1971 India-Pakistan War, conflict between India and Pakistan in the first half of December 1971 that led to the creation of Bangladesh. The war was rooted in the Bangladesh liberation movement, which opposed Pakistani rule in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) with the goal of creating an independent

United States presidential election of 1972, American presidential election held on November 7, 1972, in which Republican Pres. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, defeating Democrat George McGovern in one of the largest landslides in U.S. history. In January 1971 McGovern announced his

On September 11, 1973, Chile’s armed forces launched a military coup d’état that overthrew Pres. Salvador Allende’s democratically elected socialist government. A junta, composed of three generals and an admiral with Gen. Augusto Pinochet as its leader, seized power. The resulting military

On December 7, 1975, Indonesia invaded and annexed Portuguese Timor, seeking to forcibly integrate the territory into Indonesia. Amid the Cold War, Indonesian leaders feared that an independent East Timor would fuel separatism and fall under communist influence. The United States, as an ally of

United States presidential election of 1976, American presidential election held on November 2, 1976, in which Democrat Jimmy Carter defeated Republican Pres. Gerald R. Ford. The campaign was conducted in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal that forced Pres. Richard M. Nixon to become the first

law of war: Civil war: …the conflict) by the second Protocol of 1977, which applies to civil wars in which dissident armed forces, under responsible command, exercise such control over a part of the territory of a contracting state as to enable them to carry out sustained and concerted military operations and to implement the…

Spain: Constitutional framework: …with 22 abstentions) in October 1978. In a December referendum, the draft constitution was then approved by nearly 90 percent of voters. The constitution declares that Spain is a constitutional monarchy and advocates the essential values of freedom, justice, equality, and political pluralism. It also provides for the separation of…

United States presidential election of 1980, American presidential election held on November 4, 1980, in which Republican Ronald Reagan defeated incumbent Democratic Pres. Jimmy Carter. A onetime movie star and president of the Screen Actor’s Guild (1947–1952), Reagan was originally a Democrat but

Ghana: Series of coups: At the end of 1981, Rawlings decided that he and those who thought like him must take the lead in all walks of life, and he again overthrew the government. His second military coup established a Provisional National Defense Council as the supreme national government; at local levels, people’s…

1983 Beirut barracks bombings, terrorist bombing attacks against U.S. and French armed forces in Beirut on October 23, 1983 that claimed 299 lives. The attacks, which took place amid the sectarian conflict of the extremely damaging Lebanese Civil War (1975–90), hastened the removal of the

1983 United States embassy bombing, terrorist attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, on April 18, 1983, that killed 63 people. The attack was carried out as a suicide car bombing, in which a Chevrolet pickup truck that had been packed with about 2,000 pounds of explosives sped through the

meteor and meteoroid: Meteor showers: …among the asteroids and named Phaethon. Most researchers believe Phaethon is the burned-out remnant of a once-active comet, but its nature may only be established with observations by spacecraft. For additional information about Phaethon, see asteroid: Asteroids in unusual orbits.

Richard Burton: …The Wild Geese (1978), and 1984 (1984), the latter of which was his final feature film. Burton also occasionally appeared on television, notably playing Winston Churchill in the TV movie The Gathering Storm (1974) and Richard Wagner in the miniseries Wagner, which first aired in the early 1980s and later…

Van Halen: Megastardom and creative tensions: …Van Halen’s sixth studio album, 1984, proved to be a game changer. Featuring the hits “Jump” and “Panama,” the album made megastars of the band. Yet artistic and personal tensions grew between Eddie and Roth, both of whom wrestled with Van Halen’s creative control. Roth wanted to keep the group…

United States presidential election of 1984, American presidential election held on November 6, 1984, in which Republican Ronald Reagan was elected to a second term, defeating Democrat Walter Mondale, a former U.S. vice president. Reagan won 49 states en route to amassing 525 electoral votes to

Lateran Treaty: With the signing of the concordat of 1985, Roman Catholicism was no longer the state religion of Italy. This change in status brought about a number of alterations in Italian society. Perhaps the most significant of these was the end to compulsory religious education in public schools. The new concordat…

