Aurangzeb was the emperor of the Mughal Empire from 1658 to 1707, the last of the great Mughals. Under him, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, although his policies helped lead to its dissolution. Aurangzeb was the third son of the emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (for whom the Taj

Aurangzeb was the emperor of the Mughal Empire from 1658 to 1707, the last of the great Mughals. Under him, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, although his policies helped lead to its dissolution. Aurangzeb was the third son of the emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (for whom the Taj

Denver: History: …1858, the rival towns of Auraria and St. Charles were founded on opposite sides of Cherry Creek. The claim of St. Charles was soon jumped by William Larimer, Jr., who in November 1858 renamed it Denver City for James W. Denver, governor of the Kansas Territory, of which the city…

Aurès, mountains, part of the Saharan Atlas in northeastern Algeria, northern Africa, fronted by rugged cliffs in the north and opening out in the south into the two parallel fertile valleys of the wadies Abiod and ʿAbdi, facing the Sahara. The highest peaks, which are snowcapped during winter,

Jean Dorat was a French humanist, a brilliant Hellenist, one of the poets of the Pléiade, and their mentor for many years. Dorat belonged to a noble family; after studying at the Collège de Limoges, he became tutor to the pages of Francis I. He tutored Jean-Antoine de Baïf, whose father he

Auray, town, Morbihan département, Bretagne (Brittany) région, northwestern France, on the Auray estuary. It is situated 7.5 miles (12 km) from the Atlantic, southwest of Rennes. Its château (demolished 1558) was a residence of the dukes of Brittany. Outside its walls in 1364 the War of the Breton

Charles: At the Battle of Auray (Sept. 29, 1364), Charles was killed and his army defeated.

horsemanship: Military horsemanship: …riding master at Saumur, Comte Antoine d’Aure, however, promoted a bold, relaxed, and more natural, if less “correct,” style of riding across country, in disagreement with his 19th-century contemporary François Baucher, a horseman of great ability with formal haute école (“high school”) ideas. Classical exercises in the manège, or school…

aureate, a writing style that is affected, pompous, and heavily ornamental, that uses rhetorical flourishes excessively, and that often employs interlarded foreign words and phrases. The style is usually associated with the 15th-century French, English, and Scottish writers. The word is from the

French literature: Nerval: Aurelia). The dense symbolic allusiveness of these latter works is the poetic transcription of an anguished, mystical quest that draws on the most diverse religious myths and all manner of literary, historical, occult, and esoteric knowledge. They represent one of the peaks of achievement of…

moon jelly, (genus Aurelia), genus of marine jellyfish of the order Semaeostomeae (class Scyphozoa, phylum Cnidaria) characterized by their pale translucent bodies and commonly found in coastal waters, particularly those of North America and Europe. The adult may grow as large as 40 cm (16 inches)

French literature: Nerval: Aurelia). The dense symbolic allusiveness of these latter works is the poetic transcription of an anguished, mystical quest that draws on the most diverse religious myths and all manner of literary, historical, occult, and esoteric knowledge. They represent one of the peaks of achievement of…

Roman road system: …roads radiated from Rome: the Via Aurelia, extending northwest to Genua (Genoa); the Via Flaminia, running north to the Adriatic, where it joined the Via Aemilia, crossed the Rubicon, and led northwest; the Via Valeria, east across the peninsula by way of Lake Fucinus (Conca del Fucino); and the Via…

Aurelian was a Roman emperor from 270 to 275. By reuniting the empire, which had virtually disintegrated under the pressure of invasions and internal revolts, he earned his self-adopted title restitutor orbis (“restorer of the world”). Aurelian, born near the Danube River, had established himself

Aurelian Wall, rampart of imperial Rome, first constructed in the second half of the 3rd century ad. It was begun by the emperor Aurelian, completed by his successor Probus, improved under the emperor Honorius in the early 5th century, and restored by Theodoric the Great in the 6th century and by

Gioachino Rossini: Italian period: With Aureliano in Palmira (1814) the composer affirmed his authority over the singers; he decided to prescribe and write the ornaments for his arias, but the work was not a success. After L’Italiana he wrote Il Turco in Italia (1814; The Turk in Italy) for the…

