The Investiture Controversy during the late 11th and the early 12th century was a conflict over whether a secular ruler (such as a king) or the pope (the leader of the Roman Catholic Church) had the right to invest ecclesiastical authorities. St. Anselm of Canterbury became a major figure in this controversy by refusing to accept the pallium (a mantle that serves as the symbol of papal approval of his archiepiscopal appointment) from King William II of England.
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