Samora Machel: …to Mozambique from Zambia when his plane crashed in South Africa. It was believed by many that the South African government was somehow responsible for the crash, although it strongly denied a connection. Machel’s widow, Graça, who married South African President Nelson Mandela in 1998, gave evidence to South Africa’s…

1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing, attack carried out on April 5, 1986, in West Berlin, in which Libyan agents detonated a bomb at the La Belle discotheque, a nightclub frequented by U.S. soldiers stationed in Germany during the Cold War. The bomb, packed with plastic explosives and shrapnel,

Uranus: Moons of Uranus: The innermost moon, Cordelia, orbits just inside the outermost rings, Lambda and Epsilon. An 11th tiny inner moon, Perdita, photographed by Voyager near the orbit of Belinda, remained unnoticed in the images until 1999 and was not confirmed until 2003. Two additional inner moons—Cupid, near Belinda’s orbit, and…

Uranus: The ring system: …innermost two moons, Cordelia and Ophelia, orbit on either side of the Epsilon ring at exactly the right radii required for shepherding. Shepherds for the other rings were not observed, perhaps because the moons are too small to be seen in the Voyager images. Small moons may also be reservoirs…

United States presidential election of 1988, American presidential election held on November 8, 1988, in which Republican George H.W. Bush defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis. The 1988 campaign featured an open contest on both the Republican and Democratic sides, as Republican Pres. Ronald Reagan was

Taylor Swift: Kanye West incident at the VMAs, Red, and 1989: In 2014 Swift released 1989, an album titled after the year of her birth and reportedly inspired by the music of that era. Although Swift had already been steadily moving away from the traditional country signifiers that marked her early work—“I Knew You Were Trouble,” the second single from…

Taylor Swift: Controversies and Reputation, Lover, Folklore, and Evermore: …Now (Taylor’s Version), followed by 1989 (Taylor’s Version) in October that same year.

Neptune: The ring system: …in the outermost ring, named Adams, where the density of ring particles is particularly high. Although rings also encircle each of the other three giant planets, none displays the striking clumpiness of Adams. The arcs are found within a 45° segment of the ring. From leading to trailing, the most…

Neptune: The ring system: …five known rings of Neptune—Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Galatea, in order of increasing distance from the planet—lack the nonuniformity in density exhibited by Adams. Le Verrier, which is about 110 km (70 miles) in radial width, closely resembles the nonarc regions of Adams. Similar to the relationship between…

Neptune: The ring system: …five known rings of Neptune—Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Galatea, in order of increasing distance from the planet—lack the nonuniformity in density exhibited by Adams. Le Verrier, which is about 110 km (70 miles) in radial width, closely resembles the nonarc regions of Adams. Similar to the relationship…

1991 Soviet coup attempt, (August 19–21, 1991), attempt by Communist hard-liners to seize control of the Soviet Union by holding Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev captive. The plotters had little support among the broader political and military establishment, however, and the coup collapsed in a matter of

United States presidential election of 1992, American presidential election held on November 3, 1992, in which Democrat Bill Clinton defeated incumbent Republican Pres. George Bush. Independent candidate Ross Perot secured nearly 19 percent of the vote—the highest percentage of any third-party

Kuiper belt: Discovery of the Kuiper belt: …student Jane Luu discovered (15760) 1992 QB1, which was considered the first KBO. The body is about 200–250 km (125–155 miles) in diameter, as estimated from its brightness. It moves in a nearly circular orbit in the plane of the planetary system at a distance from the Sun of about…

Storm of the Century, large, intense storm system that devastated the eastern coast of North America during March 12–15, 1993. As it moved from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada, the storm killed more than 250 people. The storm began as a low-pressure system in the Gulf of Mexico and then strengthened

The 1994 FIFA World Cup was the 15th edition of the international football (soccer) tournament. It was hosted by the United States and played from June 17 to July 17, and it featured 24 men’s national teams. Brazil won its fourth World Cup after defeating Italy in the final match at the Rose Bowl

1996 Mount Everest disaster, event that claimed the lives of eight climbers during a summit attempt on Mount Everest on May 10–11, 1996. It was at the time the single deadliest day on Everest (since surpassed by 16 deaths in 2014, with a 17th person dying later) and at least 19 deaths caused by the

