history of logic: Charles Sanders Peirce: …Grassmann published in 1844 his Ausdehnungslehre (“The Theory of Extension”), in which he used a novel and difficult notation to explore quantities (“extensions”) of all sorts—logical extension and intension, numerical, spatial, temporal, and so on. Grassmann’s notion of extension is very similar to the use of the broad term “quantity”…

Western dance: The 20th century: …forms earned it the name Ausdruckstanz (“expressionistic dance”). The ballroom dances were thoroughly revolutionized through infusions of new vitality from South American, Creole, and Black sources. With the overwhelming popularity of Afro-American jazz, the entire spirit and style of social dancing altered radically, becoming vastly more free, relaxed, and intimate…

Auseklis, in Baltic religion, the morning star and deity of the dawn. The Latvian Auseklis was a male god, the Lithuanian Aušrinė a female. Related in name to the Vedic Uṣas and the Greek Eos, goddesses of dawn, Auseklis is associated in Latvian solar mythology with Mēness (Moon) and Saule (Sun),

Karl Bühler: …called this experimental technique the Ausfragemethode—“inquiry method.” After serving in the German Army during World War I, Bühler was named professor of psychiatry at the University of Vienna in 1922. He was forced to flee to Norway in 1938, and he reached the United States in 1939, residing there until…

Johann Christoph Gottsched: …for style, advanced by his Ausführliche Redekunst (1736; “Complete Rhetoric”) and Grundlegung einer deutschen Sprachkunst (1748; “Foundation of a German Literary Language”), helped to regularize German as a literary language.

Frank Lloyd Wright: Europe and Japan: …record of his buildings (Ausgeführte Bauten, 1911; “Executed Buildings”). With a draftsman, Taylor Willey, and his eldest son, Lloyd Wright, the architect produced the numerous beautiful drawings published in these portfolios by reworking renderings brought from Chicago, Oak Park, and Wisconsin.

Frank Lloyd Wright: Europe and Japan: …portfolio of his drawings (Ausgeführte Bauten und Entwürfe, 1910; Studies and Executed Buildings) and a smaller but full photographic record of his buildings (Ausgeführte Bauten, 1911; “Executed Buildings”). With a draftsman, Taylor Willey, and his eldest son, Lloyd Wright, the architect produced the numerous beautiful drawings published in these…

Ausgleich, the compact, finally concluded on Feb. 8, 1867, that regulated the relations between Austria and Hungary and established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The kingdom of Hungary had desired equal status with the Austrian Empire, which was weakened by its defeat in the Seven Weeks’

Hoshea, in the Old Testament (2 Kings 15:30; 17:1–6), son of Elah and last king of Israel (c. 732–724 bc). He became king through a conspiracy in which his predecessor, Pekah, was killed. The Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III claimed that he made Hoshea king, and Hoshea paid an annual tribute to

Joseph Auslander was an American novelist and lyric poet who was noted for his war poems. In 1937 he became the first poet selected to serve in the newly created role of consultant in poetry to the U.S. Library of Congress. Auslander attended Columbia and Harvard universities, graduating from the

German literature: The 1970s and ’80s: Auslöschung: ein Zerfall (1986; Extinction), by Thomas Bernhard, takes the form of a violently insistent and seemingly interminable diatribe by a first-person narrator who returns from Rome to Austria for a family funeral. Bernhard’s novel expresses intense feelings of disgust and anger about Austria’s collaboration in Nazism. Elfriede Jelinek’s…

Vic, city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. The city is situated on the Vic Plain and lies along the Meder River, which is an affluent of the Ter River. Because it was first inhabited by the Ausetanos, an ancient

Aurunci: The name Ausones, the Greek form from which the Latin Aurunci was derived, was applied by the Greeks to various Italic tribes, but the name came to denote in particular the tribe that the great Roman historian Livy called Aurunci. The name was later applied to all…

Decimus Magnus Ausonius was a Latin poet and rhetorician interesting chiefly for his preoccupation with the provincial scene of his native Gaul. Ausonius taught in the famous schools of Burdigala (now Bordeaux, Fr.), first as a grammarian and then as a rhetorician, so successfully that Valentinian