Aurelian was a Roman emperor from 270 to 275. By reuniting the empire, which had virtually disintegrated under the pressure of invasions and internal revolts, he earned his self-adopted title restitutor orbis (“restorer of the world”). Aurelian, born near the Danube River, had established himself

St. Augustine ; feast day August 28) was the bishop of Hippo from 396 to 430, one of the Latin Fathers of the Church, and perhaps the most significant Christian thinker after St. Paul. Augustine’s adaptation of classical thought to Christian teaching created a theological system of great power and

Prudentius was a Christian Latin poet whose Psychomachia (“The Contest of the Soul”), the first completely allegorical poem in European literature, was immensely influential in the Middle Ages. Prudentius practiced law, held two provincial governorships, and was awarded a high position by the Roman

St. Augustine: Life overview: …in the official church, Bishop Aurelius of Carthage, fought a canny and relentless campaign against it with their books, with their recruitment of support among church leaders, and with careful appeal to Roman officialdom. In 411 the reigning emperor sent an official representative to Carthage to settle the quarrel. A…

ancient Rome: The remnants of pagan culture: The works of Sextus Aurelius Victor and Eutropius, who ably abridged earlier historical works, are fairly accurate and more reliable than the Scriptores historiae Augustae, a collection of imperial biographies of unequal value, undoubtedly composed under Theodosius but for an unknown purpose. Erudition was greatly prized in aristocratic…

ancient Rome: Rome and Italy: …Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, Aurelius’ Column, as well as the aqueducts whose arches spanned across Campagna to keep the city and its innumerable fountains supplied with water.

Marcus Aurelius was a Roman emperor (161–180), best known for his Meditations on Stoic philosophy. Marcus Aurelius has symbolized for many generations in the West the Golden Age of the Roman Empire. When he was born, his paternal grandfather was already consul for the second time and prefect of

Steuben Glass Company: …an iridescent, translucent finish called Aurene. Another specialty was Intarsia glass, crystal glassware with soft, overlapping colour inlays. In the 1930s the firm began making glassware from a new colourless lead crystal developed by Corning. Steuben later manufactured fine glass products of cut, engraved, and free-blown designs made almost exclusively…

John Dryden: Writing for the stage: …intelligent example of the genre, Aureng-Zebe. In this play he abandoned the use of rhymed couplets for that of blank verse.

Petrus Aureoli was a French churchman, philosopher, and critical thinker, called Doctor facundus (“eloquent teacher”), who was important as a forerunner to William of Ockham. Petrus may have become a Franciscan at Gourdon before 1300; he was in Paris (1304) to study, possibly under John Duns

aureole, brightly illuminated area surrounding an atmospheric light source, such as the Sun, when the light is propagated through a medium containing many sizes of particles or droplets that are large compared to the wavelength of the light. Because the wavelength of visible light is about 0.00005

ancient Rome: Succession of emperors and usurpers: …in Milan besieging the usurper Aureolus, he was killed by his chiefs of staff, who proclaimed Claudius II (268), the first of the Illyrian emperors. The new emperor won a great victory against the Alemanni on the Garda lake and overwhelmed the Goths in Naissus (269) but died of the…

Aurès, mountains, part of the Saharan Atlas in northeastern Algeria, northern Africa, fronted by rugged cliffs in the north and opening out in the south into the two parallel fertile valleys of the wadies Abiod and ʿAbdi, facing the Sahara. The highest peaks, which are snowcapped during winter,

aureus, basic gold monetary unit of ancient Rome and the Roman world. It was first named nummus aureus (“gold money”), or denarius aureus, and was equal to 25 silver denarii; a denarius equaled 10 bronze asses. (In 89 bc, the sestertius, equal to one-quarter of a denarius, replaced the bronze ass

Aurgelmir, in Norse mythology, the first being, a giant who was created from the drops of water that formed when the ice of Niflheim met the heat of Muspelheim. Aurgelmir was the father of all the giants; a male and a female grew under his arm, and his legs produced a six-headed son. A cow,