United States presidential election of 1996, American presidential election held on November 5, 1996, in which Democrat Bill Clinton was elected to a second term, defeating Republican Bob Dole, a former U.S. senator from Kansas. Clinton had won his first term in 1992 against incumbent Republican

Taiwan earthquake of 1999, earthquake that began at 1:47 am local time on Sept. 21, 1999, below an epicentre 93 miles (150 km) south of Taipei, Taiwan. The death toll was 2,400, and some 10,000 people were injured. Thousands of houses collapsed, making more than 100,000 people homeless. The

Deep Space 1: …successfully navigated its way past Comet Borrelly, providing excellent views of the ice particles, dust, and gas leaving comets. The spacecraft came within 2,200 km (1,400 miles) of the roughly 8 × 4-km (5 × 2.5-mile) cometary nucleus. It sent back images that showed a rough surface terrain, with rolling…

Ramses II: …the third king of the 19th dynasty (1292–1191 bce) of ancient Egypt whose reign (1279–1213 bce) was the second longest in Egyptian history. In addition to his wars with the Hittites and Libyans, he is known for his extensive building programs and for the many colossal statues of him found…

the Rolling Stones: First original hits: (I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction and Get Off of My Cloud: …including “Paint It Black,” “19th Nervous Breakdown,” “Get Off of My Cloud,” “Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby,” and “Lady Jane,” but the era of art-pop and psychedelia, which coincided with the Beatles’ creative peak, represented a corresponding trough for the Stones. The fashions of the era of whimsy…

M-19, Colombian Marxist guerrilla group that coalesced in 1973–74 and demobilized in 1990, transforming into a legitimate political party, Alianza Democrática M-19. The group was founded by dissident members of the Gustavo Rojas Pinilla-led Acción Nacional Popular (Anapo), disaffected communists,

19th-century Norwegian literature, the body of written works produced in the Norwegian language between 1814, when Norway separated from Denmark, and about 1900. For an overview of Norwegian literature from the 16th century to the present, see Norwegian literature. After the signing of a new

mobile telephone: Development of cellular systems: …now referred to as “first-generation” (or 1G) systems, and the digital systems that began to appear in the late 1980s and early ’90s are known as the “second generation” (2G). Since the introduction of 2G cell phones, various enhancements have been made in order to provide data services and…

1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal: …a Malaysian sovereign wealth fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), between 2009 and 2015. Initially billed as a vehicle for economic development, the fund became the center of one of the largest corruption scandals in modern history. The fallout helped topple Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, implicated international banks, and prompted…

1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, an international financial crime involving the theft of more than $4.5 billion from a Malaysian sovereign wealth fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), between 2009 and 2015. Initially billed as a vehicle for economic development, the fund became the center

1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal: …a Malaysian sovereign wealth fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), between 2009 and 2015. Initially billed as a vehicle for economic development, the fund became the center of one of the largest corruption scandals in modern history. The fallout helped topple Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, implicated international banks, and prompted…

1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, an international financial crime involving the theft of more than $4.5 billion from a Malaysian sovereign wealth fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), between 2009 and 2015. Initially billed as a vehicle for economic development, the fund became the center

1O1, orchestral work by John Cage that premiered in Boston on April 6, 1989, one of the rare large-scale works he composed in order to explore his fascination with aleatory, or chance, music. For much of his career, Cage investigated in various ways the contradiction between standard compositional

1Q84, novel by Haruki Murakami, published in three volumes in 2009–10. Set in Tokyo in an alternate version of the year 1984, Murakami’s reality-bending novel explores star-crossed lovers Aomame and Tengo’s involvement with a mysterious cult. References to George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four

Inchon landing: …Chiefs of Staff selected the 1st Marine Division (a skeleton force brought up to strength by activating marine reserves and stripping another division of men and matériel) and the 7th Infantry Division (the Eighth Army’s remaining infantry division, strengthened by Korean fillers and American soldiers shipped from the United States).…

Delta Force, tier-one special missions unit within the U.S. armed forces. It has also been referred to as the Combat Applications Group (CAG), Army Compartmented Elements (ACE), Task Force Green, and simply “the Unit,” as well as a host of cover names. Delta Force is primarily devoted to

Thomas Wentworth Higginson: …South Carolina Volunteers, later the 33rd U.S. Colored Troops, the first black regiment in the U.S. armed forces. After 1864 he wrote a series of popular biographies and histories and a novel. Higginson discovered and encouraged the poet Emily Dickinson.

