plateau contributes to the…

scorpaeniform: Annotated classification: Family Cottocomephoridae (Baikal sculpins) Similar to cottids but postcleithral bones absent or rudimentary. Size to about 20 cm (8 inches). Freshwater, endemic to Lake Baikal, Russia. 3 genera and 7 species. Family Comephoridae (Baikal oilfishes) Size to about 20 cm (8 inches). Freshwater, endemic to Lake Baikal…

Baikal seal, (Pusa sibirica), species of small earless seals that inhabits the waters and coastline areas of Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia. It also occurs in some of the rivers that feed the lake, such as the Angara River, which serves the city of Irkutsk. The Baikal seal is the only living seal

chondrostean: Distribution: The Baikal sturgeon (A. baerii) occurs in Lake Baikal and in nearby regions of Russia (Siberia), China, and Kazakhstan. A smaller species, the sterlet (A. ruthenus), inhabits the Black and Caspian seas. The starry

Lake Baikal, lake located in the southern part of eastern Siberia within the republic of Buryatia and Irkutsk oblast (province) of Russia. It is the oldest existing freshwater lake on Earth (20 million–25 million years old), as well as the deepest continental body of water, having a maximum depth

Siberia: The Soviet period and after: The construction of the BAM (Baikal-Amur Magistral) railroad between Ust-Kut, on the Lena River, and Komsomolsk-na-Amure, on the Amur, a distance of 2,000 miles (3,200 km), was completed in 1980.

Siberia: The Soviet period and after: The construction of the BAM (Baikal-Amur Magistral) railroad between Ust-Kut, on the Lena River, and Komsomolsk-na-Amure, on the Amur, a distance of 2,000 miles (3,200 km), was completed in 1980.

Asia: Paleozoic events in the Altaids: Its oldest part, the Baikalides, formed between about 850 and 570 million years ago along the southern periphery of the Angaran platform. A number of island arcs and microcontinents were accreted onto Angara along a suture containing ophiolitic remnants of old ocean floor.

Baikalsky Nature Reserve, natural area set aside for research in the natural sciences, on the southern shore of Lake Baikal, southeastern Russia. The reserve was established in 1969 and has an area of 640 square miles (1,657 square km). It includes part of the Khamar-Daban mountain range. The

Zambezi River: Plant life: …with species of the genus Baikiaea, found extensively on sandy interfluves between drainage channels, is economically the most important vegetation type in Zambia, for it is the source of the valuable Rhodesian teak (Baikiaea plurijuga). Destruction of the Baikiaea forest results in a regression from forest to grassland, a slow…

Zambezi River: Plant life: …the source of the valuable Rhodesian teak (Baikiaea plurijuga). Destruction of the Baikiaea forest results in a regression from forest to grassland, a slow process involving intermediate stages of scrub vegetation. The river additionally has a distinct fringing vegetation, mainly riverine forest including ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis) and small shrubs and…

William Balfour Baikie was an explorer and philologist whose travels into Nigeria helped open up the country to British trade. Educated in medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Baikie entered the Royal Navy as an assistant surgeon in 1848 and served on several ships as well as on land (1851–54).

Baikonur Cosmodrome, former Soviet and current Russian space centre in south-central Kazakhstan. Baikonur was a Soviet code name for the centre, but American analysts often called it Tyuratam, after the railroad station at Tyuratam (Leninsk), the nearest large city. The Baikonur Cosmodrome lies on

Baikonur launchpad explosion, explosion of a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile on October 24, 1960, at a launchpad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in what is today Kazakhstan. An unknown number of people, with official estimates ranging from 60 to 120, were killed, and the disaster is considered

cricket: Origin: …the crossbar was called a bail and the entire gate a wicket. The fact that the bail could be dislodged when the wicket was struck made this preferable to the stump, which name was later applied to the hurdle uprights. Early manuscripts differ about the size of the wicket, which…

bail, procedure by which a judge or magistrate sets at liberty one who has been arrested or imprisoned, upon receipt of security to ensure the released prisoner’s later appearance in court for further proceedings. Release from custody is ordinarily effected by posting a sum of money, or a bond,

bail, procedure by which a judge or magistrate sets at liberty one who has been arrested or imprisoned, upon receipt of security to ensure the released prisoner’s later appearance in court for further proceedings. Release from custody is ordinarily effected by posting a sum of money, or a bond,