Georges Auric was a French composer best known for his film scores and ballets. In these and other works, he was among those who reacted against the chromatic harmonic language and Symbolist structures of Claude Debussy. Auric studied under Vincent d’Indy and Albert Roussel in Paris, and in 1920

aurichalcite, a mineral composed of the hydroxide carbonate of zinc and copper (Zn, Cu)5(OH)6(CO3)2. It is commonly found with malachite in the oxidized zone of zinc and copper deposits as at Tomsk, Siberia; Santander, Spain; and Bisbee, Ariz., U.S. Its pale blue-green featherlike form

auricle, in the human heart, one of two small ear-shaped muscular projections extending from the atria, one from the left atrium and one from the right. Their primary function is to act as reservoirs, expanding the capacity of the atria and helping regulate blood flow into the ventricles.

auricle, in human anatomy, the visible portion of the external ear, and the point of difference between the human ear and that of other mammals. The auricle in humans is almost rudimentary and generally immobile and lies close to the side of the head. It is composed of a thin plate of yellow

auricular style, a 17th-century ornamental style based on parts of the human anatomy. It was invented in the early 17th century by Dutch silversmiths and brothers Paulus and Adam van Vianen. Paulus was inspired by anatomy lectures he attended in Prague, and both he and Adam became known for the

Basidiomycota: The ear fungus (Auricularia auricula-judae) is a brown, gelatinous edible fungus found on dead tree trunks in moist weather in the autumn. One of 10 widespread Auricularia species, it is ear- or shell-shaped and sometimes acts as a parasite, especially on elder (Sambucus).

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Auriculariales (incertae sedis; not placed in any subclass) Saprotrophic; basidia may be divided longitudinally; gelatinous fruiting body may appear to be upside-down and may fuse to form large masses; includes ear fungus and black jelly roll; example genera include Auricularia, Exidia, and Bourdotia. Order Cantharellales…

human nervous system: Mandibular nerve: …head above the ears (auriculotemporal nerve), (3) oral mucosa, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, gingiva adjacent to the tongue, and the floor of the mouth (lingual nerve), and (4) the mandibular teeth (inferior alveolar nerve). Skin over the lateral and anterior surfaces of the mandible and the lower…

Geno Auriemma is an Italian-born American basketball coach who led the University of Connecticut women’s team to a record 12 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) national championships (1995, 2000, 2002–04, 2009–10, 2013–16, and 2025) and to an unprecedented six undefeated seasons.

Geno Auriemma is an Italian-born American basketball coach who led the University of Connecticut women’s team to a record 12 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) national championships (1995, 2000, 2002–04, 2009–10, 2013–16, and 2025) and to an unprecedented six undefeated seasons.

art criticism: The avant-garde problem: …of the great French critic Albert Aurier. He wrote the first article ever on van Gogh (1890)—a very positive and perceptive interpretation. In a still telling, definitive essay on Gauguin (1891), Aurier supported the artist’s Symbolism, simplicity, and “emotivity.” In a similar appreciative spirit, the French critic André Fontainas praised…

Auriga, constellation in the northern sky, at about 6 hours right ascension and 45° north in declination. The brightest star in Auriga is Capella, the sixth brightest star in the sky. The constellation also contains the notable eclipsing binary Epsilon Aurigae. Auriga has been identified with

Aurignacian culture, toolmaking industry and artistic tradition of Upper Paleolithic Europe that followed the Mousterian industry, was contemporary with the Perigordian, and was succeeded by the Solutrean. The Aurignacian culture was marked by a great diversification and specialization of tools,

Alderney, one of the Channel Islands, in the English Channel, separated from the Normandy coast (Cap de la Hague) by the dangerously swift 10-mile (16-km) Race of Alderney. Swinge Race, on the west, separates it from the uninhabited Burhou, Ortac, and smaller islets, beyond which the notorious

Aurillac, town, capital of Cantal département, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes région, south-central France. It lies along the Jourdanne River at an elevation of 2,040 feet (622 metres) above sea level, southwest of Clermont-Ferrand. Gerbert, the first French pope (known as Sylvester II), was born in the town

basket-of-gold, (Aurinia saxatilis), ornamental perennial plant of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) with golden yellow clusters of tiny flowers and gray-green foliage. Basket-of-gold is native to sunny areas of central and southern Europe, usually growing in thin rocky soils. It forms a dense

Jaén, city, capital of Jaén provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. It lies on the northern side of the Sierra Jabalecuz and north of Granada. Known to the Romans as Aurinx, the city was the centre of the Moorish principality of Jayyán and