Janissary: …June 1826 in the so-called Auspicious Incident. On learning of the formation of new, Westernized troops, the Janissaries revolted. Sultan Mahmud II declared war on the rebels and, on their refusal to surrender, had cannon fire directed on their barracks. Most of the Janissaries were killed, and those who were…

Jonas Basanavičius: …Lithuanian cultural and political magazine Aušra (“Dawn”), published 1883–86; it was printed in East Prussia and had to be smuggled into Lithuania because of the tsarist regime’s ban on the printing of Lithuanian in the Latin alphabet. Aušra significantly influenced the development of the Lithuanian national movement.

Auseklis, in Baltic religion, the morning star and deity of the dawn. The Latvian Auseklis was a male god, the Lithuanian Aušrinė a female. Related in name to the Vedic Uṣas and the Greek Eos, goddesses of dawn, Auseklis is associated in Latvian solar mythology with Mēness (Moon) and Saule (Sun),

Alster River: … (“Inner Alster”) and the northern, Aussenalster (“Outer Alster”).

Australian Shepherd, breed of herding dog that, despite its name, was developed in the western United States in the late 1800s primarily from British-derived herding dogs, most of which came to the American West via the East and Midwest, though some arrived via Australia. Other ancestors of the

Ústí nad Labem, city, northwestern Czech Republic. It is a port on the left (west) bank of the Elbe (Labe) River at the latter’s confluence with the Bílina River. Although dating from the 10th century, the city has developed mainly since the 19th century and has been largely reconstructed since

austausch coefficient, in fluid mechanics, particularly in its applications to meteorology and oceanography, the proportionality between the rate of transport of a component of a turbulent fluid and the rate of change of density of the component. In this context, the term component signifies not

Jane Austen was an English writer who first gave the novel its distinctly modern character through her treatment of ordinary people in everyday life. She published four novels during her lifetime: Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), and Emma (1815). In

austenite, solid solution of carbon and other constituents in a particular form of iron known as γ (gamma) iron. This is a face-centred cubic structure formed when iron is heated above 910° C (1,670° F); gamma iron becomes unstable at temperatures above 1,390° C (2,530° F). Austenite is an

stainless steel: Austenitic steels, which contain 16 to 26 percent chromium and up to 35 percent nickel, usually have the highest corrosion resistance. They are not hardenable by heat treatment and are nonmagnetic. The most common type is the 18/8, or 304, grade, which contains 18 percent…

Paul Auster was an American novelist, essayist, translator, screenwriter, and poet whose complex novels, several of which are mysteries, are often concerned with the search for identity and personal meaning. After graduating from Columbia University (M.A., 1970), Auster moved to France, where he

Paul Auster was an American novelist, essayist, translator, screenwriter, and poet whose complex novels, several of which are mysteries, are often concerned with the search for identity and personal meaning. After graduating from Columbia University (M.A., 1970), Auster moved to France, where he

austerity, a set of economic policies, usually consisting of tax increases, spending cuts, or a combination of the two, used by governments to reduce budget deficits. Austerity measures can in principle be used at any time when there is concern about government expenditures exceeding government

austerity, a set of economic policies, usually consisting of tax increases, spending cuts, or a combination of the two, used by governments to reduce budget deficits. Austerity measures can in principle be used at any time when there is concern about government expenditures exceeding government

Austerlitz, the final novel written by German-English author W.G. Sebald. Published in 2001, Austerlitz, like all Sebald’s works, explores themes of the Holocaust, memory, time, and identity. It received several awards, including the National Book Critics Circle Award. Austerlitz tells the story of

Battle of Austerlitz, (December 2, 1805), the first engagement of the War of the Third Coalition and one of Napoleon’s greatest victories. The battle took place at Austerlitz in Moravia (now Slavkov u Brna, Czech Republic). Napoleon’s 68,000 troops defeated almost 90,000 Russians and Austrians

Fred Astaire was an American dancer onstage and in motion pictures who was best known for a number of highly successful musical comedy films in which he starred with Ginger Rogers. He is regarded by many as the greatest popular-music dancer of all time. Astaire studied dancing from the age of four,

Augustinian, member of any of the Roman Catholic religious orders and congregations of men and women whose constitutions are based on the Rule of St. Augustine. More specifically, the name is used to designate members of two main branches of Augustinians—namely, the Augustinian Canons and the

Ellsworth Kelly: The structure, called Austin, was constructed posthumously and opened to the public in 2018. Described as a “secular chapel” by Kelly’s partner of 30 years, Jack Shear, the building is the only work of its kind by Kelly.

