Lowell

Lowell, city, Middlesex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies at the junction of the Concord and Merrimack rivers, 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Boston. It was the country’s first planned industrial town.

The site was originally settled in 1653 as a farming community known as East Chelmsford. Beginning in the early 19th century, the village grew to become a major centre of cotton textile manufacturing, with an abundance of waterpower from the Merrimack’s Pawtucket Falls (32 feet [10 metres]) and the completion of the Middlesex Canal link to Boston in 1803. By 1824 the locality was crisscrossed by a canal system that served numerous cotton textile mills along the Merrimack River. The community was incorporated as a town in 1826 and was named for Francis Cabot Lowell, a pioneer textile industrialist who was influenced by the organizational reforms of Robert Owen. Lowell’s mills gained attention and renown for being staffed by the so-called “mill girls,” young women predominantly from neighbouring rural communities who were given the opportunity to pursue gainful employment. The town’s growth was further sustained by the completion of the Boston and Lowell Railroad in 1835.

By the mid-19th century Lowell had become one of the country’s major industrial cities; it was called the “spindle city” and the “Manchester of America” because of its large textile industries. As such it aroused the interest of European writers such as Charles Dickens and Anthony Trollope, who recorded their impressions of it. By mid-century the mill girls had begun to be replaced by successive immigrant groups. The Irish came first and then French Canadians in the 1860s and ’70s, followed by eastern and southern European immigrants—including Greeks, Poles, and Lithuanians—by the century’s end. The city’s peak as a textile centre was reached about 1924.

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Following a period of decline and eventual relocation of the textile mills to Southern states, Lowell’s economy stagnated through the middle of the 20th century. However, the city’s fortunes began to change with the establishment of Lowell National Historical Park in 1978, commemorating the first American textile mills and saving much of the historic downtown, which included the majority of the vacant mills, from demolition. An influx of immigrants from Southeast Asia, primarily refugees from Cambodia, that began in the late 1970s contributed to making Lowell one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the United States by the end of the 20th century. Many of the former mills have been converted either to museums or to residential and artist space. By the early 21st century, technology, health care, higher education, tourism, and the arts had become the city’s main economic activities.

Lowell is the birthplace of the artist James Abbott McNeill Whistler, author and poet Jack Kerouac, actor Michael Chiklis, and professional boxer Micky Ward. There are two prominent institutions of higher education there: the University of Massachusetts Lowell (1991; formerly the University of Lowell, which emerged in 1975 from the amalgamation of Lowell State College and the Lowell Technological Institute, each of which had origins in the 1890s) and a campus of Middlesex Community College (1970; Lowell campus established 1991). Two festivals honouring Kerouac are held annually, one in March to commemorate his birthday and another in October. The Lowell Folk Festival, which began in 1990, features traditional music along with arts and crafts. Inc. city, 1836. Pop. (2010) 106,519; (2020) 115,554.