Petrus Aureoli was a French churchman, philosopher, and critical thinker, called Doctor facundus (“eloquent teacher”), who was important as a forerunner to William of Ockham. Petrus may have become a Franciscan at Gourdon before 1300; he was in Paris (1304) to study, possibly under John Duns

Vincent Auriol was the first president of the Fourth French Republic, who presided over crisis-ridden coalition governments between 1947 and 1954. After studying law at the University of Toulouse, Auriol was elected to the French Chamber of Deputies in 1914; he soon emerged as a prominent figure in

verdin, North American songbird of the family Remizidae

Gunsmoke: …of Matt Dillon (played by James Arness), a U.S. marshal charged with maintaining law and order in an American frontier town. The supporting characters included Miss Kitty Russell (Amanda Blake), owner of the Long Branch Saloon, which doubled as a bordello; Doc Adams (Milburn Stone), the town’s adept physician; and…

Hinduism: Aurobindo Ashram: Another modern teacher whose doctrines had some influence outside India was Shri Aurobindo. He began his career as a revolutionary but later withdrew from politics and settled in Pondicherry, then a French possession. There he established an ashram and achieved a high reputation…

Sri Aurobindo was a yogi, seer, philosopher, poet, and Indian nationalist who played a significant role in the Indian Independence Movement and propounded a philosophy of divine life on earth through spiritual evolution. Aurobindo’s education began in a Christian convent school in Darjeeling,

Sri Aurobindo was a yogi, seer, philosopher, poet, and Indian nationalist who played a significant role in the Indian Independence Movement and propounded a philosophy of divine life on earth through spiritual evolution. Aurobindo’s education began in a Christian convent school in Darjeeling,

aurochs, (Bos primigenius), extinct wild ox of Europe, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), from which cattle are probably descended. The aurochs survived in central Poland until 1627. The aurochs was black, stood 1.8 metres (6 feet) high at the shoulder, and had spreading, forward-curving horns.

aurochs, (Bos primigenius), extinct wild ox of Europe, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), from which cattle are probably descended. The aurochs survived in central Poland until 1627. The aurochs was black, stood 1.8 metres (6 feet) high at the shoulder, and had spreading, forward-curving horns.

Port Arthur, city, Jefferson county, southeastern Texas, U.S., 90 miles (145 km) east of Houston. It is a major deepwater port on Sabine Lake and the Sabine-Neches and Gulf Intracoastal waterways, 9 miles (14 km) from the Gulf of Mexico. With Beaumont and Orange, it forms the “Golden Triangle,” an

Eos, in Greco-Roman mythology, the personification of the dawn. According to the Greek poet Hesiod’s Theogony, she was the daughter of the Titan Hyperion and the Titaness Theia and sister of Helios, the sun god, and Selene, the moon goddess. By the Titan Astraeus she was the mother of the winds

Maéwo, island of Vanuatu, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, 65 miles (105 km) east of the island of Espiritu Santo. It is volcanic in origin and is some 35 miles (55 km) long by 4.5 miles (7.5 km) wide, with an area of about 100 square miles (260 square km). Maéwo’s central mountain range rises to

William Alexander, 1st earl of Stirling: …in 1604, his best-known work, Aurora, a sonnet sequence that outlived his subsequent didactic tragedies. In 1608 Stirling became agent, in partnership with his cousin, for collecting debts owed to the crown in Scotland during the period 1547–88, retaining a 50 percent reward. He was knighted that same year. His…

St. Petersburg: Petrograd Side: …Nevka River begins, the cruiser Aurora is permanently moored as a museum and training vessel for the Naval College. It was the Aurora that in 1917 fired the blank shot that served as the signal to storm the Winter Palace during the October Revolution.

Jakob Böhme: Writings: The manuscript was entitled Aurora, oder Morgenröthe im Aufgang (1612; Aurora) and was written in stages. Called by Böhme a “childlike beginning,” it was a conglomeration of theology, philosophy, and what then passed for astrology, all bound together by a common devotional theme. Circulating among Böhme’s friends, a copy…

Károly Kisfaludy: …to publish his literary almanac, Aurora, which became the chief literary vehicle of the coming generation of Hungarian Romantics: József Bajza, Mihály Vörösmarty, and Ferenc Kölcsey.