Austin, city, capital of Texas, U.S., and seat (1840) of Travis county. It is located where the Colorado River crosses the Balcones Escarpment in the south-central part of the state, about 80 miles (130 km) northeast of San Antonio. Austin’s metropolitan area encompasses Hays, Williamson, Bastrop,

Austin, city, seat (1856) of Mower county, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies about 100 miles (160 km) south of St. Paul. Austin is situated along the Cedar River, just north of the Iowa state line, in a farming area specializing in corn (maize), soybeans, peas, and livestock. It was settled in

Blake Shelton: Early life and career: …Shelton recorded the song “Austin,” a love ballad written as a series of answering-machine messages, and Giant released it to country stations. It quickly rose to number one on Billboard’s country singles chart and to 18 on the Hot 100 listing. When Giant Records folded, Warner Brothers picked up…

Augustinian: …main branches of Augustinians—namely, the Augustinian Canons and the Augustinian Hermits, with their female offshoots. The Rule comprises instructions on the religious life written by St. Augustine, the great Western theologian, and widely disseminated after his death in 430 ce.

Austin: The contemporary city: …a long-running public television series, Austin City Limits, showcases musical talent. Dozens of local recording studios and record labels make significant economic contributions. The South by Southwest Conference, devoted to music, film, and interactive media, is held each year in March. The city is also a favourite moviemaking location, and…

Austin College, private, coeducational institution of higher education in Sherman, Texas, U.S. Austin, a liberal arts college, is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). The college offers bachelor’s degree programs in humanities, math and science, and social sciences, as well as

Austin Flint: …a disorder—now known as the Austin Flint murmur—characterized by regurgitation of blood from the aorta into the heart before contraction of the ventricles.

Augustinian: …the Augustinian Canons and the Augustinian Hermits, with their female offshoots. The Rule comprises instructions on the religious life written by St. Augustine, the great Western theologian, and widely disseminated after his death in 430 ce.

Chicago style: Similarly, some recordings by the Austin High Gang, as McPartland and his fellow white players were often called, are quite elaborate, yet others by them are informal.

chemical bonding: Computational approaches to molecular structure: …acronyms, such as AM1 (Austin Method 1) and MINDO (Modified Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap), which are two popular semiempirical procedures.

British Leyland Motor Corporation, Ltd.: …1952 another venerable car manufacturer, Austin Motor Co. Ltd. (founded in 1905 by Herbert Austin), merged with Morris Motors to form British Motor Corporation Ltd. It continued to turn out Austin, Morris, M.G., and Wolseley cars and the highly successful “Mini” series. Although production of the Mini Cooper ended in…

St. Augustine of Canterbury ; feast day in England and Wales May 26; General Roman Calendar May 27; traditional calendar May 28 ) was the first archbishop of Canterbury and the apostle to England, who founded the Christian church in southern England. (What happens when the archbishop of Canterbury

Clarksville: Clarksville is the seat of Austin Peay State University (1927). Fort Campbell, a military reservation headquartered in Kentucky, lies adjacent to the city on the west. Dunbar Cave State Natural Area, immediately northeast, has cave tours and a small museum. Near the town of Dover, about 30 miles (50 km)…

Beyoncé: Acting career and soundtracks: …role as Foxxy Cleopatra in Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002) made her a film star and led to parts in The Fighting Temptations (2003) and The Pink Panther (2006). In 2006 she played Deena Jones in Dreamgirls, the film adaptation of the 1981 Broadway musical about a 1960s singing group.…

Will Ferrell: Early life and SNL: …as the James Bond parody Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997); Dick (1999), a satire of the Watergate scandal; and Zoolander (2001; he later appeared in its 2016 sequel as well), a fashion-industry send-up.