Delta Force, tier-one special missions unit within the U.S. armed forces. It has also been referred to as the Combat Applications Group (CAG), Army Compartmented Elements (ACE), Task Force Green, and simply “the Unit,” as well as a host of cover names. Delta Force is primarily devoted to

James Patterson: …launched a second series with 1st to Die (2001), which introduced readers to the Women’s Murder Club, a quartet of women professionals who team up to solve crimes. The series proved popular and served as the basis for a short-lived television series (2007–08). Later entries in the numerically titled series,…

Rough Rider, in the Spanish-American War, member of a regiment of U.S. cavalry volunteers recruited by Theodore Roosevelt and composed of cowboys, miners, law-enforcement officials, and college athletes, among others. Their colourful and often unorthodox exploits received extensive publicity in the

number symbolism: 2: The number 2 symbolizes many of the basic dualities: me/you, male/female, yes/no, alive/dead, left/right, yin/yang, and so on. Dualities are common in human approaches to the world, probably because of our preference for two-valued logic—yet another duality, true/false. Although 2 was female to the…

books of the Chronicles, two Old Testament books that were originally part of a larger work that included the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. These three (Ezra and Nehemiah were one book in the Jewish canon) were the final books of the Hebrew Bible. Together they survey Israel’s history from Adam to

Chris Rock: …Delpy in her culture-clash comedy 2 Days in New York. Rock then wrote, directed, and starred in Top Five (2014), about a comedian struggling to transition to more serious fare. The film was lauded for successfully situating Rock’s cutting humour in a moving and believable narrative. In 2018 he appeared…

James Spader: Spader also had roles in 2 Days in the Valley (1996), Keys to Tulsa (1997), Critical Care (1997), and The Watcher (2000) as well as a guest spot in an episode of Seinfeld. In 2002 he starred with Maggie Gyllenhaal in Secretary, a film based on Mary Gaitskill’s short story…

Ludacris: … (both 2005), six installments (2003, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2021) of the Fast & Furious action series, and the holiday comedies Fred Claus (2007) and New Year’s Eve (2011). In addition, he made frequent guest appearances on other

Denzel Washington: Later movies: The Book of Eli, Flight, and Roman J. Israel, Esq.: The action comedy 2 Guns, in which Washington was cast as a covert drug-enforcement operative, followed in 2013. After playing Robert McCall, a mysterious vigilante, in the action thriller The Equalizer (2014), Washington appeared in The Magnificent Seven (2016), a remake of the 1960 classic western.

Jacob Elordi: The Kissing Booth and Euphoria: …from 2020 include the comedies 2 Hearts and The Very Excellent Mr. Dundee, the latter of which starred Paul Hogan. In 2022 Elordi appeared alongside Ben Affleck and Ana de Armas in the mystery-thriller Deep Water. That year he returned for the second season of Euphoria, which became one of…

Washington, D.C., is home to many art institutions that offer great collections of art. This list highlights just 14 of the paintings found in collections housed there. Earlier versions of the descriptions of these paintings first appeared in 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die, edited by

Olivia Newton-John: Career: (2), which was released in 2002, and A Celebration in Song (2008) contain duets with musicians such as New Zealand–born Australian country singer Keith Urban and American pop-rock singer Richard Marx. The albums Stronger than Before (2005) and Grace and Gratitude (2006) include inspirational and…

Two Thousand Guineas, one of the English Classic horse races (with the Derby, the Saint Leger, the One Thousand Guineas, and the Oaks), first run in 1809. Run at Newmarket, Suffolk, the 1-mile event is open to three-year-old colts (carrying 126 pounds) and fillies (121 pounds). Winners of the Two

hydrocarbon: Chemical reactions: …material in the preparation of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), which is a component of high-octane gasoline.