Il Guercino: The main fresco, “Aurora,” on the ceiling of the Grand Hall, is a spirited romantic work, painted to appear as though there were no ceiling, so that the viewer could see Aurora’s chariot moving directly over the building. Yet it already reveals something of the crucial experience of…

aurora, luminous phenomenon of Earth’s upper atmosphere that occurs primarily in high latitudes of both hemispheres; in the Northern Hemisphere auroras are called aurora borealis, aurora polaris, or northern lights, and in the Southern Hemisphere they are called aurora australis or southern lights.

Aurora, city, Kane and DuPage counties, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Fox River, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Chicago. Founded in 1834 by settlers from New York, it was originally known as McCarty’s Mills. A trading point and mill site near a Potawatomi Indian village, the town was

Aurora, city, Adams, Arapahoe, and Douglas counties, north-central Colorado, U.S. An eastern suburb of Denver, Aurora was the third most populous city in Colorado at the start of the 21st century. It was founded during the silver boom of 1891 and named Fletcher after its Canadian-born founder,

Scott Carpenter: …on May 24, 1962, in Aurora 7.

southern lights, luminous atmospheric display visible in the Southern Hemisphere. See

northern lights, luminous atmospheric display visible in the Northern Hemisphere. See

Aurora Leigh, novel in blank verse by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, published in 1857. The first-person narrative, which comprises some 11,000 lines, tells of the heroine’s childhood and youth in Italy and England, her self-education in her father’s hidden library, and her successful pursuit of a

northern lights, luminous atmospheric display visible in the Northern Hemisphere. See

Aurora: Aurora University (originally Mendota Seminary), founded in 1893 at Mendota by the Advent Christian Church, relocated to Aurora in 1912; its campus includes a centre for Native American culture. Waubonsee Community College, named for a local Potawatomi chief, was established in 1966 in Sugar Grove,…

Jakob Böhme: Writings: The manuscript was entitled Aurora, oder Morgenröthe im Aufgang (1612; Aurora) and was written in stages. Called by Böhme a “childlike beginning,” it was a conglomeration of theology, philosophy, and what then passed for astrology, all bound together by a common devotional theme. Circulating among Böhme’s friends, a copy…

geomagnetic field: Convective electrojets: The auroral electrojets are two broad sheets of electric current that flow from noon toward midnight in the northern and southern auroral ovals. The dawn-side current flows westward, creating a decrease in the magnetic field on the surface. The dusk-side current flows eastward…

aurora: …part to high latitudes in oval-shaped zones that surround Earth’s magnetic poles and maintain a more or less fixed orientation with respect to the Sun. During periods of low solar activity, the auroral zones shift poleward. During periods of intense solar activity, auroras occasionally extend to the middle latitudes; for…

aurora: …part to high latitudes in oval-shaped zones that surround Earth’s magnetic poles and maintain a more or less fixed orientation with respect to the Sun. During periods of low solar activity, the auroral zones shift poleward. During periods of intense solar activity, auroras occasionally extend to the middle latitudes; for…

Archaeopteryx: zhengi and Aurornis xui, species thought to have lived some 5 million and 10 million years before Archaeopteryx, respectively, as well as others. Thus, these paleontologists claim that Archaeopteryx cannot in fact be the world’s most primitive bird, and many of the features used to describe birds…

iridium: … up to 77 percent, in aurosmiridium 52 percent, and in native platinum up to 7.5 percent. Iridium generally is produced commercially along with the other platinum metals as a by-product of nickel or copper production.

antimonide: Other antimonides include aurostibite (AuSb2) and breithauptite (NiSb).