Rob Lowe: Later career: …the comedies Wayne’s World (1992), Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999), and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). Lowe also appeared in several other 1990s movies before landing a role in American screenwriter Aaron Sorkin’s political drama The West Wing in 1999.

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission: …two previous Supreme Court rulings: Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990) and McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (2003).

Wadsworth Atheneum: …the young Harvard University graduate A. Everett (“Chick”) Austin, Jr., was hired as director (through 1944). He expanded the museum’s collection of European paintings, emphasizing works from the Baroque period, and, as one of the first museum directors to do so, began purchasing works by living European and American avant-garde…

Alfred Austin was an English poet and journalist who succeeded Alfred, Lord Tennyson, as poet laureate. After a devoutly Roman Catholic upbringing and a brief career as a lawyer, Austin inherited money and published a lively and well-received satirical poem, The Season (1861). As his religious

Claudette Colvin is an American woman who was arrested as a teenager in 1955 for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white woman. Her protest was one of several by Black women challenging segregation on buses in the months before Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. Parks’s

Frederic Austin was a baritone singer and composer, known especially for his arrangement of John Gay’s Beggar’s Opera for its first modern performance (1920–23). He made his London debut as a singer in 1902 and later took leading roles at Covent Garden and with the Beecham Opera Company. A

Herbert Austin, Baron Austin was the founder and first chairman of the Austin Motor Company, whose Austin Seven model greatly influenced British and European light-car design. An engineer and engineering manager in Australia (1883–90), he became manager and later director of the Wolseley

J.L. Austin was a British philosopher best known for his individualistic analysis of human thought derived from detailed study of ordinary language. After receiving early education at Shrewsbury School and Balliol College, Oxford, he became a fellow at All Souls College (1933) and Magdalen College

John Austin was an English jurist whose writings, especially The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1832), advocated a definition of law as a species of command and sought to distinguish positive law from morality. He had little influence during his lifetime outside the circle of Utilitarian

J.L. Austin was a British philosopher best known for his individualistic analysis of human thought derived from detailed study of ordinary language. After receiving early education at Shrewsbury School and Balliol College, Oxford, he became a fellow at All Souls College (1933) and Magdalen College

Lloyd Austin was the United States secretary of defense (2021–25). He assumed this position in January 2021, two days after Pres. Joe Biden’s inauguration. During his 41-year career in the U.S. Army, Austin served as director of the Joint Staff, was commanding general of U.S. and coalition forces

Lloyd Austin was the United States secretary of defense (2021–25). He assumed this position in January 2021, two days after Pres. Joe Biden’s inauguration. During his 41-year career in the U.S. Army, Austin served as director of the Joint Staff, was commanding general of U.S. and coalition forces

One Direction: The group formed in 2010 on the British television show The X Factor, a talent contest for aspiring singers. Each of the five members auditioned and

Louis Winslow Austin was a physicist known for research on long-range radio transmissions. He was educated at Middlebury College, Vermont, and the University of Strasbourg, Germany. In 1904 he began work on radio transmissions for the U.S. Bureau of Standards. In 1908 Austin became head of a naval

Alberta Hunter: …during her nursing career, with Lovie Austin in 1961 and Jimmy Archey in 1962. Five months after her retirement party, she returned to performing at the Cookery, a nightclub in Greenwich Village, New York City. Her comeback led to greater fame than she had ever experienced during her earlier singing…

Mary Austin was a novelist and essayist who wrote about Native American culture and social problems. Mary Hunter graduated from Blackburn College in 1888 and soon afterward moved with her family to Bakersfield, California. She married Stafford W. Austin in 1891, and for several years they lived in

Stephen Austin was the founder in the 1820s of the principal settlements of English-speaking people in Texas when that territory was still part of Mexico. Raised on the Missouri frontier, Austin was educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, and served in the Missouri territorial

Stephen Austin was the founder in the 1820s of the principal settlements of English-speaking people in Texas when that territory was still part of Mexico. Raised on the Missouri frontier, Austin was educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, and served in the Missouri territorial

Tom Yawkey was an American professional baseball executive, sportsman, and owner of the American League Boston Red Sox (1933–76)—the last of the patriarchal owners of early baseball. Austin was taken into the home of his maternal uncle William Yawkey and received a B.S. degree (in mining

Coco Gauff: Professional career: …her in the company of Tracy Austin, who was 16 when she won the U.S. Open in 1979 and Serena Williams who won the Open at 17 in 1999.

Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin: …undergraduate admissions policy of the University of Texas at Austin, which incorporated a limited program of affirmative action with the aim of increasing racial and ethnic diversity among its students. In an earlier version of the same case, subsequently known as “Fisher I,” the Supreme Court had vacated and remanded…

Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, count-duke de Olivares: Prime ministry: …guided by the dream of austracismo, a joint European hegemony of the Austrian and Spanish Habsburg kingdoms. This policy meant continued Spanish involvement in the Thirty Years’ War and ended with the eclipse of Spanish power by France. Yet in the period of the Counter-Reformation it is difficult to conceive…

English language: Australian and New Zealand English: The blanket term Austral English is sometimes used to cover the language of the whole of Australasia, but this term is far from popular with New Zealanders because it makes no reference to New Zealand and gives all the prominence, so they feel, to Australia. Between North and…

Latin American architecture: Argentina: …Aires and formed the “Austral” group in 1938 with Jorge Ferrari Hardoy, Juan Kurchan, Horacio Vera Barros, Abel López Chas, and others. They were interested in reacting against the official architecture and design and in developing an Argentine experimental style based on their manifesto of 1939. Perhaps the best…

Tubuai Islands, southernmost archipelago of French Polynesia in the central South Pacific Ocean. Volcanic in origin, the islands are part of a vast submerged mountain chain, probably a southeasterly extension of the Cook Islands (New Zealand). Scattered over an area some 800 miles (1,300 km) long,

Raúl Alfonsín: …introduced an economic program, the Austral Plan (1985), that met with limited success. He prosecuted members of the armed forces for the human rights abuses of the late 1970s, and several high-ranking officials, including former Argentine presidents Jorge Rafaél Videla (1976–81) and Roberto Viola (1981), received life prison sentences. Later,…

Australasia, geographical term that has never had a precise definition and that was originally employed to denote land believed to exist south of Asia. In its widest sense it has been taken to include, besides Australia (with Tasmania) and New Zealand, the Malay Archipelago, the Philippines,

Australian rules football: Rise of the Victorian Football League: A national body, the Australasian Football Council, was formed in 1906 to regulate interstate player movement and develop contests on the national level, though it remained under the auspices of the VFL. As the council’s name suggests, efforts to keep the game alive in New Zealand were part of…

gannet: …off South Africa, and the Australian (or Australasian) gannet (M. serrator), which breeds around Tasmania and New Zealand.

passeriform: Annotated classification: Family Petroicidae (Australasian robins) Small thrushlike and chatlike songbirds, 11–22 cm (4.3–8.7 inches). Some flycatcher-like in habits, but also engage in wing and tail flicking. Drab brown to colourful (yellow and red) plumages. DNA revealed they are not related to similar species of Eurasia but instead part…

shoveler: …Australasian, or blue-winged, shoveler (A. rhynchotis) of New Zealand and Australia.

Australia, the smallest continent and one of the largest countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia’s capital is Canberra, located in the southeast between the larger and more important economic and cultural centres of Sydney and Melbourne.

Australian literature: Nationalism and expansion: …is present in Keith Hancock’s Australia (1930), a reading of Australian history in terms of character.