dioxin: Chemical characteristics and production: …has chlorine atoms at the 2,3,7, and 8 positions. This isomer—2,3,7,8-TCDD—is extremely stable chemically. It is virtually insoluble in water and in most organic compounds but is soluble in oils. It is this combination of properties that allows this dioxin in soil to resist dilution with rainwater and causes it…

dioxin: Chemical characteristics and production: …has chlorine atoms at the 2,3,7, and 8 positions. This isomer—2,3,7,8-TCDD—is extremely stable chemically. It is virtually insoluble in water and in most organic compounds but is soluble in oils. It is this combination of properties that allows this dioxin in soil to resist dilution with rainwater and causes it…

isomerism: Stereoisomers of more complex molecules: For example, it fails for 2,3-dichlorobutane [H2Cl2(CH3)2]. One pair of enantiomers, SS and RR, does appear. But the other combination gives an identical “pair” of SR compounds. This happens because 2,3-dichlorobutane contains an internal plane of symmetry. The result is fewer than the maximum number of stereoisomers predicted by the…

isomerism: Stereoisomers of more complex molecules: …the meso compound C of 2,3-dimethylbutane. It certainly does contain a carbon attached to four different groups. The indicated carbon C2 is attached to hydrogen, a methyl group, a chlorine, and the rest of the molecule. Yet C is achiral.

blood: Respiration: …tissues and the content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in red cells. The pH of blood is kept relatively constant at the slightly alkaline level of about 7.4 (pH less than 7 indicates acidity, more than 7 alkalinity). The effect of pH on the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen is called…

blood: Respiration: …tissues and the content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in red cells. The pH of blood is kept relatively constant at the slightly alkaline level of about 7.4 (pH less than 7 indicates acidity, more than 7 alkalinity). The effect of pH on the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen is called…

dioxin: Chemical characteristics and production: …Silvex (fenoprop) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid). The latter is a major active ingredient of Agent Orange, a defoliant formerly used in Vietnam by the U.S. military and in the United States to kill unwanted vegetation. This 2,4,5-trichlorophenol is used in the production of hexachlorophene, an antibacterial agent formerly used…

chlorophenol: …(2,4,5-T) or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4,5-TCPPA), both widely used as weed killers.

dioxin: Chemical characteristics and production: …by-product during the synthesis of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and some other useful compounds. The chemical 2,4,5-trichlorophenol serves as a raw material for making the herbicides Silvex (fenoprop) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid). The latter is a major active ingredient of Agent Orange, a defoliant formerly used in Vietnam by the U.S. military and…

dioxin: Chemical characteristics and production: …Silvex (fenoprop) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid). The latter is a major active ingredient of Agent Orange, a defoliant formerly used in Vietnam by the U.S. military and in the United States to kill unwanted vegetation. This 2,4,5-trichlorophenol is used in the production of hexachlorophene, an antibacterial agent formerly used…

chlorophenol: …(2,4,5-T) or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4,5-TCPPA), both widely used as weed killers.

picric acid, pale yellow, odourless crystalline solid that has been used as a military explosive, as a yellow dye, and as an antiseptic. Picric acid (from Greek pikros, “bitter”) was so named by the 19th-century French chemist Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas because of the extremely bitter taste of its

weed: Chemical control: Introduced then were 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and IPC (isopropyl-N-phenylcarbamate), the first two selective as foliar sprays against broad-leaved weeds, the third selective against grass species when applied through the soil. The new herbicides were revolutionary in that their high toxicity allowed for effective weed control…

weed: Chemical control: Introduced then were 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and IPC (isopropyl-N-phenylcarbamate), the first two selective as foliar sprays against broad-leaved weeds, the third selective against grass species when applied through the soil. The new herbicides were revolutionary in that their high toxicity allowed for effective weed control…

organohalogen compound: Natural occurrence: …star tick, Amblyomma americanum, is 2,6-dichlorophenol, and 2,6-dibromophenol has been isolated from the acorn worm, Balanoglossus biminiensis.

ketamine, general anesthetic agent related structurally to the hallucinogen phencyclidine (PCP). Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 at Parke Davis Laboratories by American scientist Calvin Stevens, who was searching for a new anesthetic to replace PCP, which was not suitable for use in humans