Puducherry: … is in the city, and Auroville (established 1968), an international township and study centre named for him, is just to the north. Popular film director M. Night Shyamalan was born in the city in 1970. Pop. (2001) city, 220,865; urban agglom., 505,959; (2011) city, 244,377; urban agglom., 657,209.

aurresku, Basque folk dance of courtship, in which the men perform spirited acrobatic displays for their partners; it is one of the most elaborate European folk dances of this type. It begins as a chain dance for men, in which the leader and last man break off, dance competitively, and rejoin the

gold (Au), chemical element, a dense lustrous yellow precious metal of Group 11 (Ib), Period 6, of the periodic table of the elements. Gold has several qualities that have made it exceptionally valuable throughout history. It is attractive in colour and brightness, durable to the point of virtual

ancient Rome: Caracalla: …taxes, and often required the aurum coronarium (a contribution in gold), thereby ruining the urban middle classes. To counter the effects of a general upward drift of prices and the larger and better-paid army of his own and his father’s making, he created a new silver coin, the antoninianus. It…

Aurunci, ancient tribe of Campania, in Italy. They were exterminated by the Romans in 314 bc as the culmination of 50 years of Roman military campaigns against them. The Aurunci occupied a strip of coast situated between the Volturnus and Liris (Volturno and Liri) rivers in what is now the province

flag of Guatemala: …into the area by Captain Luis Aury, a privateer sent by the Argentines to stir up rebellion in other Spanish colonies. Subsequently other variations of the national flag and coat of arms were displayed; it was not until 1871 that the basic flag used by Guatemala today was introduced.

Carl Sternheim: …through 1916, being collectively titled Aus dem bürgerlichen Heldenleben (“From the Lives of Bourgeois Heroes”). The first play, Die Hose (The Underpants), was published and performed in 1911 under the title Der Riese (“The Giant”) because the Berlin police had forbidden the original title on the grounds of gross immorality.…

Ferdinand Hiller: …conductor and composer whose memoirs, Aus dem Tonleben unserer Zeit (1867–76; “From the Musical Life of Our Time”), contain revealing sidelights on many famous contemporaries.

Richard Strauss: Life: …being his Aus Italien (1886; From Italy), a “symphonic fantasy” based on his impressions during his first visit to Italy. In Weimar in November 1889, he conducted the first performance of his symphonic poem Don Juan. The triumphant reception of this piece led to Strauss’s acclamation as Wagner’s heir and…

Alfred, Ritter von Arneth: His early reminiscences, Aus meinem Leben, appeared in 1893.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Napoleonic period (1805–16) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: …Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit (1811–13; From My Life: Poetry and Truth).

Vasily Radlov: …of northern and Central Asia, Aus Sibirien (1884; “From Siberia”), which advanced a three-stage theory of cultural evolution for the region—hunting to pastoral to agricultural—with shamanism as the main religion. He also translated (1891–1910) Kudatku Bilik, a long medieval poem of the Uighur people.

Vic, city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. The city is situated on the Vic Plain and lies along the Meder River, which is an affluent of the Ter River. Because it was first inhabited by the Ausetanos, an ancient

Auschwitz, Nazi Germany’s largest concentration camp and extermination camp. Located near the industrial town of Oświęcim in southern Poland (in a portion of the country that was annexed by Germany at the beginning of World War II), Auschwitz was actually three camps in one: a prison camp, an

Oświęcim, city, Małopolskie województwo (province), southern Poland. It lies at the confluence of the Vistula and Soła rivers. A rail junction and industrial centre, the town became associated with the nearby sites of a Nazi concentration and extermination camp complex known as Auschwitz, the first

Auschwitz, Nazi Germany’s largest concentration camp and extermination camp. Located near the industrial town of Oświęcim in southern Poland (in a portion of the country that was annexed by Germany at the beginning of World War II), Auschwitz was actually three camps in one: a prison camp, an

Holocaust museum: Holocaust museums in Israel and Europe: The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum, located outside the town of Oświęcim, Poland, was organized by former prisoners of the notorious camp. When it opened in 1947, visitors could view for the first time the gas chambers, burning pits, and crematoriums used to murder hundreds of thousands of…

Boniface VIII: Conflicts with Philip IV of France and Unam sanctam: …here, and in the bull Ausculta fili (“Listen Son”) he sharply rebuked Philip and demanded amends, especially the release of the bishop, who had appealed to Rome. Instead, the king’s chancellor, Pierre Flotte, was allowed to circulate a distorted extract of the bull and thus to prepare public opinion for…

auscultation, diagnostic procedure in which the physician listens to sounds within the body to detect certain defects or conditions, such as heart-valve malfunctions or pregnancy. Auscultation originally was performed by placing the ear directly on the chest or abdomen, but it has been practiced