Ila, a Bantu-speaking people inhabiting an area west of Lusaka, the national capital of Zambia. The Ila-Tonga cluster consists of about 12 dialect groups, including the Lozi, Koba, Lenje, Tonga, Totela, Ila, and others. The Ila combine agriculture with animal husbandry. Men hunt, fish, and clear

calligraphy: Writing manuals and copybooks (16th to 18th century): …master, Jean de Beauchesne, and John Baildon (or Basildon), about whom nothing further is known. Divers Sortes of Hands has characteristics of both writing manuals and copybooks: it includes instructions on how to make ink, cut a quill for writing, hold the pen (illustrated), and sit at a writing desk.…

flamenco: The baile, or dance: After the mid-19th century, flamenco song was usually accompanied by guitar music and a palo seco (Spanish: “dry stick,” a stick that was beat on the floor to keep time) and a dancer performing a series of choreographed dance steps and improvised…

Ballycastle, town, Causeway Coast and Glens district, Northern Ireland. It is situated along Ballycastle Bay, opposite Rathlin Island, where Robert the Bruce, king of Scotland, is said to have hidden in a cave. Ballycastle is at the mouth of Glenshesk and close to Knocklayd (1,695 feet [517

Athenry, market town, County Galway, Ireland. It was founded in the 13th century during the Anglo-Norman colonization. Much of the medieval town wall (1211) survives, together with the keep of the castle (1235) and part of the Dominican priory (founded 1241), which was specifically exempted from

Dublin, geographic county in the province of Leinster, eastern Ireland. In 1994 it was replaced administratively by three counties—Fingal to the north, South Dublin to the southwest, and Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown to the southeast—as well as by the city of Dublin itself, which was given the

Dublin, city, capital of Ireland, located on the east coast in the province of Leinster. Situated at the head of Dublin Bay of the Irish Sea, Dublin is the country’s chief port, centre of financial and commercial power, and seat of culture. It is also a city of contrasts, maintaining an uneasy

Athlone, town, County Westmeath, Ireland. It lies on the River Shannon just south of Lough (lake) Ree. Located at a major east-west crossing of the Shannon, it has always been an important garrison town. In the 12th century the area, previously fortified by the kings of Uí Maine and Connaught

Trim, market town and seat of County Meath, Ireland, on the River Boyne. It was important from ancient times and was the seat of a bishopric. St. Patrick is said to have founded a monastery there in 432. There are remnants of a 13th-century Augustinian abbey, two gates from the town walls, and

Latin American dance: Dominican Republic and Haiti: An early Dominican dance, the baile de palo (“long-drum dance”) is an African-derived couple dance that is based on death rituals in which the spirit of the deceased entered an heir and danced.

Loughrea, market town, County Galway, Ireland. It lies along the northern shore of Lough (lake) Rea, 116 miles (185 km) west of Dublin. It has a Roman Catholic cathedral (1900–05) and the remains of a medieval castle and friary and of the town fortifications. Near Loughrea are a dolmen (a

Ballymena, town, Mid and East Antrim district, Northern Ireland. Founded in 1626, it lies in the River Main valley 24 miles (40 km) northwest of the city of Belfast. The town is the market center for the surrounding countryside and has been long known for its production of linens and woolens; more

Ballymoney, town and former district (1973–2015) within the former County Antrim, now part of Causeway Coast and Glens district, northern Northern Ireland. The town of Ballymoney, located on the eastern side of the valley on a tributary of the River Bann, was the birthplace of James McKinley,

Newtownabbey, town and former district (1973–2015) within the former county of Antrim, now in Antrim and Newtownabbey district, eastern Northern Ireland. The town of Newtownabbey, formed in 1958 by the amalgamation of seven villages, is a residential continuation of the city of Belfast on the