Baz Luhrmann: …filmic effort was the multithemed Australia (2008), starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman; it unleashed a fierce national debate over its historical accuracy, though its director had not intended a documentary. Luhrmann’s following project was a series of eight short videos—featuring Judy Davis as fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli, who died…

New Zealand: Trade: …provided the basis of the Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (known as CER), signed in 1983. That agreement eventually eliminated duties and commodity quotas between the two countries and was seen by some as the first step toward integrating their economies. New Zealand also has a…

Australia: The Portuguese: The quest for wealth and knowledge might logically have pulled the Portuguese to Australian shores; the assumption has some evidential support, including a reference indicating that Melville Island, off the northern coast, supplied slaves. Certainly the Portuguese debated the issue of a terra australis incognita (Latin:…

connective tissue disease: Necrotizing vasculitides: An antigen (Australia antigen) associated with viral hepatitis (liver inflammation) has been found in the serum of several persons with polyarteritis nodosa, raising the possibility that some cases of polyarteritis may result from the deposition in blood vessels of immune complexes of viral antigen and antibody.

Australia: Cultural institutions: The Australia Council, which presides over the funding of the arts, has played a vital role in cultivating Australian talent in literature and the visual and performing arts. It and equivalent agencies of the state governments help support opera and dance companies, some of which have…

Australia Day, holiday (January 26) honouring the establishment of the first permanent European settlement on the continent of Australia. On January 26, 1788, Arthur Phillip, who had sailed into what is now Sydney Cove with a shipload of convicts, hoisted the British flag at the site. In the early

Australia Day: …Regatta, still held as the Australia Day Regatta and the oldest such sailing race in the world, was run in Sydney Harbour. In 1838, on the 50th anniversary of the settlement, official public celebrations were held for the first time. There were centenary celebrations throughout the continent in 1888, and…

Australia floods of 2010–11, natural disaster that principally affected the three eastern states of Australia and was one of the worst in the country’s history. Queensland, in the north, was hit hardest, but the widespread flooding—of a scale not seen since the mid-1970s—that began in late November

Australia Group, informal association of 42 nations formed in 1985 that works to prevent the exportation of chemical and biological weapons and the materials used to produce them. In April 1984 many Western nations became increasingly alarmed by reports that Iraq was extensively using chemical

Ben Lexcen: … and marine architect who designed Australia II, the first non-American yacht to win (1983) the prestigious America’s Cup in the 132-year history of the race.

Australia: World War I: Some 330,000 Australians served in World War I; 60,000 died, and 165,000 suffered wounds. Few nations made such relatively heavy sacrifice. The most famous engagement of the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) was in the Dardanelles Campaign (1915); the day of the landing at Gallipoli—April…

Australia: Cultural institutions: The Australia Museum (founded 1827), the country’s first, is renowned for its exhibits of natural history and cultural artifacts. Sydney is home to the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Australian National Maritime Museum (opened 1991). The Melbourne Museum, which opened in 2000, is the largest…

ProCon Debate: Does Social Media Spur Digital Addiction and Other Social Ills? ProCon Issue in the News: On Nov. 7, 2024, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese announced far-reaching legislation that would ban teens under 16 from social media. Albanese said, “Social media is doing harm to our

Pier Luigi Nervi: …collaboration, and his third was Australia Square (1962–69; Sydney), a cylindrical tower of 50 stories. At the time, this was the tallest concrete structure in the world. In 1957 and 1958–59, for the 1960 Rome Olympic Games, Nervi designed two sport palaces.

radio telescope: Radio telescope arrays: …Research Organization maintains the six-element Australian Telescope Compact Array at Narrabri, New South Wales, for studies of the southern skies, including in particular the nearby Magellanic Clouds.

Australia, the smallest continent and one of the largest countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia’s capital is Canberra, located in the southeast between the larger and more important economic and cultural centres of Sydney and Melbourne.

Thought was given to an all-Australian flag long before confederation was achieved on January 1, 1901. For example, in 1823 a National Colonial Flag displayed four white eight-pointed stars on a red cross on a white field with the Union Jack. From 1831 until as late as the 1920s there was a

Australia: History of Australia: This article discusses the history of Australia from the arrival of European explorers in the 16th century to the present. For a more detailed discussion of Aboriginal culture, see Australian Aboriginal peoples.

Australia: Ethnic groups: …Ireland were scarcely affected by immigration from other sources until then. The complex demographic textures in Australia at the beginning of the 21st century contrasted quite sharply with the homogeneity of the country during the first half of the 20th century. Although some nine-tenths of Australia’s population is of European…