Thomas Hobbes: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- cultural anthropologyHistorical development of cultural anthropology
- EnlightenmentEnlightenment theories of psychology, ethics, and social organization
- tragedyThe English heroic play
- political scienceEarly modern developments
- political philosophyHobbes
- social scienceHeritage of the Enlightenment
- civil societyOrigins and development
- consentConsent and political legitimacy
- constitutionThe social contract
- individualism
- liberalismPolitical foundations
- social contractThe social contract in Hobbes
- sovereigntyHistory
- stateHobbes, Locke, and Rousseau
- state of nature
- cultural evolutionUnilinear theory
- empiricismModern philosophy
- EpicureanismEpicureanism and egoism in modern philosophy
- epistemologyFaith and reason
- humorAggression and tension
- materialismModern materialism
- CartesianismLater philosophers
- nominalism
- state monopoly on violence
- ChristianityArguments from religious experience and miracles
Additional Reading
A comprehensive collection of letters is Noel Malcolm (ed.), The Correspondence (1996). Many editions of Leviathan exist; prominent among them are Richard Tuck (ed.), Leviathan (1991); Edwin Curley (ed.), Leviathan: With Selected Variants from the Latin Edition of 1668 (1994); and G.A.J. Rogers and Karl Schuhmann, Leviathan, 2 vol. (2003), a critical edition. The first accurate translation into English of De Cive is Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne (eds. and trans.), On the Citizen (1998). A notable edition of Hobbesâs earliest work is J.C.A. Gaskin (ed.), The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic (1994). A recent general guide to Hobbesâs thought as a whole, including his mathematics and optics, is Tom Sorell (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes (1996), which contains a full bibliography.
General introductions include Tom Sorell, Hobbes (1986, reissued 1999); and Richard Tuck, Hobbes (1989). A valuable work on Hobbesâs life is A.P. Martinich, Hobbes: A Biography (1999); while important work on Hobbesâs politics includes Quentin Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes (1996); and Noel Malcolm, Aspects of Hobbes (2002). A sophisticated work on Hobbesâs science that also calls in question the sharpness of his break from Aristotle is Cees Leijenhorst, The Mechanisation of Aristotelianism: The Late Aristotelian Setting of Thomas Hobbesâ Natural Philosophy (2002).
Major Works
The Elements of Law: Natural and Politic (composed c. 1640, published in two parts as Humane Nature; or, The Fundamental Elements of Policie and De Corpore Politico; or, The Elements of Law, Moral & Politick, 1650); Elementorum Philosophiae: Sectio Tertia de Cive (1642; Eng. trans., Philosophicall Rudiments Concerning Government and Society, 1651); Leviathan; or, The Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common-wealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civill (1651); Elementorum Philosophiae: Sectio Prima de Corpore (1655; Eng. trans., Elements of Philosophy, 1656); Elementorum Philosophia: Sectio Secunda de Homine (1658; Eng. trans. appears in Man and Citizen, ed. by Bernard Gert, 1972).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invalidated site: University of Minnesota - Driven to Discover - Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679. | Oct 14, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: LOUIS Pressbooks - Readings in Western Philosophy for Louisiana Learners - Thomas Hobbes  On the Social Contract. | Apr 27, 2026 | ||
| Anniversary information added. | Apr 01, 2026 | ||
| Anniversary information added. | Nov 30, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). | Nov 22, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Online Library of Liberty - The Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes ÂPuts the Century on EdgeÂ. | Oct 08, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Basics of Philosophy - Thomas Hobbes. | May 09, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: ABC listen - Language and Thomas Hobbes. | Mar 17, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Feb 10, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Minnesota - Driven to Discover - Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679. | Nov 18, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Scholarship at Cornell Law - Thomas Hobbes and the Law (PDF). | Sep 12, 2024 | ||
| First paragraph modernization. | Mar 13, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Mises Institute - Thomas Hobbes. | Mar 08, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: World History Encyclopedia - Thomas Hobbes. | Jan 26, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: History Today - Birth of Thomas Hobbes. | Oct 13, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Academia - Thomas Hobbes' views on Philosophy, State of Nature and International Relations (PDF). | Aug 29, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: The History of Economic Thought - Thomas Hobbes. | Jun 23, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: History-Computer - Thomas Hobbes ïżœ Complete Biography, History, and Inventions. | May 11, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Famous Philosphers - Biography of Thomas Hobbes. | May 16, 2022 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Mar 02, 2021 | ||
| Cross-references to various articles added. | Dec 30, 2020 | ||
| Media added. | Jan 23, 2020 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Oct 28, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Great Thinkers - Biography of Thomas Hobbes. | Mar 22, 2019 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jun 29, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Thomas Hobbes. | May 08, 2013 | ||
| Changed "Pelopponesian" to "Peloponnesian." | Jan 02, 2013 | ||
| Bibliography revised and updated. | May 12, 2008 | ||
| Major works section revised. | May 12, 2008 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised. | May 12, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive - Biography of Thomas Hobbes. | Apr 04, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: The European Graduate School - Biography of Thomas Hobbes. | Jan 04, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Luminarium Encyclopedia - Life of Thomas Hobbes. | Jan 04, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: University of St Andrews - Biography of Thomas Hobbes. | Oct 05, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Encyclopedia Mythica - Leviathan. | Jun 20, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes. | Jun 01, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes. | Jun 01, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Feb 26, 2004 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | May 04, 1999 |