Newtownabbey: The former Newtownabbey district bordered the former districts of Larne and Carrickfergus to the east, Ballymena to the north, and Antrim to the west. Belfast City lies to the south. The southern slopes of the Antrim Mountains extend into the northern and eastern parts, but most of…

bailment: …to another person, called the bailee, for some temporary purpose such as storage, transportation, deposit for sale, pawn or pledge, repair or loan for use, with or without compensation. Formerly the bailee’s responsibility for goods varied with the benefit he derived from the bailment. In present-day law, it is generally…

Latin American dance: Social dances: …their fashionable social dances (los bailes de salón). The aristocracy of the viceroyalties kept up with a succession of popular European dances. These included open-couple dances, in which couples generally did not touch—such as minuet, allemande, sarabande (zarabande in Spanish), chaconne, galliard,

Latin American dance: Folk and popular dances: … (“dances of the land”) or sonecitos del país (“little country dances”).

castle: Later, one or more baileys or wards (grounds between encircling walls) were enclosed at the foot of the mound. During the 11th century this type of private fortress, known as the “motte [mound] and bailey” castle, spread throughout western Europe.

Sir Donald Coleman Bailey: …British engineer who invented the Bailey bridge, which was of great military value in World War II.

Kay Bailey Hutchison is an American businesswoman and politician who was the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate from Texas, serving from 1993 to 2013. Bailey was born in Galveston, Texas, to Allan Bailey and Ella Kathryn Sharp Bailey. Her family had long ties to the state; her

Gloria Naylor: Bailey’s Café (1992) centers on a mythic Brooklyn diner that offers an oasis for the suffering. In 1998 Naylor returned to the scene of her first book with The Men of Brewster Place.

Women’s Prize for Fiction, English literary prize for women that was conceptualized in 1992 and instituted in 1996 by a group of publishing industry professionals—including agents, booksellers, critics, journalists, and librarians—who were frustrated by what they perceived as chauvinism in the

New Age movement: Origins: In the 1940s Alice A. Bailey, founder of the Arcane School (an organization that disseminated spiritual teachings), suggested that a new messiah, the Master Maitreya, would appear in the last quarter of the 20th century. Bailey also established the “Triangles” program to bring people together in groups of…

Ann Bailey was an American scout, a colourful figure in fact and legend during the decades surrounding the American Revolutionary War. Ann Hennis moved to America, probably as an indentured servant, in 1761. Her first husband, Richard Trotter, a Shenandoah Valley settler and survivor of General

Anna Warner Bailey was an American patriot, the subject of heroic tales of the Revolutionary War and early America. Anna Warner was orphaned and was reared by an uncle. On September 6, 1781, a large British force under the turncoat General Benedict Arnold landed on the coast near Groton and stormed

jazz: Field hollers and funeral processions: Forming the matrix: …such as that of reedman Buster Bailey (speaking of the years before 1920): “I…was embellishing around the melody. At that time [1917–18] I wouldn’t have known what they meant by improvisation. But embellishment was a phrase I understood.” And reedman Garvin Bushell said, “We didn’t call the music jazz when…

Columbia Records: Columbia’s controversies: …later Columbia and its artist Chlöe Bailey were caught in a $15 million copyright-infringement lawsuit. Melvin Moore, the plaintiff, alleged that he had contributed “original lyrics, melodies, and creative direction” to Bailey’s tracks and that his work had been used without his permission or proper compensation. The lawsuit was expected…

David Bailey is a British photographer and director known for his advertising, celebrity, and fashion photographs. David Bailey, whose career in photography would eventually bring him into contact with the high reaches of British society, came from a working-class East London background. Educated

Grand Ole Opry: Cultural meaning and Opry membership: …inducted as members: harmonica player DeFord Bailey (one of program’s earliest performers), singer Charley Pride (1993), and singer and guitarist Darius Rucker (2023). Pride was the first Black solo singer to appear at the Opry, in 1967; two years later singer Linda Martell became the first Black female artist to…