Taipei: History: …mainlanders in early 1947; the 2-28 Peace Memorial Park, named for the date (February 28) when the massacre began, commemorates the incident. Two years later the city became the seat of the Chinese Nationalist government, after the victories of the communists on the mainland had forced the Nationalists to reestablish…

chlorpheniramine, synthetic drug used to counteract the histamine reaction, as in allergies. Chlorpheniramine, introduced into medicine in 1951, is administered orally or by intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection in the form of chlorpheniramine maleate. It is effective in controlling

heterocyclic compound: Five- and six-membered rings with two or more heteroatoms: …example is the yellow pigment 2-amino-4,6-pteridinedione (xanthopterin).

nitazene, class of potent synthetic opioid drugs that are extremely effective at binding to opioid receptors, resulting in powerful analgesic (pain-relieving) and sedative effects. Nitazenes are structurally distinct from other opioids, including naturally occurring substances such as morphine and

halothane, nonflammable, volatile, liquid drug introduced into medicine in the 1950s and used as a general anesthetic. Halothane rapidly achieved acceptance and became the most frequently used of the potent anesthetics, despite its substantially higher cost than ether and chloroform and its

butyl alcohol: …structures: normal (n-) butyl alcohol, secondary (sec-) butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and tertiary (t-) butyl alcohol.

chemical compound: Mass spectrometry: …mass spectrum of the ketone 2-butanone serves as an example. The strongest peak in the spectrum is known as the base peak, and its intensity is arbitrarily set at a value of 100. The peak at m/z= 72 is the molecular ion and as such gives the molecular mass of…

butene: …isomeric forms are 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, and isobutylene. All four butenes are gases at room temperature and pressure.

hydrocarbon: Polymerization: …material for the preparation of 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, which in turn is polymerized to give the elastomer neoprene. Neoprene was the first commercially successful rubber substitute.

organohalogen compound: Elimination: …attack of sodium methoxide on 2-chloro-2-methylpropane.

furfural (C4H3O-CHO), best known member of the furan family and the source of the other technically important furans. It is a colourless liquid (boiling point 161.7 °C; specific gravity 1.1598) subject to darkening on exposure to air. It dissolves in water to the extent of 8.3 percent at 20 °C and

dye: Azo dyes: …was found that 2-hydroxy-3-naphthanilide (Naphtol AS, from the German Naphtol Anilid Säure) forms a water-soluble anion with affinity for cotton, a major step in the development of the ingrain dyes. Its reaction with unsulfonated azoic diazo components on the fabric gives insoluble dyes with good wetfastness; with Diazo Component…

major industrial polymers: HEMA and cyanoacrylate polymers: …methyl methacrylate are the monomers 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methyl cyanoacrylate, denoted by the chemical formulas

lactic acid, an organic compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids, present in certain plant juices, in the blood and muscles of animals, and in the soil. It is the commonest acidic constituent of fermented milk products such as sour milk, cheese, and buttermilk. First isolated in 1780 by

lactic acid, an organic compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids, present in certain plant juices, in the blood and muscles of animals, and in the soil. It is the commonest acidic constituent of fermented milk products such as sour milk, cheese, and buttermilk. First isolated in 1780 by

metabolism: The phosphogluconate pathway: …loses water, forming the compound 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG).

isoprene, a colourless, volatile liquid hydrocarbon obtained in processing petroleum or coal tar and used as a chemical raw material. The formula is C5H8. Isoprene, either alone or in combination with other unsaturated compounds (those containing double and triple bonds), is used principally to

butyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol, and tertiary (t-) butyl alcohol.

butyl alcohol: …butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and tertiary (t-) butyl alcohol.

isoprene, a colourless, volatile liquid hydrocarbon obtained in processing petroleum or coal tar and used as a chemical raw material. The formula is C5H8. Isoprene, either alone or in combination with other unsaturated compounds (those containing double and triple bonds), is used principally to

cresol: …formula but having different structures: ortho- (o-) cresol, meta- (m-) cresol, and para- (p-) cresol.