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Longevity risk: What it is and how to minimize it

Plan for the long haul.

Written byDavid Schepp

Fact-checked byDoug Ashburn

Chalkboard with a drawing of a clock and two bags of money.

Will your savings last a lifetime?

When you think about saving for retirement, chances are you have a dollar amount in mind as a goal. But even if you’ve budgeted how much you expect to spend each month in retirement, there’s a chance you may run out of money, because it’s impossible to know just how long you’ll live. You might live a very long time.

The potential of outliving retirement savings is a concern shared by many seniors and is known as longevity risk. Although the threat is real, there are strategies you can implement to minimize longevity risk and help ensure that you have all the money you need, no matter how long you live.

Key Points

Longevity risk is the potential for living longer than anticipated and exhausting your retirement savings.
Eliminating longevity risk is unrealistic, but there are strategies you can use to minimize its effects.
Revising your strategies and adjusting your financial plan may be necessary as you age.

What is longevity risk?

Longevity risk is the potential for outliving your retirement savings. It’s a real concern among many workers and retirees. Nearly two of three U.S. adults said they were more worried about running out of money in retirement than they were about dying, according to a survey conducted by insurer Allianz Life in early 2024.

While we’re on the topic …

Longevity risk can also refer to the challenge defined benefit pension plans face in estimating how long workers and retirees in the plan will live. Defined benefit plans pay a specified amount—typically monthly—upon retirement until the beneficiary dies. When a pension recipient lives longer than anticipated, it costs the pension plan more money.

The fear of outliving savings is driven in part by longer lifespans. Life expectancy among the U.S. population has been rising steadily for years. In 2022, it climbed to an average of 77.5 years, up 1.1 years from 2021, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Based on the findings, men could expect to live 74.8 years and women 80.2 years. Women’s longer lifetimes mean many who outlive their male partners are sometimes forced to stretch retirement savings for longer.

The decline in defined benefit pension plans, which provide a guaranteed income stream in retirement and once covered about half of the U.S. workforce, has also contributed to insecurity about having enough savings in retirement. Most workers today rely on defined contribution plans, which place the burden of setting aside a sufficient amount to retire squarely on workers’ shoulders.

Why longevity risk matters

Beyond the emotional toll of worrying about whether you’ll have enough to live on throughout retirement, longevity risk has practical implications:

Financial instability. Having less money in retirement makes it less likely you’ll be able to absorb an unexpected financial shock, whether it’s a major medical bill, storm damage to your home, or a legal matter.
Reduced standard of living. Having too little money in retirement can hamper your ability to maintain the lifestyle it may have taken you years to create. Establishing a budget can help you use limited resources more prudently.
Inflation takes a bigger chunk. The longer you live, the more susceptible you are to the effects of inflation. As prices rise, it takes a bigger chunk of your savings to maintain your standard of living. Social Security benefits rise each year to account for inflation, but the monthly increase may not be enough to meet your needs.

Managing longevity risk

It’s impossible to eliminate longevity risk, but there are some strategies you can use to reduce the likelihood of running out of money in retirement:

Social Security breakeven calculator

Trying to decide when to start claiming Social Security? Britannica Money runs through the breakeven numbers to help you decide.

Wait to claim Social Security. Most U.S. workers are eligible to claim Social Security benefits starting at age 62, but doing so results in a substantially smaller monthly benefit—about 30% less than you’d get at full retirement age. It pays to wait until full retirement age, which is 67 for most people (except those born from 1957–59). And if you delay your claim until age 70, you’ll be eligible for even more. Those extra funds can come in handy if you haven’t been able to save enough on your own, and the amount will increase each year, depending on the rate of inflation.
Use your retirement funds wisely. There’s no magical formula for maximizing your retirement savings, but financial experts often advise using the 4% rule or similarly-structured retirement income strategy. The idea is that each year you’ll withdraw about 4% of the amount in your tax-deferred accounts, such as a 401(k) or individual retirement account (IRA). This strategy gives you extra spending money in retirement while preserving your nest egg for the duration of your lifespan.
Diversify. Ensuring your investments are spread across various stocks and bonds (and even alternative investments such as real estate) can help you build—and preserve—your retirement savings. If you invest in a target-date fund, it’ll gradually increase the amount allocated to bonds and other fixed-income securities as you age to reduce the possibility of losing what you’ve earned if stocks should take a tumble.
Annuities. These complex insurance products aren’t for everyone, but if you’re keen on ensuring you have a steady stream of lifetime income, an annuity may be worth considering. Learn how annuities work, what types are available, and how an annuity would combine with your other retirement income before purchasing one.
Plan for health care expenses. If a health savings account is available to you at work, it pays to set aside as much as you can. Not only do your contributions reduce your current tax liability; those funds are yours for as long as you maintain the account, meaning they could even follow you into your golden years. And depending on how much you’ve set aside, a portion of the funds can be invested to earn more. Signing up for Medicare as soon as you turn 65 ensures you won’t get hit with a late enrollment penalty that could eat into your monthly Social Security payment. And if you’re 55 to 65 years old and in good health, consider purchasing long-term care insurance that covers many age-related health services, such as hospice care or adult day care.

Mortgage, but backward

Another tool some retirees turn to when they need to raise cash is a reverse mortgage, which is a loan that’s paid back from your home’s equity. A reverse mortgage is complex and expensive and should be considered only by those who understand how it works and the costs involved. Learn more about reverse mortgages.

The bottom line

As the U.S. population continues to see increased lifespans, running out of money in retirement isn’t just a fear but a reality for many of the nation’s elderly. Although longevity risk can’t be eliminated, there are steps you can take to minimize the effects that living a long life can have on your savings.

If you work for a company that offers a 401(k) plan, set aside as much as you can as early as you can—and invest at least as much as is required to receive any company match. It’s free money and can help get you to your savings goals quicker. If you’re self-employed or work for a small business that doesn’t offer a retirement plan, look into opening an IRA. Be aware, however, that IRAs have lower contribution limits than employer-sponsored plans, and contributing too much could have tax consequences.

References

Nearly 2 in 3 Americans Worry More about Running Out of Money than Death | allianzlife.com
Life Expectancy | cdc.gov
Avoid Late Enrollment Penalties | medicare.gov

This article was most recently revised and updated by David ScheppThis article was most recently revised and updated by Doug Ashburn